Dentoalveolar, periodontal and skeletal effects of maxillary expansion techniques assisted by temporary anchorage devices compared with conventional protocols in growing patients with transverse maxillary deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesise the dentoalveolar, periodontal and skeletal changes that occur when using maxillary expansion techniques assisted by temporary anchorage devices compared to conventional protocols. METHODS: Five databases and grey literature were consulted, up to December 2023, focusing on intervention designs and excluding other type of studies. The quality assessment was conducted by using the adaptation for orthodontics of the CONSORT statement, the guidelines for reporting non-randomised studies, the RoB-2 tool, and the ROBINS-I tool. A descriptive summary and meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 were performed. RESULTS: Nine clinical trials were included (n=377 patients, mean age 13.2±0.6) with a diagnosis of transverse maxillary deficiency. The analysed studies showed qualitative dentoalveolar and periodontal changes after expansion, which were greater on the maxillary first premolars in tooth-borne appliances. Meta-analyses for some effects were included from two studies (n=64); patients who used tooth-borne appliances had greater effects of buccal intercoronal width between the premolars with statistically significant differences (Std Mean difference 2.34; 95% CI: 0.04-4.65 p=0.05). Conversely, those patients who used bone-borne or hybrid appliances had greater effects of buccal intercoronal width between molars with statistically significant differences (Std Mean difference -0.64; 95% CI: -1.38-0.10; p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: According to the studies analysed, all measurements increased in the intervention groups after expansion. Quantitative analyses show different findings at dentoalveolar level when tooth-borne, bone-borne or hybrid appliances are considered. Nevertheless, the results should be taken with caution due to the heterogeneity of the studies. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021283170), with no funding to report.

A finite element study comparing Advansync® and Twin Block in mandibular anterior repositioning.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to utilize the finite element method (FEM) to compare the dentoalveolar and mandibular effects associated with anterior mandibular repositioning using AdvanSync® (ADV) and Twin Block (TB). METHODS: A patient with Class II skeletal malocclusion and mandibular retrognathism was selected. A TB appliance was subsequently applied. Computed Tomography (CT) scans were acquired at the beginning of treatment (T1) and 8 months later (T2). Concurrently, a numerical TB model was validated through FEM simulations, which were compared with the T2 results. The ADV appliance was virtually simulated to evaluate stress and deformation on the condyle, symphysis, first lower molar and lower central incisors. RESULTS: Both simulations demonstrated significant mandibular advancement. However, ADV led to less incisor proclination and more molar intrusion compared to TB. ADV exhibited increased stress in the lower molar area, while TB had higher stress in the lower incisor region. Stress and deformations in the condyle and mandibular symphysis were similar in both simulations, with the highest stress observed at the condylar neck and the lowest at the upper pole of the condylar head. CONCLUSIONS: Both appliances achieved similar levels of mandibular advancement, with greater proclination of the lower central incisors and more widespread distribution of stress and molar intrusion when using ADV compared to TB.

Resistencia friccional entre brackets cerámicos y brackets de autoligado usando un análisis de elementos finitos / Frictional resistance between conventional ceramic brackets and self-ligating ceramic brackets using a finite element analysis / Resistência ao atrito entre braquetes cerâmicos e braçadeiras autoligáveis usando análise de elementos finitos

