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1.
Biomedica ; 43(Sp. 1): 32-40, 2023 08 31.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37721920

RESUMO

Fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is rare and highly lethal. The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá reported just two cases: one in the period 2001-2007 and the other in 2012-2018. This type of infection is more common in any kind of immunocompromised patients, so it can occur in those with hematological malignancies. Here we present the case of a 27-year-old man, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse and admitted with polyarthralgia for five days, febrile neutropenia, nonabscessed cellulitis, and bacteremia due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The patient received therapy with oxacillin and cefepime, but the febrile neutropenia persisted. A new set of blood cultures was taken, and antifungal treatment was started because of the suspicion of invasive fungal infection. Arthroconidia were identified in blood cultures and Geotrichum spp. was confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. The antifungal treatment was adjusted with amphotericin B deoxycholate for 14 days and voriconazole for four weeks, and after a prolonged stay, the patient was discharged. Although the incidence of fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is low, it must be considered in patients with hematological malignancies and persistent febrile neutropenia despite the broadspectrum antimicrobial treatment. The confirmation of fungemia causing agents, with proteomic tools such as the mentioned mass spectrometry, allows treatment adjustment and decreases complications, hospital stay, and mortality.


La fungemia por Geotrichum spp. es poco frecuente y altamente letal. En el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Bogotá solo se han reportado dos casos: uno entre el 2001 y el 2007, y el otro entre el 2012 y el 2018. Este tipo de infección es más común en pacientes con algún grado de compromiso del sistema inmunitario, por lo que puede presentarse en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 27 años con recaída de leucemia linfoblástica aguda, que ingresó con poliartralgias de cinco días de duración. También cursaba con neutropenia febril, celulitis sin abscesos y bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina para lo cual recibió terapia con oxacilina y cefepime. Sin embargo, persistía la neutropenia febril por lo que se sospechó una infección fúngica invasora. Se tomó un nuevo set de hemocultivos y se inició tratamiento antifúngico. En los hemocultivos se identificaron artroconidias y mediante espectrometría de masas por láser de matriz asistida de ionización-desorción se confirmó la presencia de Geotrichum spp. Se ajustó el tratamiento antifúngico con deoxicolato de anfotericina B por 14 días y voriconazol por cuatro semanas. Luego de una estancia prolongada se le dio de alta. Aunque la incidencia de la fungemia por Geotrichum spp. es baja, en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas debe considerarse en el contexto de una neutropenia febril que es persistente a pesar del tratamiento antimicrobiano de amplio espectro.


Assuntos
Neutropenia Febril , Fungemia , Geotricose , Neoplasias Hematológicas , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Fungemia/diagnóstico , Fungemia/tratamento farmacológico , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Proteômica , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/complicações , Neutropenia Febril/tratamento farmacológico
2.
J Fungi (Basel) ; 9(4)2023 Mar 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37108856

RESUMO

Fungemia in hematologic malignancies (HM) has high mortality. This is a retrospective cohort of adult patients with HM and fungemia between 2012 and 2019 in institutions of Bogotá, Colombia. The epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics are described, and risk factors related to mortality are analyzed. One hundred five patients with a mean age of 48 years (SD 19.0) were identified, 45% with acute leukemia and 37% with lymphomas. In 42%, the HM was relapsed/refractory, 82% ECOG > 3, and 35% received antifungal prophylaxis; 57% were in neutropenia, with an average duration of 21.8 days. In 86 (82%) patients, Candida spp. was identified, and other yeasts in 18%. The most frequent of the isolates were non-albicans Candida (61%), C. tropicalis (28%), C. parapsilosis (17%), and C. krusei (12%). The overall 30-day mortality was 50%. The survival probability at day 30 in patients with leukemia vs. lymphoma/multiple myeloma (MM0 group was 59% (95% CI 46-76) and 41% (95% CI 29-58), p = 0.03, respectively. Patients with lymphoma or MM (HR 1.72; 95% CI 0.58-2.03) and ICU admission (HR 3.08; 95% CI 1.12-3.74) were associated with mortality. In conclusion, in patients with HM, non-albicans Candida species are the most frequent, and high mortality was identified; moreover, lymphoma or MM and ICU admission were predictors of mortality.

