Examining the Interaction between Exercise, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration: Future Research Directions.

Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on gut microbial diversity and function. Emerging research has revealed certain aspects of the complex interactions between the gut, exercise, microbiota, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that changes in gut microbial diversity and metabolic function may have an impact on the onset and progression of neurological conditions. This study aimed to review the current literature from several databases until 1 June 2023 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the interplay between the gut, physical exercise, microbiota, and neurodegeneration. We summarized the roles of exercise and gut microbiota on neurodegeneration and identified the ways in which these are all connected. The gut-brain axis is a complex and multifaceted network that has gained considerable attention in recent years. Research indicates that gut microbiota plays vital roles in metabolic shifts during physiological or pathophysiological conditions in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, they are closely related to maintaining overall health and well-being. Similarly, exercise has shown positive effects on brain health and cognitive function, which may reduce/delay the onset of severe neurological disorders. Exercise has been associated with various neurochemical changes, including alterations in cortisol levels, increased production of endorphins, endocannabinoids like anandamide, as well as higher levels of serotonin and dopamine. These changes have been linked to mood improvements, enhanced sleep quality, better motor control, and cognitive enhancements resulting from exercise-induced effects. However, further clinical research is necessary to evaluate changes in bacteria taxa along with age- and sex-based differences.

Body Composition Profiles of Applicants to a Physical Education and Sports Major in Southeastern Mexico.

This study aimed to determine the body composition profile of candidates applying for a Physical Education and Sports major. 327 young adults (F: 87, M: 240) participated in this cross-sectional study. Nutritional status and body composition analysis were performed, and the profiles were generated using an unsupervised machine learning algorithm. Body mass index (BMI), percentage of fat mass (%FM), percentage of muscle mass (%MM), metabolic age (MA), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and visceral fat level (VFL) were used as input variables. BMI values were normal-weight although VFL was significantly higher in men (<0.001; η2 = 0.104). MA was positively correlated with BMR (0.81 [0.77, 0.85]; p < 0.01), BMI (0.87 [0.84, 0.90]; p < 0.01), and VFL (0.77 [0.72, 0.81]; p < 0.01). The hierarchical clustering analysis revealed two significantly different age-independent profiles: Cluster 1 (n = 265), applicants of both sexes that were shorter, lighter, with lower adiposity and higher lean mass; and, Cluster 2 (n = 62), a group of overweight male applicants with higher VFL, taller, with lower %MM and estimated energy expended at rest. We identified two profiles that might help universities, counselors and teachers/lecturers to identify applicants in which is necessary to increase physical activity levels and improve dietary habits.

Design and implementation of a digital textbook about physical agents as a learning resource in the training process of Chilean physical therapy students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on education, forcing the implementation of distance learning methodologies using information and communication technologies (ICT). The digital textbook is a didactic resource used to guide the training process of students; besides, its interactivity allows systematic work, favoring metacognition and the construction of self-learning. The aim of this paper is to describe, through a descriptive cross-sectional design, the design, review, digitization and implementation phases of a digital textbook about physical agents as a learning resource to support distance education in the training process of physical therapy students enrolled in the physical agents course offered by Universidad Andres Bello in Santiago, Chile, in the context of the human mobility restriction measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The textbook consists of thirteen thematic sections and once it was reviewed and validated by peers and by the editorial committee of the university it was digitalized and indexed into the digital resource database of the university, where it was made available to the entire cohort of students enrolled in the physical agents course during the first semester of2020 (n=115).The digital textbook was successfully implemented as a didactic resource to guide the autonomous and distance learning of students during the time human mobility restriction measures were established in Chile due to the pandemic. Future studies should focus on reporting the students' satisfaction and perception of this tool and its effect on learning outcomes in order to obtain effective feedback.

La pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un fuerte impacto en la educación, por lo que ha sido necesario implementar metodologías de aprendizaje a distancia basadas en tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC). El libro de texto digital es un recurso didáctico utilizado para guiar el proceso de formación de los estudiantes; además, su interactividad permite el trabajo sistemático, lo que favorece la metacognición y la construcción del aprendizaje autónomo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir, mediante un diseño transversal descriptivo, las fases de diseño, revisión, digitalización e implementación de un libro de texto digital sobre agentes físicos como recurso de aprendizaje para apoyar la educación a distancia en el proceso de formación de estudiantes de fisioterapia inscritos en el curso de Agentes Físicos ofrecido por la Universidad Andrés Bello en Santiago, Chile, en el contexto de las medidas de restricción de movilidad humana implementadas por la pandemia por COVID-19. El libro de texto consiste de 13 secciones temáticas y, una vez revisado y validado por pares y por el comité editorial de la universidad, fue digitalizado e indexado en la base de datos de recursos digitales de la universidad, donde se puso a disposición de toda la cohorte de estudiantes matriculados en el curso durante el primer semestre de 2020 (n=115). El libro de texto digital se implementó satisfactoriamente como recurso didáctico para guiar el aprendizaje autónomo y no presencial de los estudiantes en el periodo en que se instauraron las medidas de restricción de la movilidad humana en Chile debido a la pandemia. Estudios futuros deben centrarse en reportar la satisfacción y percepción de los estudiantes con esta herramienta y su efecto en los resultados del aprendizaje para obtener una retroalimentación efectiva.