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La fricción en la ortodoncia se produce por contacto directo entre el bracket, el alambre y la ligadura. La fricción reduce la eficiencia en los tratamientos de ortodoncia. Esta investigación comparó la resistencia a la fricción entre los brackets cerámicos convencionales y los brackets cerámicos de autoligado pasivos utilizando un método de elementos finitos (MEF). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un total de 810 deslizamientos, combinando brackets cerámicos convencionales y autoligados, y alambres de ortodoncia de acero inoxidable, níquel-titanio y de la aleación β-titanio de 0.016 pulgadas, 0.017x0.025 pulgadas y 0.019 x0.025 pulgadas. La media máxima de resistencia a la fricción estática (MRF) se comparó entre las diferentes combinaciones de brackets, alambre, ligadura y angulación del bracket de 0 °, 7 ° y 13 °. Resultados: Las variables con el comportamiento de fricción más alto fueron 13 °, aleación β titanio, 0.017x0.025 pulgadas, y brackets cerámicos convencionales con ligaduras elásticas. Conclusión: MEF es una alternativa adecuada para la predicción de la MRF en varias combinaciones de brackets, alambres, ligaduras y angulaciones. El método permitió definir una menor resistencia a la fricción para los brackets de autoligado, así como una relación directa entre el aumento del ángulo y el área de contacto entre el bracket y el alambre, con valores más altos de resistencia al deslizamiento. Se estableció que un alambre de mayor calibre no implica un área de mayor contacto con el bracket.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Friction in orthodontics is produced by direct contact between the bracket, the wire, and the ligature. Friction reduces efficiency in orthodontic treatments. This research aims to compare the frictional resistance between conventional ceramic brackets and passive self-ligating ceramic brackets using a finite element method (FEM). Materials and methods: A total of 810 slidings were performed, combining conventional and self-ligating ceramic brackets, and stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and b-titanium alloy orthodontic wires of 0.016inch, 0.017x0.025inch, and 0.019x0.025inch. The maximum static frictional resistance (MSFR) mean was compared between the different brackets, wire, ligature, and bracket angulation combinations of 0°, 7°, and 13°. Results: The variables with the highest frictional behavior were 13°, b-titanium alloy, 0.017x0.025inch, and conventional ceramic brackets with an elastic ligatures. Conclusion: FEM is an adequate alternative for the prediction of MSRF in a various brackets, wire, ligating, and angulation combinations. The method allowed defining lower frictional resistance for self-ligating brackets, as well as a direct relationship between the increase in the angle and contact area between bracket and wire, with higher values of sliding resistance. It was established that a larger wire size does not imply a higher area of contact with the bracket.

Resumo Introdução e objetivo: O atrito na ortodontia é produzido pelo contato direto entre braquetes, fios e ligaduras. O atrito reduz a eficiência em tratamentos ortodônticos. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar a resistência ao atrito entre braquetes cerâmicos convencionais e braquetes cerâmicos autoligáveis paacero inoxidableivos usando um método de elementos finitos (MEF). Materiais e métodos: Foram realizados 810 deslizamentos de terra, combinando braquetes de cerâmica convencionais e autoligáveis e fios ortodônticos de aço inoxidável, liga de níquel-titânio e β-titânio em 0,016 polegadas, 0,017 x 0,025 polegadas e 0,019 0,025 polegadas. A máxima resistência média ao atrito estático (MRF) foi comparada entre as diferentes combinações de braquetes, fios, ligaduras e angulações de braquetes de 0 °, 7 ° e 13 °. Resultados: As variáveis com maior comportamento de atrito foram 13 °, liga β-titânio, 0,017x0,025 polegadas e braquetes cerâmicos convencionales com ligadura elástica. Conclusão: MEF é uma alternativa adequada para previsão de MRF em várias combinações de braquetes, fios, ligaduras e angulações. O método permitiu definir uma menor resistência ao atrito para braquetes autoligáveis, bem como uma relação direta entre o aumento do ângulo e a área de contato entre os braquetes e o fio, com maiores valores de resistência ao escorregamento. Foi estabelecido que um tamanho de cabo maior não implica uma área de contato mais alta com o suporte.

Influence of Hyrax screw position on dental movement and cortical bone: A study of finite elements.