3.
Microorganisms ; 11(2)2023 Jan 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36838324

RESUMO

Patients with cancer have a higher risk of severe bacterial infections. This study aims to determine the frequency, susceptibility profiles, and resistance genes of bacterial species involved in bacteremia, as well as risk factors associated with mortality in cancer patients in Colombia. In this prospective multicenter cohort study of adult patients with cancer and bacteremia, susceptibility testing was performed and selected resistance genes were identified. A multivariate regression analysis was carried out for the identification of risk factors for mortality. In 195 patients, 206 microorganisms were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria were more frequently found, in 142 cases (68.9%): 67 Escherichia coli (32.5%), 36 Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.4%), and 21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.1%), and 18 other Gram-negative isolates (8.7%). Staphylococcus aureus represented 12.4% (n = 25). Among the isolates, resistance to at least one antibiotic was identified in 63% of them. Genes coding for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases, blaCTX-M and blaKPC, respectively, were commonly found. Mortality rate was 25.6% and it was lower in those with adequate empirical antibiotic treatment (22.0% vs. 45.2%, OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.1-0.63, in the multivariate model). In Colombia, in patients with cancer and bacteremia, bacteria have a high resistance profile to beta-lactams, with a high incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases. Adequate empirical treatment diminishes mortality, and empirical selection of treatment in this environment of high resistance is of key importance.

4.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; Biomédica (Bogotá);43(Supl. 1): 32-40, 2023. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533890

RESUMO

La fungemia por Geotrichum spp. es poco frecuente y altamente letal. En el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Bogotá solo se han reportado dos casos: uno entre el 2001 y el 2007, y el otro entre el 2012 y el 2018. Este tipo de infección es más común en pacientes con algún grado de compromiso del sistema inmunitario, por lo que puede presentarse en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 27 años con recaída de leucemia linfoblástica aguda, que ingresó con poliartralgias de cinco días de duración. También cursaba con neutropenia febril, celulitis sin abscesos y bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina para lo cual recibió terapia con oxacilina y cefepime. Sin embargo, persistía la neutropenia febril por lo que se sospechó una infección fúngica invasora. Se tomó un nuevo set de hemocultivos y se inició tratamiento antifúngico. En los hemocultivos se identificaron artroconidias y mediante espectrometría de masas por láser de matriz asistida de ionización-desorción se confirmó la presencia de Geotrichum spp. Se ajustó el tratamiento antifúngico con deoxicolato de anfotericina B por 14 días y voriconazol por cuatro semanas. Luego de una estancia prolongada se le dio de alta. Aunque la incidencia de la fungemia por Geotrichum spp. es baja, en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas malignas debe considerarse en el contexto de una neutropenia febril que es persistente a pesar del tratamiento antimicrobiano de amplio espectro. La identificación de los agentes causantes de fungemias con herramientas de proteómica, como la espectrometría de masas mencionada, permite ajustar el tratamiento dirigido y reducir las complicaciones, la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad.


Fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is rare and highly lethal. The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá reported just two cases: one in the period 2001-2007 and the other in 2012-2018. This type of infection is more common in any kind of immunocompromised patients, so it can occur in those with hematological malignancies. Here we present the case of a 27-year-old man, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse and admitted with polyarthralgia for five days, febrile neutropenia, non- abscessed cellulitis, and bacteremia due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The patient received therapy with oxacillin and cefepime, but the febrile neutropenia persisted. A new set of blood cultures was taken, and antifungal treatment was started because of the suspicion of invasive fungal infection. Arthroconidia were identified in blood cultures and Geotrichum spp. was confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. The antifungal treatment was adjusted with amphotericin B deoxycholate for 14 days and voriconazole for four weeks, and after a prolonged stay, the patient was discharged. Although the incidence of fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is low, it must be considered in patients with hematological malignancies and persistent febrile neutropenia despite the broadspectrum antimicrobial treatment. The confirmation of fungemia causing agents, with proteomic tools such as the mentioned mass spectrometry, allows treatment adjustment and decreases complications, hospital stay, and mortality.


Assuntos
Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras , Geotricose , Anfotericina B , Fungemia , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Voriconazol
5.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; Biomédica (Bogotá);42(2): 224-233, ene.-jun. 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1403576

RESUMO

Introducción. La enfermedad de Chagas es una parasitosis endémica en Latinoamérica transmitida por triatominos. Está asociada a factores de riesgo como la pobreza y la ruralidad. Después de la infección aguda, un tercio de los pacientes presenta compromiso del corazón, el aparato digestivo o el sistema nervioso central, en tanto que los dos tercios restantes no presentan este tipo de compromiso secundario. La inmunosupresión farmacológica rompe el equilibrio entre el sistema inmunitario y el parásito, lo cual favorece su reactivación. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 58 años procedente de un área rural colombiana, con diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple resistente a los fármacos de primera línea de tratamiento, que requirió un nuevo esquema de quimioterapia y consolidación con trasplante autólogo de células madre. Después del trasplante, presentó neutropenia febril. Los estudios microbiológicos iniciales fueron negativos. En el frotis de sangre periférica, se demostraron tripomastigotes y se diagnosticó enfermedad de Chagas aguda posterior al trasplante. Se inició el tratamiento con benznidazol. La evolución del paciente fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones. La serología positiva para Chagas previa a un trasplante obliga a descartar la reactivación de la enfermedad en caso de neutropenia febril. Se requieren más estudios para determinar las herramientas que permitan estimar la probabilidad de reactivación de la enfermedad y decidir sobre la mejor opción de relación entre costo, riesgo y beneficio de la terapia profiláctica.