Remote, Whole-Body Interval Training Improves Muscular Endurance and Cardiac Autonomic Control in Young Adults.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an exercise modality acknowledged to maintain physical fitness with more engagement in an active lifestyle compared with other traditional exercise models. Nevertheless, its effects on cardiac control and physical performance in an online-guided setting are not yet clarified. The present work assessed physical fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) before and after an online, home-based HIIT program in college-age students while pandemic lockdowns were in effect. Twenty university students (age: 21.9 ± 2.4 years.) that were solely enrolled in online classes were distributed into three groups: control-CON-(n = 6), 14 min of HIIT-HIIT-14-(n = 8), and 21 min of HIIT-HIIT-21-(n = 6). A maximal push-up test was employed to assess muscular endurance and performance, and resting HRV signals were collected with wireless heart rate monitors and were processed in Kubios HRV Std. (Kubios Oy, Finland). There was an increase in total push-up capacity compared to CON (p < 0.05 HIIT-21 vs. CON; p < 0.001 HIIT-14 vs. CON) after 8 weeks. A significant interaction was observed in high-frequency and low-frequency spectra ratios after the HIIT-21 intervention (p < 0.05). The current work demonstrated that either short- or mid-volume online, whole-body HIIT improves muscle strength, whereas mid-volume HIIT (HIIT-21) was the only intervention that developed a sympathovagal adaptation. This study showed promising results on muscular endurance and cardiac autonomic modulation through whole-body HIIT practice at home.

Level of satisfaction and correlation between the performance and self-evaluation of physical therapy students in the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) when using physical agents

Introduction: Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a validated instrument that allows measuring clinical skills in health sciences students; thus, it is important to know the students' level of satisfaction with this strategy, as well as the correlation between performance and self-evaluation. Objectives: To determine the correlation between the performance and self-evaluation (perceived performance) of Chilean physical therapy students in an OSCE designed to assess their clinical skills when using physical agents, and to assess their level of satisfaction with it. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 111 physical therapy students who participated in an OSCE consisting of seven stations. Performance checklists were used at each station (passing score: 70% of the maximum score per station) and students were administered 2 perception surveys for self-evaluation purposes and for determining their level of satisfaction with the OSCE. The Spearman Rho test was performed to determine the correlation between station scores and the students' self-evaluation (significance level of p<0.05). Results: Median scores higher than the passing score were observed in 5 stations (S1=66, IQR: 52-70; S2=55, IQR: 45-60; S3=60, IQR: 50-69; S4=65, IQR: 55-73; S7=40, IQR: 33-45), except for the strengthening and parameter interpretation stations (S5=54, IQR:46-65; S6=10, IQR: 9-13). A positive significant correlation was found between the OSCE scores and the students' self-evaluation in five stations (S3: p =0.042; S4: p <0.0001; S5: p =0.000; S6: p =0.000; S7: p <0.0001). The students' level of satisfaction with the OSCE was high, with 89.18% of them stating they agreed with how it was organized. Conclusion: The OSCE allowed the evaluation of the participants' clinical skills when using physical agents. Also, their performance in the OSCE was consistent with their self-evaluation, which proves the usefulness of the instrument. The students' high level of satisfaction with this methodology supports its use, since they acknowledge both its contribution and the importance of using similar tools to improve their training.

Introducción. La evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada (ECOE) es un instrumento validado que permite medir las habilidades clínicas de los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud, por lo que es importante conocer su nivel de satisfacción con esta estrategia, así como la correlación entre desempeño y autoevaluación. Objetivos. Determinar la correlación entre el desempeño y la autoevaluación (desempeño percibido) de estudiantes chilenos de fisioterapia en una ECOE diseñada para evaluar sus habilidades clínicas a la hora de usar agentes físicos, y evaluar su nivel de satisfacción con esta herramienta. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 111 estudiantes de fisioterapia que participaron en una ECOE de 7 estaciones. Se utilizaron listas de verificación de desempeño en las estaciones (nota aprobatoria: 70% de la nota máxima por estación) y 2 encuestas de percepción para la autoevaluación y determinar el nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes con la ECOE. Se realizó la prueba de Rho de Spearman para determinar la correlación entre los puntajes por estación y la autoevaluación (nivel de significancia p <0.05). Resultados. Se observaron medianas de puntajes superiores al aprobatorio en 5 estaciones (E1=66, RIC: 52-70; E2=55, RIC: 45-60; E3=60, RIC: 50-69; E4=65, RIC: 55-73; E7=40, RIC: 33-45), pero no en las estaciones de fortalecimiento e interpretación de parámetros (E5=54, RIC: 46-65; E6=10, RIC: 9-13). Se observó una correlación positiva y significativa entre los puntajes de la ECOE y la autoevaluación en cinco estaciones (E3: p =0.042; E4: p <0.0001; E5: p=0.000; E6: p =0.000; E7: p <0.0001). El nivel de satisfacción con la ECOE fue alto, con un 89.18% de aprobación respecto a cómo fue organizada. Conclusión. La ECOE permitió evaluar las habilidades clínicas de los participantes al usar agentes físicos, siendo sus puntajes consistentes con la autoevaluación, lo que demuestra la utilidad del instrumento. El alto nivel de satisfacción con esta metodología da soporte a su uso, ya que los estudiantes reconocen su aporte y la importancia de usar herramientas similares para mejorar su formación.