BACKGROUND: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has effects on the dental and periodontal structures of the parts involved, which vary according to the design and position of the expansion screw. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal three-dimensional position of the Hyrax screw to obtain precise control of the dental movement and effect on the bone cortex using the finite element method (FEM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: RME was performed from the patient whom two Cone-Beam computerized tomography scans (CBCT) were obtained: T1 before expansion, and T2 three months after stabilization of RME. The FEM model was designed with T1 and of Hyrax photographs. FEM was obtained by comparing the simulation, T2, and clinical results. Three sagittal screw positions (anterior-middle-posterior) and vertical (upper-medium-low) were evaluated. RESULTS: A coronal- buccal displacement of premolars and first molars was found which decreased in the occlusal-apical direction, presenting different types of dental movement in the screw positions; besides, a tendency of translational movement in the posterior-high location was observed. In the posterior-high position a higher concentration of efforts and homogeneous deformations in the periodontal ligament and vestibular cortex of the cervical area of first molars, first and second premolars were observed, with variations according to the screw position and the distribution of stresses. CONCLUSIONS: The ideal location of the expansion screw for controlling dental movement and periodontal side effects was the high-posterior position. Key words:Maxillary expansion, dental movement, finite element analysis, orthodontic appliances.

Comparison of frictional resistance between passive self-ligating brackets and slide-type low-friction ligature brackets during the alignment and leveling stage.

BACKGROUND: To compare the frictional resistance between passive self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets with low-friction ligature under bracket/archwire and root/bone interface during dental alignment and leveling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A tridimensional model of the maxilla and teeth of a patient treated with conventional brackets, and slide ligatures was generated employing the SolidWorks modeling software. SmartClip self-ligating brackets and Logic Line conventional brackets were assembled with slide low-friction ligatures, utilizing archwires with different diameters and alloys used for the alignment and leveling stage. Friction caused during the bracket/archwire interface and stress during the bone/root interface were compared through a finite element model. RESULTS: SmartClip and Logic Line brackets with slide elastomeric low-friction elastomeric ligature showed similar frictional stress values of 0.50 MPa and 0.64 MPa, respectively. Passive self-ligating brackets transmitted a lower load along the periodontal ligament, compared to conventional brackets with a low-friction ligature. CONCLUSIONS: Slide low-friction elastomeric ligatures showed frictional forces during the bracket/archwire interface similar to those of the SmartClip brackets, while the distribution of stresses and deformations during the root/bone interface were lower in the passive self-ligating brackets. Key words:Orthodontic friction, finite element analysis, orthodontic brackets, orthodontic wires.

Comparison of frictional forces during the closure of extraction spaces in passive self-ligating brackets and conventionally ligated brackets using the finite element method.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the frictional force resulting from the bracket/archwire interface and the stress at the root/periodontal ligament/bone interface, between passive self-ligating brackets and conventionally ligated brackets, during the space closure stage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cone beam tomography was taken to a female patient that required extraction of upper first premolars and passive self-ligating system; three months after its activation, a cone beam tomography was taken again. The designs of the maxillary bone and the entire system were possible through tomography images and stereomicroscopic photographs. Validation of the Finite Element Method (FEM) was achieved comparing the amount of movement seen through tomography images and the FEM. Space closure was simulated for each system through the FEM and a comparison was made between the frictional force at the bracket/archwire interface, and the root/periodontal ligament/bone interface. RESULTS: The most significant representation of frictional force at bracket/archwire interface and bone stress was found at the conventionally ligated system, while the passive self-ligating system accounted for the highest distribution of stress over the root. CONCLUSIONS: The FEM is an accurate tool used to quantify frictional force and stress concentration during the orthodontic closure. The passive self-ligating system was seen less frictional during the closure state compared to conventional brackets. Key words:Friction, orthodontic bracket, finite element analysis.