Introduction: Chagas disease is an endemic parasitic infection in Latin America transmitted by triatomines. It is associated with risk factors such as poverty and rurality. After acute infection, a third of patients will present target organ involvement (heart, digestive tract, central nervous system). The remaining two thirds remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Pharmacological immunosuppression breaks the balance between the immune system and the parasite, favoring its reactivation. Clinical case: We present the case of a 58-year-old man from a Colombian rural area with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma refractory to the first line of treatment who required a new chemotherapy scheme and consolidation with autologous stem cell transplant. During the post-transplant period, he suffered from febrile neutropenia. Initial microbiological studies were negative but the peripheral blood smear evidenced trypomastigotes in blood. With a diagnosis of acute Chagas disease in a post-transplant patient, benznidazole was started. The evolution of the patient was satisfactory. Conclusions: Positive serology prior to transplantation makes it necessary to rule out reactivation of the pathology in the setting of febrile neutropenia. More studies are required to determine tools for estimating the probability of reactivation of the disease and defining the best cost-risk-benefit relation for the prophylactic therapy.


Assuntos
Doença de Chagas , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Doenças Parasitárias , Trypanosoma cruzi , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Neutropenia Febril , Mieloma Múltiplo
6.
Rev. colomb. cancerol ; 26(1): 31-38, ene.-mar. 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407970

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: La miasis puede ser considerada una enfermedad desatendida; corresponde a la infestación de larvas de dípteros en piel, heridas o cavidades naturales. La literatura para pacientes oncológicos con infestación es limitada para Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una serie de casos de miasis en pacientes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de 2008 a 2018; se obtuvieron datos de las historias clínicas con el fin de caracterizar variables sociodemográficas, oncológicas y tratamiento recibido. Resultados: Se encontraron 32 registros: 27 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, mediana de edad 69 años, 74% fueron hombres, 48% procedían de área rural, 33,3% de áreas con alturas superiores a 2000 msnm, 70% presentaban cáncer de cabeza y cuello, seguidos por cáncer de mama 14%; 40% ECOG 2-3; 77% visualizaron larvas antes de consultar; ningún paciente presentó sepsis al momento de consultar, 29% presentaban secreción en zona infestada, 85% recibieron ivermectina y curaciones por parte de enfermería; 70% recibió antibióticos sistémicos, y 60% otros tratamientos además de la remoción mecánica e ivermectina, la mediana de leucocitos al ingreso fue de 10280 y de eosinófilos 110. Conclusión: Ésta es la primera serie de casos informada de miasis en pacientes oncológicos para América. Es más frecuente en pacientes con neoplasias en áreas expuestas, aunque se puede presentar en zonas no expuestas; la infestación por larvas tiende a no ser purulenta. Se deben hacer estudios sobre el uso de ivermectina, otros antibióticos y las implicaciones pronósticas de esta patología en los pacientes con cáncer avanzado.


Abstract Introduction: Myiasis can be considered a neglected disease; it corresponds to the infestation of dipteran larvae in skin, wounds, or natural cavities. Literature for oncological patients with this infestation is limited for Colombia. Methods: A case series of myiasis was carried out in patients treated at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia from 2008 to 2018. Data were obtained from medical records in order to characterize sociodemographic and oncological variables and the treatment received. Results: Thirty-two records were found, 27 of them met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 69 years, 74% were men, 48% came from rural areas, 33.3% from areas with altitudes greater than 2,000 meters above sea level, 70% had head and neck cancer, followed by breast cancer in 14%; 40% had ECOG 2-3, and 77% visualized larvae before consulting. No patient presented with sepsis at the time of consultation, 29% presented with discharge in the infested area, 85% received ivermectin and treatment by the nursing staff; 70% received systemic antibiotics, and 60% other treatments in addition to mechanical removal and ivermectin. Median of leukocytes at admission was 10,280, while median of eosinophils was 110. Conclusion: This is the first reported case series of myiasis in cancer patients for Latin America. It is more common in patients with neoplasms in exposed areas, although it can occur in unexposed areas too. Larval infestation tends not to be purulent. Further studies are needed on the use of ivermectin, other antibiotics, and the prognostic implications of this pathology in patients with advanced cancer.