Association between Body Mass Index with Sugar-Sweetened and Dairy Beverages Consumption in Children from the Mexico-USA Border.

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been associated with the onset of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to describe consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened and dairy beverages and to evaluate their correlation with the body mass index in children residing at the Mexico−USA border. A total of 722 (370 girls, 352 boys) elementary school children aged 9 to 12 years from Tijuana, Mexico, participated in the study. Anthropometric measures were recorded, and a beverage intake questionnaire was completed by the children's parents. Significant age by sex interactions were found on body mass index Z-scores (p < 0.01). Boys showed higher sugar intake (p < 0.05) and total relative energy consumption from sugar (p < 0.05) than girls. The energy consumption from sugar-sweetened and dairy beverages was similar between sexes (p > 0.05). Sugar intake from beverages was higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization in boys (66%) and girls (44%). A high frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and similar intake of dairy beverages were found in children from the Mexico−USA border. The high consumption of sugar exceeds international recommendations and should be carefully monitored.

Short-Term High-Intensity Circuit Training Does Not Modify Resting Heart Rate Variability in Adults during the COVID-19 Confinement.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic increased sedentary behavior, psychological stress, and sleep disturbances in the population favoring the installation of alterations in the cardiovascular system. In this sense, physical exercise has widely been suggested as an efficient treatment to improve health. The current study determined the impact of short-term high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on resting heart rate variability (HRV) in adults. METHODS: Nine healthy participants (age: 31.9 ± 4.4 yr.) performed 36 HICT sessions (3 times per day; 3 days per week) and four participants (age: 29.5 ± 1.7 yr.) were assigned to a control group. The HICT consisted of 12 min of whole-body exercises performed during a workout. Twenty-four hours before and after the exercise program, HRV parameters were recorded. RESULTS: The heart rate exercise during the last session trended to be lower when compared with the first HICT session (p = 0.07, d = 0.39, 95% CI = -13.50, 0.72). The interval training did not modify the HRV time (Mean NN, SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50) and frequency (LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, total power) domain parameters. CONCLUSION: Thirty-six HICT sessions did not provide enough stimuli to modify the resting HRV in adults during social isolation elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the data suggested that exercise protocol did not induce cardio-vagal adaptations.

Implementation of an Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) as a tool to evaluate the development of clinical reasoning in physical therapy students / Implementación de un Examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE) como herramienta para evaluar el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico en estudiantes de fisioterapia

Abstract Introduction: Clinical reasoning involves critical thinking and decision-making in clinical situations. It can be evaluated using Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), which measures clinical skills associated with the development of clinical reasoning. Objective: To describe the implementation of an OSCE to evaluate the clinical skills associated with the development of clinical reasoning in physical therapy students, and to determine their level of satisfaction with this methodology. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in 159 physical therapy students from Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, enrolled in the Reasoning in Physical therapy course (second semester of 2018). The OSCE had 11 stations and a student satisfaction survey was administered. Data normality was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics (percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQR)) were used for data analysis. Results: The median global score was 142 points (IQR: 132-150) and 61.1% of the students obtained a passing score (> 134 points). Stations in which most students had a passing score were S3, S5 and S7 (standardized patient stations): 78.62%, 96.85% and 85.53%, respectively. Regarding the satisfaction survey, 36.48% and 59.12% of the students agreed and strongly agreed with using tools that assess their clinical skills. Conclusions: The OSCE was successfully designed and implemented to evaluate the clinical skills associated with the development of clinical reasoning in physical therapy students, and most of them reported a high level of satisfaction with its use; this confirms OSCE is an excellent methodology to train and evaluate these students.

Resumen Introducción. El razonamiento clínico implica el pensamiento crítico y la toma de decisiones en situaciones clínicas. Esto puede evaluarse mediante el Examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE), que mide las habilidades clínicas asociadas con el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico. Objetivo. Describir la implementación de un ECOE para evaluar las habilidades clínicas asociadas con el desarrollo de razonamiento clínico en estudiantes de fisioterapia, así como su nivel de satisfacción con esta metodología. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo realizado en 159 estudiantes de fisioterapia de la Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, inscritos en el curso Razonamiento en Fisioterapia (segundo semestre de 2018). El ECOE contó con 11 estaciones y se aplicó una encuesta de satisfacción estudiantil. La normalidad de los datos se determinó mediante la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk y el análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva (porcentajes, medianas y rangos intercuartílicos (RIC)). Resultados. La mediana del puntaje global fue de 142 puntos (RIC: 132-150) y el 61.1% de los estudiantes obtuvo una puntuación aprobatoria (> 134 puntos). Las estaciones con mayor número de estudiantes con un puntaje aprobatorio fueron E3, E5 y E7 (estaciones con paciente estandarizado): 78.62%, 96.85% y 85.53%, respectivamente. Respecto a la encuesta de satisfacción, 36.48% y 59.12% de los estudiantes estuvieron de acuerdo y muy de acuerdo con el uso de herramientas que evalúen sus habilidades clínicas. Conclusiones. El ECOE fue diseñado e implementado exitosamente para evaluar las habilidades clínicas asociadas con el desarrollo del razonamiento clínico en estudiantes de fisioterapia; además, la mayoría de ellos reportó altos niveles de satisfacción con su uso, lo que confirma que es una excelente metodología para capacitar y evaluar estos estudiantes.

