Heterometrías de extremidades inferiores / Heterometry of lower limbs

La heterometría de los miembros inferiores es una alteración frecuente que repercute en todo el aparato locomotor. Existen dos tipos de heterometrías, la estructural y la funcional. La estructural se debe a diferencias de longitud en alguno de los segmentos óseos (fémur y/o tibia), y causa un desequilibrio en los niveles glúteos, pélvicos y escapulares. La funcional se caracteriza por estar causada por diferentes apoyos podálicos, principalmente por pronación asimétrica. Esta posición puede aparentar una heterometría estructural, aunque la causa no está en la diferente medida de los segmentos óseos. El tratamiento que puede realizarse desde el punto de vista podológico es diferente, ya que la estructural requiere la inclusión de un alza en el soporte plantar. La funcional en cambio no requiere de alza, sino de la diferente corrección de la posición en cada pie

The heterometry is a frequent alteration that rebounds in the whole apparatus locomotive. There is two types of heterometry, the estructural and the functional one exist. The structural one is due to differences of longitude in some of the bony segments (femur and/or tibia), and it causes an imbalance of gluteal, pelvic and scapular levels. The functional one is characterized to be caused by different foot loadings, mainly for asymmetric pronation. This position can look a structural heterometry, although the cause is not in the different measure of the bony segments. The treatment that can be carried out from the podologist point of view is different, since the structural one requires the inclusion of a material in the support to plant. The functional one on the other hand doesn't require of rise, but of the different correction of the position in each foot

Fascitis Plantar. Tratamiento ortopodológico / Plantar fascitis. Orthopodologic treatment

La fascitis plantar es la causa más frecuente de talalgia y consiste en la inflamación del origen de la fascia a nivel de la tuberosidad antero-interna del calcáneo. Produce dolor localizado en la zona antero-interna del talón, que puede irradiarse hacia el borde interno del pie. Tras el proceso inflamatorio, si la patología persiste de forma prolongada, pueden producirse cambios degenerativos. Generalmente los pacientes presentan alteraciones biomecánicas asociadas como causa etiológica de la fascitis. Estas alteraciones biomecánicas pueden ser el exceso de pronación, pie cavo, pie equino, seudoequino o cavo anterior y asimetrías en la longitud de las extremidades inferiores. Todas estas alteraciones son susceptibles de ser tratadas mediante tratamiento ortopodológico con soportes plantares. El uso de los tratamientos ortopodológicos permite la función normal del pie desde su posición neutra evitando compensaciones, que son las que producen el aumento de tensión y por tanto la inflamación de la fascia. Existen estudios que evidencian que el tratamiento ortopodológico personalizado es eficaz en el tratamiento de la fascitis plantar cuando la causa es una alteración biomecánica

Plantar fasciitis is a condition characterized by heel pain. Is the most common cause of heel pain. Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the fascia at its origin on the calcaneus. Is characterized by pain located in the antero-internal area of the calcaneus that can be irradiated toward the internal border of the foot. After the inflammatory process, if the pathology persists in a lingering way, degenerative changes can take place. The subjects generally present associated biomechanical alterations as aetiological cause of the fasciitis. These biomechanical alterations could be pronación excess, pes cavus, equine foot, metatarsal pes cavus, or unequeal leg length. All of this conditions are susceptible of being treated by ortopaedic treatment with foot orthoses. The use of foot orthoses allows the normal function of the foot from its neuter position avoiding compensations, understanding that these compensations produces the increase of tension and therefore the inflammation of the fascia. Some studies evidence that the personalized foot orthoses are effective in the treatment of plantar fasciitis when the cause is a biomechanical desequilibre

Antibody response and antigen-specific gamma-interferon profiles of vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant sheep experimentally infected with Brucella melitensis.

It is well known that the immune response in sheep against Brucella melitensis is subject to individual variation, depending on diverse factors. It bears asking whether these factors (e.g. clinical disease, active infection, state of previous immunity), when affecting a group, can cause variation in the performance of different diagnostic tests. To clarify some of the circumstances in which this immune response can vary, we examine the immune-response profile of sheep protected against the clinical disease by prior vaccination with strain Rev. 1 in comparison with the profile of unprotected females showing the classical brucellosis symptoms. An experimental infection was provoked at midpregnancy under controlled conditions of both non-vaccinated (n=7) and previously Rev.1-vaccinated ewes (n=5). Their immune response was monitored from 7 to 9 weeks before abortion or normal birth to 30 weeks afterwards. Antibody response was assessed by classical tests (Rose Bengal test, complement fixation test (CFT)) in comparison with other diagnostic tests (indirect ELISA (iELISA), competitive ELISA (cELISA), fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), immunocapture test (ICT)). In addition, the cell-mediated immune response was indirectly evaluated by the in vitro antigen-specific release of gamma-interferon. The antibody levels and antigen-specific gamma-IFN profile of the non-vaccinated ewes having the disease and excreting the pathogen was notably high and differed significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01) from those of vaccinated ewes that neither contracted brucellosis nor excreted the pathogen. In general, all the tests detect the infection in the non-vaccinated ewes with substantial effectiveness. It can be concluded that the high levels of circulating antibodies and of antigen-specific gamma-IFN are related to active Brucella infection. Similarly, the state of protection against the disease, but not necessarily against infection, due to a previous immunization with the Rev. 1 vaccination, appears to be responsible for a low level of detectable immune response. Nevertheless, the design of the study limits conclusions to pregnant ewes and cannot be extrapolated to non-pregnant ewes or rams. Likewise, the study provides no information on animals which are carriers of B. melitensis.