Assuntos
Humanos , Ivermectina , Doenças Negligenciadas , Miíase , Pacientes , Prontuários Médicos , Oncologia
7.
BMC Infect Dis ; 20(1): 558, 2020 Jul 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32736609

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) infections are frequent and highly impact cancer patients. We developed and validated a scoring system to identify cancer patients harboring ESBL-PE at the National Institute of Cancer of Colombia. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 1695 cancer patients. Derivation phase included 710 patients admitted between 2013 to 2015, ESBL-PE positive culture (n = 265) paired by month and hospitalization ward with Non-ESBL-PE (n = 445). A crude and weighted score was developed by conditional logistic regression. The model was evaluated in a Validation cohort (n = 985) with the same eligibility criteria between 2016 to 2017. RESULTS: The score was based on eight variables (reported with Odds Ratio and 95% confidence interval): Hospitalization ≥7 days (5.39 [2.46-11.80]), Hospitalization during the previous year (4, 87 [2.99-7.93]), immunosuppressive therapy during the previous 3 months (2.97 [1.44-6.08]), Neutropenia (1.90 [1.12-3.24]), Exposure to Betalactams during previous month (1.61 [1.06-2.42]), Invasive devices (1.51 [1.012-2.25]), Neoplasia in remission (2.78 [1.25-1.17]), No chemotherapy during the previous 3 months (1.90 [1.22-2.97]). The model demonstrated an acceptable discriminatory capacity in the Derivation phase, but poor in the Validation phase (Recipient Operating Characteristic Curve: 0.68 and 0.55 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer patients have a high prevalence of risk factors for ESBL-PE infection. The scoring system did not adequately discriminate patients with ESBL-PE. In a high-risk population, other strategies should be sought to identify patients at risk of resistant ESBL-PE infection.


Assuntos
Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/etiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/metabolismo , Neoplasias/complicações , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/microbiologia , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco
8.
Rev Chilena Infectol ; 36(4): 403-413, 2019 Aug.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31859762

RESUMO

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a condition affecting immunosuppressed and critically ill patients. Recently there has been an increase in the amount of patients at risk for IFD, which implies an increase in the prescription of antifungal agents as prophylactic, pre-emptive or empiric therapy. Some studies evaluating appropriateness of antifungal prescription have shown that inappropriate formulations reach 72%, exposing patients to side effects, pharmacological interactions and rising costs. Some groups have recommended many interventions to control and make a rational use of antimicrobials, into strategies known as "antimicrobial stewardship", these interventions are useful also for antifungal agents and it has been named "antifungal stewardship". Here we present a narrative review of the scientific literature showing published articles about appropriate use of antifungal agents and the experience of some centers after implementing antifungal stewardship programs.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/efeitos adversos , Gestão de Antimicrobianos/métodos , Prescrição Inadequada/prevenção & controle , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/tratamento farmacológico , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/diagnóstico
9.
Rev. chil. infectol ; Rev. chil. infectol;36(4): 403-413, ago. 2019. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042655

RESUMO

Resumen La enfermedad fúngica invasora (EFI) es una entidad que afecta pacientes inmunocomprometidos y críticamente enfermos. En los últimos años, el número de pacientes con riesgo de presentarla viene en aumento, con el consecuente incremento de la formulación de antifúngicos de manera profiláctica, anticipada o empírica. Algunos estudios que evaluaron el uso adecuado de antifúngicos han mostrado que hasta 72% de las formulaciones pueden ser inapropiadas, exponiendo a los pacientes al riesgo de efectos adversos e interacciones medicamentosas, con mayores costos de la atención. Se han recomendado diferentes intervenciones para el control y el uso racional de antimicrobianos, conocidas como "antimicrobial stewardship", las que se pueden aplicar al uso de antifúngicos denominándose "antifungal stewardship"". Se presenta una revisión de la literatura médica sobre el uso apropiado de antifúngicos y el impacto de la implementación de programas de optimización del uso de estos medicamentos en algunos centros.


Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a condition affecting immunosuppressed and critically ill patients. Recently there has been an increase in the amount of patients at risk for IFD, which implies an increase in the prescription of antifungal agents as prophylactic, pre-emptive or empiric therapy. Some studies evaluating appropriateness of antifungal prescription have shown that inappropriate formulations reach 72%, exposing patients to side effects, pharmacological interactions and rising costs. Some groups have recommended many interventions to control and make a rational use of antimicrobials, into strategies known as "antimicrobial stewardship", these interventions are useful also for antifungal agents and it has been named "antifungal stewardship". Here we present a narrative review of the scientific literature showing published articles about appropriate use of antifungal agents and the experience of some centers after implementing antifungal stewardship programs.