Profiling Physical Fitness of Physical Education Majors Using Unsupervised Machine Learning.

The academic curriculum has shown to promote sedentary behavior in college students. This study aimed to profile the physical fitness of physical education majors using unsupervised machine learning and to identify the differences between sexes, academic years, socioeconomic strata, and the generated profiles. A total of 542 healthy and physically active students (445 males, 97 females; 19.8 [2.2] years; 66.0 [10.3] kg; 169.5 [7.8] cm) participated in this cross-sectional study. Their indirect VO2max (Cooper and Shuttle-Run 20 m tests), lower-limb power (horizontal jump), sprint (30 m), agility (shuttle run), and flexibility (sit-and-reach) were assessed. The participants were profiled using clustering algorithms after setting the optimal number of clusters through an internal validation using R packages. Non-parametric tests were used to identify the differences (p < 0.05). The higher percentage of the population were freshmen (51.4%) and middle-income (64.0%) students. Seniors and juniors showed a better physical fitness than first-year students. No significant differences were found between their socioeconomic strata (p > 0.05). Two profiles were identified using hierarchical clustering (Cluster 1 = 318 vs. Cluster 2 = 224). The matching analysis revealed that physical fitness explained the variation in the data, with Cluster 2 as a sex-independent and more physically fit group. All variables differed significantly between the sexes (except the body mass index [p = 0.218]) and the generated profiles (except stature [p = 0.559] and flexibility [p = 0.115]). A multidimensional analysis showed that the body mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, and agility contributed the most to the data variation so that they can be used as profiling variables. This profiling method accurately identified the relevant variables to reinforce exercise recommendations in a low physical performance and overweight majors.

Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to assess the clinical skills of physical therapy students when using physical agents / Evaluación clínica objetiva estructurada (ECOE) para evaluar las habilidades clínicas de los estudiantes de fisioterapia al utilizar agentes físicos

Abstract Introduction: The use of physical agents in physical therapy (PT) requires clinical reasoning, as well as knowledge of their risks and contraindications; however, deficiencies may be observed when used in clinical practice. Objective: To implement the Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation (OSCE) method for the assessment of clinical skills among physical therapy specialty students when using physical agents. Materials and methods: A pilot, non-experimental, cross-sectional study was conducted in 114 physical therapy students enrolled during the first semester of 2019 in a physical agents course offered at the Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile. The OSCE consisted of 7 peer-validated stations, in which various skills were implemented in simulated clinical scenarios to achieve learning outcomes associated with the use of physical agents, namely: S1: connective tissue flexibility; S2: muscle relaxation; S3: analgesia; S4: drainage; S5: muscle strengthening; S6: parameter interpretation; and S7: equipment installation. Observers at each station assessed students' clinical skills and decision-making using a checklist. OSCE scores were described using medians and interquartile ranges, representing the data dispersion between the 25th and 75th percentile (P25-P75). Station scores by sex were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Median scores were higher than the minimum passing score in stations S1 (66, IQR: 52-70), S2 (55, IQR: 45-60), S3 (60, IQR: 50-69), S4 (65, IQR: 55-73), and S7 (40, IQR: 33-45), but they were below the passing score in stations S5 (54, IQR:46-65) and S6 (10, IQR: 9-13). In addition, 101 (88.59%) students had a global passing score in the OSCE. Conclusion: The OSCE scores obtained by the participants show their attainment of clinical skills when using physical agents since most of them obtained a global passing score; however, reinforcing the clinical skills for parameter interpretation is necessary, considering that the lowest mean score was obtained in said station.

