Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Spanish Burnout Inventory Among Professionals Across 17 Countries and Regions.

Studies on the prevalence of burnout in professionals in service organizations who work in direct contact with the clients or users of the organization have concluded that burnout is a serious health disorder that has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant advantage of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) over other instruments is that it provides a broader conceptualization of burnout by including feelings of guilt as a dimension of burnout to explain its development. However, the measurement invariance of the SBI across countries has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance of the SBI among professionals across 17 countries and regions in Europe, Latin America, and Asia, and in different languages. All the countries showed a good fit to the four-factor model, except the Indian sample, which was excluded from the measurement invariance study. Using the alignment method, it was possible to verify the scalar measurement invariance of the four SBI factors across 15 countries and one Spanish region (16 samples). The comparison of estimated latent means indicates that France is the country with the lowest scores on the Enthusiasm factor and the highest scores on the negative factors (Exhaustion, Indolence, and Guilt). In contrast, the Andean countries, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador, show the highest latent means on the Enthusiasm factor and the lowest means on the negative factors. These results support the validity of the SBI in the countries and regions in Europe and Latin America included in this study.

Characterization of young graduates perceiving underemployment: Assessment of well-being and discomfort associated with this perception / Caracterización de jóvenes egresados que perciben subempleo: evaluación del bienestar y malestar asociadas a esta percepción

Resumen Investigaciones previas han demostrado que el subempleo subjetivo está inversamente asociado a la satisfacción laboral, el bienestar psicológico y la salud. Hasta donde conocemos, este es el primer estudio que explora el subempleo subjetivo en egresados de pregrado en Colombia. Ciento cuarenta y dos trabajadores participaron en un estudio correlacional y comparativo. Los resultados replicaron hallazgos previos: a medida que aumentaba la percepción de subempleo subjetivo, disminuían la satisfacción laboral y la satisfacción con la vida en general. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los indicadores de satisfacción laboral y satisfacción con la vida en general entre quienes perciben subempleo y quienes no. Por último, se discute el potencial ro del subempleo subjetivo en la salud de los empleados.

Abstract Previous research has shown that subjective underemployment is inversely associated to job satisfaction, psychological well-being and health. To our knowledge, the current is the first study that explores subjective underemployment in undergraduates in Colombia. One hundred and forty-two workers participated in a correlational, and comparative study. Results replicated previous findings: as subjective underemployment perception increased, job satisfaction and general life satisfaction decreased. Significant differences were found in the indicators of job satisfaction and general life satisfaction among those who perceive underemployment and those who do not. Finally, the potential role of subjective underemployment on employees' health is discussed.

Associations of alternative operationalizations of job strain with health and well-being outcomes in the same multioccupational worker sample.

OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this study was to evaluate, in a large, occupationally diverse sample of Colombian workers, the association between alternative methods of operationalizing job strain and various health and well-being measures using the original Job Content Instrument (Job Content Questionnaire). We examine whether the specific way job strain is operationalized can explains differing variance in the outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using self-report instruments. A total of 168 496 workers affiliated with the Colombian General System of Occupational Hazards answered a questionnaire that evaluated demographics, job demands and control, stress symptoms, general and mental health, vitality, job satisfaction, and diagnosis of hypertension. Hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Seven different formulations of job strain were used as predictors. RESULTS: Results Differences in operationalization of job strain explained similar and significant percentages of variance in outcomes used in this study. Definition of job strain as cases found within the most extreme quartiles of high demands and low control explained more variance than alternative characterizations of job strain. Job strain definitions were predictive of hypertension, although did not explain additional variance in the model. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of psychological demands and control on health and well-being appears to be additive and not multiplicative. A definition of job strain that takes into account those most at risk in the sample appears have a better predictive value than alternative formulations.

Relationships of working conditions, health problems and vehicle accidents in bus rapid transit (BRT) drivers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to estimate accident risk rates and mental health of bus rapid transit (BRT) drivers based on psychosocial risk factors at work leading to increased stress and health problems. METHODS: A cross-sectional research design utilized a self-report questionnaire completed by 524 BRT drivers. RESULTS: Some working conditions of BRT drivers (lack of social support from supervisors and perceived potential for risk) may partially explain Bogota's BRT drivers' involvement in road accidents. Drivers' mental health problems were associated with higher job strain, less support from co-workers, fewer rewards and greater signal conflict while driving. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent bus accidents, supervisory support may need to be increased. To prevent mental health problems, other interventions may be needed such as reducing demands, increasing job control, reducing amount of incoming information, simplifying current signals, making signals less contradictory, and revising rewards.