Assuntos
Humanos , Prescrição Inadequada/prevenção & controle , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/tratamento farmacológico , Gestão de Antimicrobianos/métodos , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/efeitos adversos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/diagnóstico
10.
Rev. colomb. cancerol ; 21(3): 152-159, jul.-set. 2017. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-900467

RESUMO

Resumen Objetivo: En pacientes con leucemia aguda y neutropenia febril, describir el comportamiento de varias citoquinas y su relación con la presencia de bacteriemia mediante la medición de interleuquinas1ß, 6, 8,10,12p70 y factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF) en cuatro tiempos. Métodos: Se almacenaron muestras de plasma obtenidas al momento del diagnóstico de la neutropenia, al inicio de la fiebre y a las 24 y 48 horas posteriores, las cuales se conservaron a -70 °C y luego se descongelaron para su procesamiento mediante citometría de flujo. Se utilizaron medianas junto con sus correspondientes medidas de dispersión. Resultados: No hubo ningún reporte de muerte al egreso. La tasa de hemocultivos positivos fue 25% similar a lo revisado en la literatura, con predominio del aislamiento de gérmenes Gram negativos. Las IL10 y 6 mostraron mayor porcentaje de variación durante el momento de la fiebre, comparando el grupo de bacteriémicos con el de no bacteriémicos. Las IL1, IL12p70 y TNFa arrojaron niveles séricos por debajo del límite de detección de la prueba. Conclusiones: Las citoquinas podrían cumplir un papel promisorio en el seguimiento de los pacientes neutropénicos febriles, dada la potencial asociación con presencia de bacteriemia, desenlace bien conocido como predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad en esta población. Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios con mayor población para definir una recomendación.


Abstract Objectives: To describe the properties of several cytokines and their relationship with the presence of bacteraemia by measuring interleukins1ß, 6, 8,10,12p70, and tumour necrosis factor (TNFa) at four different times in patients with acute leukaemia and febrile neutropenia. Methods: Plasma samples were obtained on diagnosis of neutropenia, at the onset of fever, and at 24 hours and 48 hours thereafter. They were stored at -70° C and then thawed for processing by flow cytometry. Medians were used along with their corresponding dispersion measurements. Results: There were no reports of death at discharge. The rate of positive blood cultures was 25%, which was similar to that reviewed in the literature, with predominance of the isolation of Gram negative bacteria. Interleukins 10 and 6 showed a higher percentage of variation during the time of fever on comparing the bacteraemia group with the non- bacteraemia group. IL1, IL12p70, and TNF a 士showed serum levels below the detection limit of the test. Conclusions: Cytokines could play a promising role in the monitoring of febrile neutropenic patients, given the potential association with the presence of bacteraemia, an outcome well known as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in this population. However, more studies with a larger population are required to define a clear recommendation in the management guidelines for febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy.


Assuntos
Humanos , Leucemia , Citocinas , Bacteriemia , Tratamento Farmacológico , Neutropenia Febril , Neutropenia
11.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 65(3): 397-402, July-Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-896735

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has increased the survival rates of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, in consequence, the prevalence of both defining and non-defining cancers. In Colombia, information in this regard is unknown. Objective: To determine the prevalence of defining malignancies in adult patients with HIV treated at the National Cancer Institute over a seven-year period. Materials and methods: Descriptive study involving adult patients diagnosed with HIV and cancer. Sociodemographic variables, CD4 count, viral load and antiretroviral therapy were analyzed by establishing association measures with the presence of defining malignancies. Results: 139 patients with confirmed HIV and cancer diagnosis were found; 84.2% were men. The age range was between 18 and 71 years, with a mean of 41.3±10.9 years. Defining cancers corresponded to 65.5% of the cases, the most frequent being non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The remaining percentage corresponded to non-defining cancers, mainly anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Conclusion: Despite the global trend, the population studied here shows predominance of defining cancers, which, like HIV, continue to be detected at a late stage.


Resumen Introducción. El uso de la terapia antirretroviral ha aumentado la supervivencia de los pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y, como consecuencia, la prevalencia de cánceres definitorios y no definitorios. En Colombia no se conoce información al respecto. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de neoplasias definitorias en pacientes adultos con VIH del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en un período de 7 años. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo que incluyó pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de VIH y cáncer. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, conteo de CD4, carga viral y tratamiento antirretroviral. Se establecieron medidas de asociación entre las últimas tres variables y la aparición de neoplasias definitorias. Resultados. Se estudiaron 139 pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH y cáncer, 84.2% de los cuales eran hombres. El rango de edad osciló entre 18 y 71 años con una media de 41.3±10.9 años. Las neoplasias definitorias se presentaron en 65.5% de los casos; la más frecuente fue el linfoma no Hodgkin. El porcentaje restante correspondió a neoplasias no definitorias, en su mayoría, cáncer anal y linfoma de Hodgkin. Conclusión. Pese a la tendencia mundial, en la población evaluada hay preponderancia de neoplasias definitorias, las cuales -al igual que el VIH- siguen detectándose de forma tardía.