Resumen Introducción. El uso de agentes físicos en el ejercicio de la fisioterapia requiere razonamiento clínico y saber sus riesgos y contraindicaciones, aunque en ocasiones se observan deficiencias al utilizarlos en la práctica clínica. Objetivo. Implementar la metodología de Evaluación Clínica Objetiva Estructurada (ECOE) para la evaluación de habilidades clínicas en estudiantes de fisioterapia al aplicar agentes físicos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio piloto transversal no experimental en 114 estudiantes de fisioterapia inscritos en el primer semestre de 2019 en la asignatura de agentes físicos en la Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile. La ECOE consistió de siete estaciones validadas por pares en las que se implementaron diversas habilidades en escenarios clínicos simulados para lograr resultados de aprendizaje asociados al uso de agentes físicos, a saber: E1: Flexibilidad tejido conectivo, E2: Relajación muscular, E3: Analgesia, E4: Drenaje, E5: Fortalecimiento, E6: Interpretación de parámetros y E7: Instalación de equipo. En cada estación, las habilidades clínicas y toma de decisiones fueron evaluadas por observadores usando listas de verificación. Las puntuaciones en la ECOE se describieron usando medianas y rangos intercuartiles, representado la dispersión de los datos entre el percentil 25 y 75 (P25-P75). Los puntajes en cada estación fueron comparados por género mediante la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados. Las medianas de puntaje fueron superiores al puntaje aprobatorio en las estaciones E1 (66, RIC: 52-70), E2 (55, RIC: 45-60), E3 (60, RIC: 50-69), E4 (65, RIC: 55-73) y E7(40, RIC: 33-45), pero inferiores en las estaciones E5 (54, RIC: 46-65) y E6 (10, RIC: 9-13). Además, 101 estudiantes (88.59%) obtuvieron un puntaje aprobatorio global en la ECOE. Conclusión. Los puntajes obtenidos en la ECOE por los participantes demuestran el logro de habilidades clínicas al utilizar agentes físicos, pues la mayoría obtuvo una nota aprobatoria global. No obstante, se requiere reforzar las habilidades clínicas de interpretación de parámetros, estación en la que se obtuvo la media de puntaje más baja.

Impact of Spirulina maxima Intake and Exercise (SIE) on Metabolic and Fitness Parameters in Sedentary Older Adults with Excessive Body Mass: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Life expectancy has increased unprecedentedly in recent decades, benefiting the longevity of the world's population. The most frequent pathological conditions presented in this age group include excessive body fat, frailty, and hypercholesterolemia. These pathological characteristics condition general health and autonomy in adults to carry out their usual activities. In this sense, the search for a healthy lifestyle is necessary, consisting in a healthy diet that includes supplementation with nutraceuticals and the daily practice of physical activity. This study protocol aims to evaluate the independent and synergistic effect of 12 weeks of Spirulina maxima intake (5 g/day), with or without an exercise program on metabolic and fitness parameters of 52 sedentary older adults with excessive body mass in a double-blind, randomized, crossover, controlled trial design. The main findings from this trial will provide novel evidence for future interventions designed for the elderly population and the result will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and international meetings. ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT04658875 (Effect of Spirulina maxima and Exercise on General Fitness and Blood Lipids in Older Adults).

Hemodynamic Adaptations Induced by Short-Term Run Interval Training in College Students.

Perceived lack of time is one of the most often cited barriers to exercise participation. High intensity interval training has become a popular training modality that incorporates intervals of maximal and low-intensity exercise with a time commitment usually shorter than 30 min. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term run interval training (RIT) on body composition (BC) and cardiorespiratory responses in undergraduate college students. Nineteen males (21.5 ± 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) or RIT (n = 9). Baseline measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate (HRrest), double product (DP) and BC were obtained from both groups. VO2max and running speed associated with VO2peak (sVO2peak) were then measured. RIT consisted of three running treadmill sessions per week over 4 weeks (intervals at 100% sVO2peak, recovery periods at 40% sVO2peak). There were no differences in post-training BC or VO2max between groups (p > 0.05). HRrest (p = 0.006) and DP (p ≤ 0.001) were lower in the RIT group compared to CON at completion of the study. RIT lowered HRrest and DP in the absence of appreciable BC and VO2max changes. Thereby, RIT could be an alternative model of training to diminish health-related risk factors in undergraduate college students.

Systematic Physical Exercise and Spirulina maxima Supplementation Improve Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Blood Lipid Profile: Correlations of a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

Cardiovascular diseases are part of the highly preventable chronic diseases associated with changes in lifestyle. Within them, physical activity, low-fat and high-fiber diets are distinguished as the main support for prevention, even when supplementation with nutraceuticals has become a very common practice. Fifty-two young sedentary men with excess body weight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg·m-2) were enrolled in a randomized-crossover controlled trial [six weeks of a systematic physical exercise with Spirulina maxima or placebo supplementation (4.5 g·day-1)]. Body composition, blood lipid profile, and maximal oxygen uptake were determined pre/post intervention. Pairwise comparisons showed a significant improvement (p < 0.01) on blood lipid profile in the group of exercise plus Spirulina maxima. Moreover, correlations of absolute changes of BMI, body fat percentage, blood lipids and maximal oxygen uptake were statistically significant (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the Spirulina maxima supplementation could be acting in a synergistic way with exercise due to the enhanced effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood lipid profile. This phenomenon should be considered to reduce risk of cardiovascular disorders. Trial registration: Clinical Trials, NCT02837666 (July 19, 2016).

Entrenamiento de resistencia muscular en jóvenes universitarios ¿método de oclusión vascular o tradicional? / Resistance training in college students ¿vascular occlusion training or traditional method?