Effectiveness of two retainer types in dental and occlusal stability / Efectividad de la estabilidad dentaria y oclusal con dos tipos de retenedores

ABSTRACT Introduction: with the purpose of providing additional details on the selection of retainer type, this study sought to assess the stability of dental and occlusal position during retention phase using two types of retainers in individuals with no remnant growth who completed orthodontic treatment at the Universidad de Antioquia School of Dentistry, Universidad CES, and in private practice in Medellín in 2011. Methods: this was a controlled clinical study with a sample of 47 patients aged 15 to 45 years, randomly selected into two treatment groups: 22 patients with Essix retainer and 25 patients with Hawley plate in both arches. Cephalometric X-rays and study models were taken on all patients at baseline and six months later with monthly clinical evaluations. Results: the clinical and radiographic results showed significant differences in some tooth rotations in terms of upper intercanine distance and molar relationship, but overall there were no statistically significant differences between both retainers in the three space planes. Conclusion: there were no statistically significant differences between the retainers in a six-month evaluation period.

RESUMEN Introducción: con el propósito de ofrecer mayor evidencia sobre la selección del tipo de retenedor, este estudio pretendió evaluar la estabilidad de la posición dentaria y oclusal durante el tratamiento de retención con dos tipos de retenedores en individuos sin crecimiento remanente que finalizaron tratamiento ortodóncico en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia, de la Universidad CES y en la práctica privada en Medellín en el año 2011. Métodos: se hizo un ensayo clínico controlado con una muestra de 47 pacientes con edades entre 15 y 45 años, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de tratamiento: 22 pacientes con retenedor tipo Essix y 25 pacientes con placa de Hawley en ambos arcos. A todos los pacientes se les tomó radiografía cefálica lateral y modelos de estudio, al inicio y seis meses después, y se hizo evaluación clínica mensual. Resultados: los resultados clínicos y radiográficos mostraron diferencias significativas en algunas rotaciones dentarias, en la distancia intercanina superior y en la relación molar, pero en general no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos retenedores en los tres planos del espacio. Conclusión: no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los retenedores en una evaluación a seis meses.

Comparación clínica y radiográfica del efecto del péndulo con anclajeesquelético vs. dentoalveolar / Clinical and radiographic comparison of the pendulum effect with skeletal

Introducción: este estudio pretende comparar clínica y radiográficamente los efectos producidos por el distalizador péndulo en dos formas de anclaje: esquelético y dentoalveolar, en pacientes con maloclusiones clase II de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia. Métodos: se hizo un estudio preexperimental comparativo. Se utilizó una muestra de 19 pacientes con edades entre los 15y 26 años, divididos en dos grupos: 9 pacientes tratados con péndulo de anclaje esquelético y 10 con péndulo de anclaje dentoalveolar. A todos los pacientes se les tomaron radiografías cefálicas laterales y modelos de estudio, al inicio y al final del tiempo de evaluación (6 meses). Resultados: los resultados clínicos y radiográficos muestran diferencias significativas en los efectos producidos a nivel de incisivos y molares. El péndulo con anclaje dentoalveolar presentó en promedio proinclinación de los incisivos de 4°, mientras que el péndulo conanclaje esquelético no mostró variación. En cuanto al efecto producido en los molares se observó mayor cantidad de distalación por inclinación (14,1°) en el péndulo con anclaje dentoalveolar que en el péndulo con anclaje esquelético (7,34°). Conclusiones: el péndulobajo las dos modalidades de anclaje mostró ser un dispositivo eficaz para distalar molares, sin embargo es importante tener en cuenta el efecto que se quiere producir sobre los incisivos, pues cada uno produce resultados diferentes.

Introduction: This study seeks to clinically and radiographically compare the effects produced by the distalization pendulum in both skeletal and dentoalveolar anchorage, in patients with Class II malocclusions at the Universidad de Antioquia’s School of Dentistry. Methods: a pre-experimental comparative study was carried out on a sample of 19 patients aged 15-26 years, divided into two groups:9 patients treated with bone anchorage pendulum and 10 with dentoalveolar anchorage pendulum. Lateral cephalic radiographs of each patient were taken and study models were done at the beginning and the end of evaluation period (6 months). Results: both clinical and radiographic results show significant differences in the effects produced at the incisors and molars. The pendulum with dentoalveolar anchorage presented an average incisor proclination of 4°, while the pendulum with skeletal anchorage showed no variation. Concerning the effect produced in molars, a greater amount of distalization as a result of inclination was observed in the pendulum with dentoalveolar anchorage (14.1°) in comparison to the one with skeletal anchorage (7.34°). Conclusions: with both modalities, the pendulum provedto be effective for molar distalization; nevertheless, it is important to bear in mind the desired effect on the incisors, as each technique produces different results.