12.
Infectio ; 20(4): 192-210, jul.-dic. 2016. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-953964

RESUMO

Este documento fue preparado por un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos seleccionados por la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) para poner al día las recomendaciones previas dadas por nuestro grupo en cuanto a la inmunización del adolescente, de la población adulta y de aquellos mayores de 60 años de edad. Para este último grupo, hemos decidido, como lo han hecho en otros países, el inmunizar a esta edad (y no después), debido a la carga de enfermedad incrementada por afecciones respiratorias y otros factores propios para América Latina y las condiciones socioeconómicas de nuestro país. Esta edición reescribe ciertos párrafos y actualiza en parte las recomendaciones hechas anteriormente y publicadas en Infectio en mayo de 2012. Las guías están orientadas al uso por aquellos que cuidan de estos pacientes y hacemos énfasis en el anciano, el inmunocomprometido y en aquellos que sufren de varias comorbilidades. Aunque en un momento dado el documento pudiera parecer incompleto, la intención deseada fue la de abarcar los recientes cambios en la administración de nuevas vacunas y otros regímenes en dosificación. Se incluye por primera vez el uso de las vacunas de 4 valencias contra la influenza. El uso de la vacuna contra el herpes zóster se discute, y se toma un cuidado especial en cuanto a la redacción del "cuándo y por qué" de la vacunación contra Streptococcus pneumoniae. En la administración de esta vacuna, el tiempo de aplicación y la secuencia asociada con la aplicación de la administración de la vacuna polisacárida de 23 valencias puede variar de acuerdo con la edad del paciente,las comorbilidades y en aquellos previamente vacunados con dicha vacuna. Finalmente, exponemos las nuevas recomendaciones de vacunación contra fiebre amarilla y dengue y le damos la bienvenida a la vacuna nonavalente contra el virus humano del papiloma.


This document was prepared by a multi-disciplinary panel of experts who have been selected by the Asociación Colombiana de Infectologia (ACIN) to revise and update previous recommendations (by our group) for the immunization of adolescents and adult population and those older than 60 years of age. For the latter group, we have chosen to move forward, like many others, and immunize them at that age because of the particular burden of disease due to respiratory conditions, and other factors strictly related to Latin America and Colombian socio-economic conditions. This edition replaces in part, updates or ads to previous recommendations published in Infectio, May 2012. The guidelines are intended to assist those caring for these patients, and emphasizes on the elderly, the immunocompromissed and on those who suffer from several co-morbidities.The contents of the guidelines could seem in complete at some point; nevertheless, they were purposefully thought as such to embrace on major changes in new vaccines or new dosin gregimens. It is included for the first time the use of cuadri-valent vaccines against influenza. The use of herpes zoster vaccine is discussed and special care is placed in the phrasing for the reader so he (she) understands the "when and why" of vaccine administration against Streptococcus pneumoniae. With pneumococcal vaccines, timing of administration may vary according to age, co-morbidities and in those previously vaccinated with the 23-polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine. There are new recommendations for the vaccination against yellow fever and dengue and we welcome the new nona-valent vaccine against the human papillomavirus.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vírus , Vacinação em Massa , Guia Informativo , Vacinas Pneumocócicas , Infectologia , Papiloma , Polissacarídeos , Associação , Classe Social , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Vacinas Combinadas , Colômbia , Alphapapillomavirus , Vacina contra Herpes Zoster
13.
Rev. colomb. cancerol ; 18(4): 186-196, oct.-dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-959862