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si existen diferencias significativas en la circunferencia del brazo y en el número de repeticiones realizadas en base a dos métodos de entrenamiento: oclusión vascular y tradicional. Se reclutaron ocho sujetos a los cuales, de manera aleatoria, se les asignó el método de oclusión vascular (OVbi) para un brazo y el entrenamiento tradicional (ETmi) para el otro. Se realizó un pretest en el cual se midió la circunferencia del brazo y la cantidad de repeticiones que pudieran realizar con una carga equivalente al 9% de la masa corporal. Después de cuatro semanas de tratamiento (tres sesiones por semana) se realizó el postest. Los resultados no encontraron interacción significativa en la circunferencia del brazo (p = 0.164) ni en la cantidad de repeticiones (p = 0.390), sin embargo, si se encontraron diferencias en la cantidad de repeticiones realizadas entre el pretest y postest (p = 0.048). Estos resultados demuestran que, independientemente del tratamiento (OVbi y ETmi), los sujetos aumentaron el número de repeticiones realizadas, en pocas palabras, un entrenamiento a baja intensidad con oclusión vascular durante cuatro semanas es igual de efectivo a un entrenamiento tradicional de moderada intensidad.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of vascular occlusion (VO) and traditional resistance training (TRT) methods on arm circumference and number of repetitions to exhaustion. Eight participants were randomly assigned to VO in one arm and TRT on the other. Before and after four weeks of training performed three times per week, measurements were obtained on arm circumference and number of repetitions with a workload equivalent to 9% of body mass. No significant treatment by measurements interactions were found on arm circumference (p = 0.164) and number of repetitions to exhaustion (p = 0.390). Regardless of the training method, participants improved number of repetition to exhaustion following the intervention (p = 0.048). In conclusion, four weeks of VO is as effective as TRT for improving arm muscular performance to exhaustion.

[Obesity and high health risk due to beberages consumption and obesity among high school students in méxico]. / ALTO RIESGO PARA LA SALUD DEBIDO AL CONSUMO DE BEBIDAS Y OBESIDAD ENTRE BACHILLERES DE MÉXICO.

The purpose of this study was to identify the consumption of beverages among high school Mexican students and to determine obesity (OB) and abdominal obesity (AB). Differences in range and calorie beverage consumption between gender and BMI categories were calculated with the Mann-Whitney test. We assessed 1,677 students 15 to 17 yo. The prevalence of OB and AO was 15% and 53% in men and 12% and 47% in women. The consumption of energy, sugary drinks, and alcohol in milliliters and kilocalories per week, was higher in men (p = 0.001). More than 70% of students consumed per day more than 25 g/day of sugar from beverages, and more than 38% consumed more than 50 g/day of sugar. This high risk food consumption warrants immediate intervention.

El propósito del estudio fue identificar el consumo de bebidas y determinar la obesidad (O) y la obesidad abdominal (OA) en mexicanos de bachillerato. Se calcularon diferencias en rangos de consumo de bebidas entre sexo en categorías del IMC con la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se evaluaron 1677 estudiantes entre 15 y 17 años. La prevalencia de O y OA fue en hombres y mujeres de 15% y 53% y de 12% y 43%, respectivamente. El consumo semanal de bebidas energéticas, alcohólicas, lácteas y azucaradas en mililitros y kilocalorías por semana fue mayor en hombres (p=0.001). Más del 70% de estudiantes consumen más de 25 g de azúcar al día proveniente de bebidas y más del 38% consumen más de 50 g de azúcar al día. Este consumo de alto riesgo requiere de intervenciones inmediatas.

Valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 a 11 años, en estados de la frontera norte de México y Estados Unidos de América / Reference values for cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in a hispanic children population from 6 to 11 y, in the northern border of Mexico and the United States of America

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños de la frontera México-USA tienen una evolución distinta al resto de sus respectivos países, se requieren nuevos valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa para tratarla. Objetivo: Determinar los valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 y 11 años, en la frontera México-USA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional. Se estudió una población de niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años de ambos sexos pertenecientes a tres instituciones públicas de las ciudades de Ensenada y Chihuahua, aleatoriamente elegidas. Las variables de estudio fueron los niveles de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG) y glucosa (G) en ayuno. Resultados: De 300 sujetos estudiados, 54 niños culminaron el estudio. Se observaron valores promedio altos de CT (168.7±27.2 mg/dl), TG (80.6±48.4 mg/dl) y G (88.3±8.9 mg/dl). Adicionalmente se observa un comportamiento, nunca antes reportado previamente hasta el límite del conocimiento de los autores, en los niveles de glucosa de los niños estudiados, éstos disminuyen conforme aumentan los de colesterol y triglicéridos. Para descartar una relación aleatoria entre las variables, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la Circunferencia de Cintura e IMC, verificándose una asociación inversa con la G y directa con los TG. Conclusión: Los valores de referencia para niños hispanosde entre 6 y 11 años que viven en la frontera norte de México-USA, difieren a los valores promedio nacionales de los países estudiados. Adicionalmente se requieren estudios en grupos poblacionales mayores para poder confirmar la tendencia observada en los niveles de glucosa de niños normales, con sobrepeso y obesos (AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity in children in the Mexico-USA border have evolved differently to the rest of their respective countries. New reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are required to treatment. Objective: To determine the reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years in the Mexico-USA border. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. A population of Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years of both boys and girls, belonging to three public institutions in the cities of Ensenada and Chihuahua, randomly selected, were studied. The study variables were the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (G). Results: From 300 subjects studied just 54 children completed the study. Higher average values of TC (168.7 ± 27.2 mg / dl), TG (80.6 ± 48.4 mg / dl) and G (88.3 ± 8.9 mg / dl) were observed. An additional behavior was founded, never reported previously to the limit of the knowledge of the authors; glucose levels of the children studied decreased with increased of cholesterol and triglycerides. To discard a random relationship between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between waist circumference and BMI, verifying an inverse association with G and direct with the TG. Conclusion: The reference values for Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years living on the northern border of Mexico-USA differ with respect to the national average values of the countries studied. Further studies are needed in larger populations to confirm the trend observed in glucose levels of normal children, overweight and obese (AU)