Valoración clínica y cefalométrica del aparato de distracción de García® para el tratamiento de la mordida abierta anterior en pacientes atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín / Radiographic and clinical assessment of García’s distractor appliance® for the treatment of anterior open bite in patients treated at the College of Dentistry, University ofAntioquia, Medellín

Introducción: esta investigación pretende determinar los cambios radiográficos y clínicos obtenidos con el distractor de García® en cuanto a sus efectos craneofaciales, dentales y de cosmética facial en pacientes con mordida abierta anterior. Métodos: se hizo un estudio clínico prospectivo cuasi experimental en nueve sujetos dos hombres siete mujeres, siete de ellosen crecimiento con un promedio de edad de 11,7 años y 2 adultos con un promedio de edad de 30 años; en quienes cuales se obtuvieron radiografías cefálicas laterales al inicio, tercero y sexto mes de tratamiento. El efecto clínico se valoró mensualmentemidiendo con un calibrador digital Discover® la sobremordida vertical y horizontal. En el análisis estadístico se obtuvieron medidas descriptivas y se utilizó la prueba ANOVA de medidas repetidas para determinar los cambios en el tiempo, con nivel de significancia de 0,05. Resultados: los hallazgos muestran en los pacientes en crecimiento, a nivel craneofacial incremento en el ángulo goniaco, a nivel dentoalveolar incremento en la sobremordida vertical acompañada con disminución en la sobremordidahorizontal explicada por intrusión del molar superior y retroinclinación de incisivos superiores e inferiores, y a nivel facial disminución en el ángulo de la convexidad de tejidos blandos. Conclusiones: el aparato distractor de García utilizado durante seis meses en los pacientes en crecimiento de esta muestra mejoró la mordida abierta, tanto por intrusión de molares superiores como por retroinclinación de incisivos superiores e inferiores.

Introduction: this study aims to determine radiographic and clinical changes obtained with the Garcia’s distractor appliance® and its craniofacial, dental and facial cosmetic effects in patients with anterior open bite. Methods: a prospectiveclinical quasi-experimental study in 9 subjects, 2 men and 7 women, 7 of them in a phase of active growth with an average age of 11.7 years and 2 adults with an average age of 30 years, in which cephalic radiographs were obtained at the beginning, thirdand sixth month of treatment. The clinical effect was assessed by measuring monthly the overbite and overjet with a digital gauge Discover®. In the statistical analysis, descriptive measures were obtained using ANOVA test for repeated measurements to determine changes over time, with a level of significance of 0.05. Results: the radiographic findings showed an increase in the goniac angle in the growing patients; also, an increase in the overbite and a decrease in the overjet were observed, these changes are explained by the intrusion of the upper molars and retro inclination of the upper and lower incisors; facially, there was a decrease in the angle of convexity in the soft tissues. Conclusions: the Garcia’s distractor appliance® used for a period of six month in growingpatients improved the open bite by intrusion of upper molars and retro inclination of upper and lower incisors.

Manejo ortodóncico de caninos maxilares retenidos / Orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines

El manejo ortodóncico de caninos retenidos requiere de una secuencia adecuada, con base en el diagnóstico. La biomecánica ortodóncica utilizada debe hacer un control de la zona de acción y de la zona de reacción. Varias técnicas son empleadas para tal objetivo: arco completo, técnica segmentaria, ansas en caja, resorte tipo ballesta y magnetos. Lo más importante es que el diagnóstico conduzca a orientar las prioridades como guía para el adecuado manejo interdisciplinario