RESUMO

Objetivos: El tratamiento actual de las neoplasias busca mejorar la sobrevivencia mediante la aplicación de esquemas de quimioterapia intensificada, que produce una neutropenia más profunda y duradera, que favorece el desarrollo de infecciones bacterianas y micóticas invasoras. Este artículo resume las recomendaciones de una guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones bacterianas y micóticas en pacientes oncológicos mayores de 15 años con neutropenia febril posquimioterapia de alto riesgo. Métodos: Guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia. Se realizó la definición de preguntas clínicas, la búsqueda sistemática de literatura, la evaluación crítica de la evidencia y la formulación de recomendaciones. Se desarrolló una evaluación económica sobre la eficiencia de dos esquemas diferentes de tratamiento antimicótico. Resultados: El presente documento incluye recomendaciones para el diagnóstico de infecciones bacterianas y micóticas en paciente con neutropenia, el uso de profilaxis antibiótica y antimicótica, el tratamiento antibiótico empírico, y el tratamiento antimicótico empírico y anticipado en pacientes mayores de 15 años, acorde con la microbiología del contexto colombiano. Conclusiones: La implementación oportuna de las recomendaciones de la guía acorde con el contexto clínico de cada paciente debe contribuir a mejorar la supervivencia y morbilidad infecciosa de los pacientes con neutropenia febril derivada de la quimioterapia.


Objective: Current cancer treatment is intended to improve survival by implementing intensified chemotherapy strategies, which increases the likelihood of neutropenia and favors the development of bacterial and invasive fungal infections. This paper summarizes clinical practice guideline recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in patients older than 15 years with febrile neutropenia after high risk chemotherapy. Methods: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. A set of clinical questions was defined, a literature search performed, critical appraisal of the evidence, as the development of recommendations. An economic assessment was carried out on two alternative schemes for fungal therapy. Results: This article includes recommendations for the diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections in neutropenic patients, prophylaxis for bacterial and fungal infections, empiric antimicrobial treatment, empiric and anticipated antifungal therapy in patients over 15 years, according to the microbiology setting in Colombia. Conclusions: Timely implementation of these recommendations according to each clinical context, should contribute to improve survival and reduce infection-derived morbidity in patients with chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia.


Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Pacientes , Tratamento Farmacológico , Neutropenia Febril Induzida por Quimioterapia , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas , Micoses , Infecções Bacterianas , Antibioticoprofilaxia
14.
Biomedica ; 34 Suppl 1: 170-80, 2014 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24968049

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospitals is increasingly common. Patients with advanced cancer who require invasive means for diagnosis, treatment or palliative care, and the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials to treat secondary infections show increased susceptibility to infections caused by these bacteria. OBJECTIVE: To report the behavior of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) isolates at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá between January 2010 and December 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By analyzing the database kept by the infection committee of the institution, as well as the records of patients with CPKC isolates, we identified and described the epidemiology of detected cases. Outbreaks were determined by using quality control statistical tools. RESULTS: Between January 2010 and December 2012, we found 45 patients with CPKC isolates recovered from any sample. There were more isolates from patients with malignant solid tumors. CPKC isolates from urine samples were more often recovered; 17.7% of CPKC isolates corresponded to colonization, and 82.3% to infection; 35.5% of patients (16/45) survived. We identified two outbreaks during this period, which were controlled using a multimodal approach. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that CPKC presence is more frequent as infection than as colonization. During the two years of the study we detected two outbreaks, which were controlled by limiting multi-resistant bacteria cross transmission using conventional control strategies.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Institutos de Câncer/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto Jovem
15.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; Biomédica (Bogotá);34(supl.1): 170-180, abr. 2014. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-712434

RESUMO

Introducción. La presencia en los hospitales de enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas es cada vez más frecuente. Los pacientes con cáncer en estado avanzado requieren medios invasivos para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento o los cuidados paliativos, así como el uso de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro para tratar infecciones secundarias, lo cual aumenta su propensión a las infecciones causadas por estas bacterias. Objetivo. Informar el comportamiento de Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasas de tipo KPC en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Bogotá, entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2012. Materiales y métodos. Mediante el análisis de la base de datos y de los registros de los pacientes con aislamientos de K. pneumoniae productores de carbapenemasas de tipo KPC, a cargo del comité de infecciones de la institución, se identificaron y describieron las características epidemiológicas de los casos detectados. La determinación de brotes se efectuó con herramientas de control estadístico de calidad. Resultados. Entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2012 se identificaron 45 pacientes con aislamiento de K. pneumoniae productor de carbapenemasas de tipo KPC en alguna muestra. Hubo más aislamientos en pacientes de cáncer con tumores sólidos. La identificación se logró más frecuentemente en muestras de orina; el 17,7 % de los casos correspondió a colonización y el 82,3 %, a infección; 35,5 % (16/45) de los pacientes sobrevivió. Durante este periodo se identificaron dos brotes que se controlaron aplicando una estrategia multimodal. Conclusiones. Se encontró que la presencia de KPC fue más frecuente en infecciones que en colonizaciones. Durante estos dos años ocurrieron dos brotes que fueron controlados limitando la transmisión cruzada de bacterias multirresistentes por medio de estrategias de control convencionales.