Consumo de bebidas energéticas, alcohólicas y azucaradas en jóvenes universitarios de la frontera México-USA / Consumption of sweetened, energy and alcoholic beverages among college students in the México-Us Border

Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas, energéticas y alcohólicas en universitarios puede ser un riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: Determinar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, energéticas, y alcohólicas y compararlo con el estado del IMC en universitarios. Metodología: Se evaluaron estudiantes de segundo y tercer año de la UABC. Se midieron el peso, la talla y la circunferencia de cintura, y se calculó el IMC. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre consumo de 19 bebidas. Resultados: Participaron 1138 estudiantes. La prevalencia de obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue de 12 y 33% y de 14 y 17% en mujeres y hombres respectivamente. El 55% de las mujeres y el 68% de los hombres consumían más de 25g de azúcar de bebidas al día; 12% consumían más de 100g de azúcar al día. El consumo calórico diario proveniente de bebidas fue mayor de 450 kcal en hombres y de 350kcal en mujeres. Diez por ciento de mujeres y 15% de hombres consumen más de 30g de alcohol diarios. Las bebidas que contienen carbohidratos y que se consumen con mayor frecuencia son los zumos de frutas (90%), la leche entera (69%), los refrescos regulares (83%), las cervezas (37%), los licores (27%) y las bebidas energéticas (12%). Conclusiones: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas, alcohólicas y energéticas es muy alto, lo que podría ser un riesgo para la salud en esta población (AU)

Background: The consumption of sugary, energy and alcoholic drinks among college students might be a health risk factor. Objective: To assess the consumption of sugary, energy and alcoholic drinks and to determine their associations with body mass index (BMI) status among college students. Methods: Second and third year college students enrolled in five different majors at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California were evaluated. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured and BMI was calculated. A frequency questionnaire of 19 drinks was administered. Results: A total of 1138 students participated in the study. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was 12 and 33% with 14 and 17% in women and men respectively. Fifty-five per cent of women and 68% of men consumed more than 25g of sugar drinks per day; 12% consumed more than 100g of sugar daily. The daily caloric intake from beverages was greater than 450kcal with 350kcal in men and women respectively. Ten per cent of women and 15% of men consumed more than 30g of alcohol daily. The sugary drinks more frequently consumed were fruit juices (90%), whole milk (69%), regular soft drinks (83%), beer (37%), liquor (27%) and energy drinks (12%). Conclusions: Consumption of sugary, energy, and alcoholic drinks is very high, which may be a health risk in this population (AU)

[Adiposity as a risk factor of non alcoholic fat disease; systematic review]. / La adiposidad como factor de riesgo del hígado graso no alcohólico: revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: Adiposity has been described as a risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of prospective studies assessing risk factors of adiposity indicators for developing NAFLD. METHODOLOGY: All prospective studies in English and Spanish from January 2005 to December 2013 published in the database MEDLINE/PubMed, with a follow up greater than or equal to one year were reviewed. The quality of the articles was assessed using GRADE criteria. RESULTS: Total study population was 10,640 (6,394 men and 4,246 women), and the age range was 20-88 years. Five prospective studies met the inclusion criteria and the follow-up ranged from one to seven years. The diagnostic criteria used were ultrasonography (4) and computed tomography (1). The OR of BMI, waist circumference and weight gain ranged from 1.19 to 1.43, 1.04 to 2.15 and 1.21 to 1.57, respectively. CONCLUSION: A consistent relationship between adiposity indicators and NAFLD was observed.

Introducción: Se ha descrito que la adiposidad es un factor de riesgo del hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA). Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios prospectivos que evaluaran la asociación de indicadores de adiposidad con el desarrollo del HGNA. Metodología: Se revisaron todos los artículos originales encontrados en inglés y en español publicados de enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2013, en la base de datos de MEDLINE/ PubMed, de estudios prospectivos con una duración igual o mayor a un año de seguimiento. La calidad de los artículos fue evaluada mediante los criterios de GRADE. Resultados: La población total estudiada fue de 10.640 (6.394 hombres y 4.246 mujeres), y el rango de edad fue de 20-88 años. Cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión cinco estudios prospectivos, y el seguimiento osciló entre uno y siete años. Los criterios de diagnóstico utilizados fueron la ultrasonografía (4) y la tomografía computarizada (1). Los OR de IMC, circunferencia de cintura y ganancia de peso oscilaron entre 1,19 a 1,43, 1,04 a 2,15 y 1,21 a 1,57 respectivamente. Conclusión: Se observó una relación consistente entre los indicadores de adiposidad y el HGNA.

La adiposidad como factor de riesgo del hígado graso no alcohólico; revisión sistemática / Adiposity as a risk factor of non alcoholic fat diesease; systematic review

Introducción: Se ha descrito que la adiposidad es un factor de riesgo del hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA). Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios prospectivos que evaluaran la asociación de indicadores de adiposidad con el desarrollo del HGNA. Metodología: Se revisaron todos los artículos originales encontrados en inglés y en español publicados de enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2013, en la base de datos de MEDLINE/PubMed, de estudios prospectivos con una duración igual o mayor a un año de seguimiento. La calidad de los artículos fue evaluada mediante los criterios de GRADE. Resultados: La población total estudiada fue de 10.640 (6.394 hombres y 4.246 mujeres), y el rango de edad fue de 20-88 años. Cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión cinco estudios prospectivos, y el seguimiento osciló entre uno y siete años. Los criterios de diagnóstico utilizados fueron la ultrasonografía (4) y la tomografía computarizada (1). Los OR de IMC, circunferencia de cintura y ganancia de peso oscilaron entre 1,19 a 1,43, 1,04 a 2,15 y 1,21 a 1,57 respectivamente. Conclusión: Se observó una relación consistente entre los indicadores de adiposidad y el HGNA (AU)

Introduction: Adiposity has been described as a risk factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective: To conduct a systematic review of prospective studies assessing risk factors of adiposity indicators for developing NAFLD. Methodology: All prospective studies in English and Spanish from January 2005 to December 2013 published in the database MEDLINE/PubMed, with a follow up greater than or equal to one year were reviewed. The quality of the articles was assessed using GRADE criteria. Results: Total study population was 10,640 (6,394 men and 4,246 women), and the age range was 20-88 years. Five prospective studies met the inclusion criteria and the follow-up ranged from one to seven years. The diagnostic criteria used were ultrasonography (4) and computed tomography (1). The OR of BMI, waist circumference and weight gain ranged from 1.19 to 1.43, 1.04 to 2.15 and 1.21 to 1.57, respectively. Conclusion: A consistent relationship between adiposity indicators and NAFLD was observed (AU)

[Consumption of sweetened, energy and alcoholic beverages among college students in the México-US border]. / consumo de bebidas energéticas, alcohólicas y azucaradas en jóvenes universitarios de la frontera México-USA.

BACKGROUND: The consumption of sugary, energy and alcoholic drinks among college students might be a health risk factor. OBJECTIVE: To assess the consumption of sugary, energy and alcoholic drinks and to determine their associations with body mass index (BMI) status among college students. METHODS: Second and third year college students enrolled in five different majors at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California were evaluated. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured and BMI was calculated. A frequency questionnaire of 19 drinks was administered. RESULTS: A total of 1138 students participated in the study. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was 12 and 33% with 14 and 17% in women and men respectively. Fifty-five per cent of women and 68% of men consumed more than 25g of sugar drinks per day; 12% consumed more than 100g of sugar daily. The daily caloric intake from beverages was greater than 450kcal with 350kcal in men and women respectively. Ten per cent of women and 15% of men consumed more than 30g of alcohol daily. The sugary drinks more frequently consumed were fruit juices (90%), whole milk (69%), regular soft drinks (83%), beer (37%), liquor (27%) and energy drinks (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of sugary, energy, and alcoholic drinks is very high, which may be a health risk in this population.

Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas, energéticas y alcohólicas en universitarios puede ser un riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: Determinar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, energéticas, y alcohólicas y compararlo con el estado del IMC en universitarios. Metodología: Se evaluaron estudiantes de segundo y tercer año de la UABC. Se midieron el peso, la talla y la circunferencia de cintura, y se calculó el IMC. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre consumo de 19 bebidas. Resultados: Participaron 1138 estudiantes. La prevalencia de obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue de 12 y 33% y de 14 y 17% en mujeres y hombres respectivamente. El 55% de las mujeres y el 68% de los hombres consumían más de 25g de azúcar de bebidas al día; 12% consumían más de 100g de azúcar al día. El consumo calórico diario proveniente de bebidas fue mayor de 450 kcal en hombres y de 350kcal en mujeres. Diez por ciento de mujeres y 15% de hombres consumen más de 30g de alcohol diarios. Las bebidas que contienen carbohidratos y que se consumen con mayor frecuencia son los zumos de frutas (90%), la leche entera (69%), los refrescos regulares (83%), las cervezas (37%), los licores (27%) y las bebidas energéticas (12%). Conclusiones: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas, alcohólicas y energéticas es muy alto, lo que podría ser un riesgo para la salud en esta población.