Introduction: The presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospitals is increasingly common. Patients with advanced cancer who require invasive means for diagnosis, treatment or palliative care, and the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials to treat secondary infections show increased susceptibility to infections caused by these bacteria. Objective: To report the behavior of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP) isolates at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá between January 2010 and December 2012. Materials and methods: By analyzing the database kept by the infection committee of the institution, as well as the records of patients with CPKC isolates, we identified and described the epidemiology of detected cases. Outbreaks were determined by using quality control statistical tools. Results: Between January 2010 and December 2012, we found 45 patients with CPKC isolates recovered from any sample. There were more isolates from patients with malignant solid tumors. CPKC isolates from urine samples were more often recovered; 17.7% of CPKC isolates corresponded to colonization, and 82.3% to infection; 35.5% of patients (16/45) survived. We identified two outbreaks during this period, which were controlled using a multimodal approach. Conclusions: This study found that CPKC presence is more frequent as infection than as colonization. During the two years of the study we detected two outbreaks, which were controlled by limiting multi-resistant bacteria cross transmission using conventional control strategies.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Comorbidade , Institutos de Câncer/estatística & dados numéricos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Hospitais Universitários/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Estudos Retrospectivos
16.
Infectio ; 18(1): 28-33, ene.-mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-708917

RESUMO

Las infecciones necrosantes de tejidos blandos presentan altas tasas de mortalidad. Estas se han relacionado con diferentes causas, incluidas las enfermedades neoplásicas. En la literatura se ha descrito infección necrosante especialmente en pacientes con neoplasias del tracto gastrointestinal bajo. La presentación de este caso clínico tiene como objetivo recordar a los médicos de urgencias la pertinencia de considerar este diagnóstico en pacientes con neoplasias de colon y recto en estadio avanzado y presentar una breve revisión de la literatura.


Necrotizing soft tissue infections have high mortality rates. These infections have been linked to various causes, including those related to neoplastic diseases. The literature has described necrotizing particularly in patients with malignancies of the colon and rectum. The presentation of this case is intended to remind emergency physicians to consider this diagnosis in patients with advanced-stage gastrointestinal tract tumors and to present a brief review of the literature.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Fasciite Necrosante , Neoplasias Retais , Pele/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles , Serviços Médicos de Emergência
17.
Infectio ; 14(supl.2): s131-s144, oct.-dic. 2010. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-635662

RESUMO

El género Aspergillus es ubicuo en la naturaleza y de distribución universal. Por esta razón, el contacto con este hongo incluye hospederos inmunocompetentes e inmunosuprimidos. La vía aérea es la forma más frecuente de adquirir este hongo y sus manifestaciones clínicas y localización topográfica se relacionan con la interacción del hongo y la capacidad inmunológica del hospedero. La principal manifestación clínica de este hongo es a nivel respiratorio, con un impacto muy importante en mortalidad y morbilidad, especialmente en el paciente inmunosuprimido. Los pacientes con tumores hematológicos, trasplantes de corazón, pulmón y con sida son más susceptibles de presentar invasión tisular y vascular por este hongo, que en tales casos se manifiesta como Aspergilosis Invasora (AI). La AI ofrece dificultades diagnósticas en el hospedero inmunosuprimido por lo que en este grupo de pacientes el uso de métodos de diagnóstico no invasores permite guiar el abordaje terapéutico. En la actualidad se dispone de medicamentos antifúngicos del grupo de los azoles (voriconazol) y de las equinocandinas (caspofungina) que han mejorado el resultado de la AI. En este artículo se actualiza la literatura en cuanto al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la AI.


The genus Aspergillus is ubiquitous in nature and has universal distribution; for this reason contact with this fungus includes immunocompetent and non-immunocompetent hosts. The most common form of acquiring this fungus is through air, and its clinical manifestations and topographic location correspond to the interaction of the fungus and its host's immune capacity. The main clinical manifestation of this fungus is a breathing condition and has a very significant impact on mortality and morbidity, especially in non-immunocompetent patients. Patients with haematological malignancies, heart or lung transplant surgeries, and AIDS are the most susceptible to present tissue and vascular invasion by this fungus in the form of invasive aspergillosis (IA). The IA presents diagnostic difficulties in non-immunocompetent hosts; therefore using non-invasive diagnosis methods for this group of patients offers therapeutic approach guidance. Antifungal drugs such as azoles (voriconazole) and echinocandins (caspofungin), that have improved the AI group results, are available nowadays. This article updates the literature on AI diagnosis and treatment.


Assuntos
Humanos , Aspergillus , Aspergilose Pulmonar Invasiva , Fungos , Imunossupressores , Azóis , Viroses/complicações , Equinocandinas
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