Relación del estilo de liderazgo transformacional con la salud y el bienestar del empleado: el rol mediador de la confianza en el líder / Relationship of transformational leadership style with employee health and well-being: the mediating role of trust in the leader

Este estudio analizó la relación entre liderazgo transformacional e indicadores de bienestar y malestar de empleados de países en desarrollo, así como la mediación de la confianza en el líder. Quinientos noventa y siete empleados de organizaciones colombianas y mexicanas respondieron un cuestionario. Los resultados indicaron que el liderazgo transformacional se relaciona de forma positiva con la satisfacción laboral y de forma negativa con los síntomas de malestar y que estas relaciones están mediadas totalmente por la confianza en el líder; no se encontró relación entre el liderazgo transformacional y el bienestar psicológico. Estos resultados confirman la relación, descrita en estudios previos, entre liderazgo transformacional, menor malestar psicológico y mayor satisfacción laboral; sin embargo, sugieren que el efecto del liderazgo transformacional sobre la salud y el bienestar del empleado se limitaría a promover aspectos afectivos del bienestar, pero no del bienestar psicológico. Este resultado invita a una revisión profunda del significado de los conceptos bienestar afectivo y psicológico y las diferencias entre ellos (AU)

This study examined the relationship between transformational leadership and employee well-being indicators in developing countries, as well as the mediation role of trust in the leader. Five hundred ninetyseven employees of Colombian and Mexican organizations answered a questionnaire. Results indicated that transformational leadership relates positively with job satisfaction and negatively with distress symptomatology. No relationship was established between transformational leadership and psychological well-being. Trust in the leader mediated totally the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction and symptoms of distress. These results confirm the previously described relationship between transformational leadership, less distress, and higher job satisfaction. However, it suggests too that the possible effect of transformational leadership on employees health and well-being would be limited to promoting affective aspects of well-being, but not psychological well-being. This result invites to a thorough review of the meaning and use of the concepts affective and psychological well-being and the differences between them (AU)

Bus operators' responses to job strain: An experimental test of the job demand-control model.

The research aim was to test the Job Demand-Control (JDC) Model demands × Control interaction (or buffering) hypothesis in a simulated bus driving experiment. The buffering hypothesis was tested using a 2 (low and high demands) × 2 (low and high decision latitude) design with repeated measures on the second factor. A sample of 80 bus operators were randomly assigned to the low (n = 40) and high demands (n = 40) conditions. Demands were manipulated by increasing or reducing the number of stops to pick up passengers, and decision latitude by imposing or removing restrictions on the Rapid Transit Bus (BRT) operators' pace of work. Outcome variables include physiological markers (heart rate [HR], heart rate variability [HRV], breathing rate [BR], electromyography [EMG], and skin conductance [SC]), objective driving performance and self-report measurements of psychological wellbeing (psychological distress, interest/enjoyment [I/E], perceived competence, effort/importance [E/I], and pressure/tension [P/T]). It was found that job decision latitude moderates the effect of job demands on both physiological arousal (BR: F(1, 74) = 4.680, p = .034, SC: F(1, 75) = 6.769, p = .011, and EMG: F(1, 75) = 6.550, p = .013) and psychological well-being (P/T: F(1, 75) = 4.289, p = .042 and I/E: F(1, 74) = 4.548, p = .036). Consistently with the JDC model buffering hypothesis, the experimental findings suggest that increasing job decision latitude can moderate the negative effect of job demands on different psychophysiological outcomes. This finding is useful for designing organizational and clinical interventions in an occupational group at high risk of work stress-related disease. (PsycINFO Database Record

Validity of the effort/reward imbalance questionnaire in health professionals from six Latin-American countries.

BACKGROUND: This study tests the validity and the invariance of ERI questionnaire (ERIQ) data from health professionals in six different Latin-American countries. METHODS: One thousand two hundred ninety-two (1292) participants who worked in hospitals in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela completed the ERI and GHQ questionnaires. Partial correlations were carried out as well as reliability statistics and confirmatory factor analyses to examine factor structure and invariance of ERIQ in each subsample. RESULTS: Overall confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the theoretical structure of the ERIQ. The effort and overcommitment scales were invariant (equivalent) across the six countries, but the reward scale was only partially invariant. Several associations between ERIQ and mental health remain significant after controlling for sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Although the validity of the ERIQ' scales were generally satisfactory in most Latin-American samples, future research should examine in depth the equivalence of reward scale across Latin-American cultures.

Recommendations for individual participant data meta-analyses on work stressors and health outcomes: comments on IPD-Work Consortium papers.

The IPD-Work (individual-participant data meta-analysis of working populations) Consortium has published several papers on job strain (the combination of low job control and high job demands) based on Karasek's demand-control model (1) and health-related outcomes including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, obesity, diabetes as well as health-related behaviors, utilizing meta-analyses of a pooled database of study participants from 17 European cohorts. An IPD approach has some advantages over typical meta-analyses, eg, having access to all the data for each individual allows for additional analyses, compared to typical meta-analyses. However, such an approach, like other meta-analyses, is not free from errors and biases (2-6) when it is not conducted appropriately. In our review of the IPD-Work Consortium's (hereafter called the Consortium) publications of the last two years, we have identified and pointed out several conceptual and methodological errors, as well as unsubstantiated conclusions and inappropriate recommendations for worksite public health policies (6-15). However, the Consortium has not yet appropriately addressed many of the issues we have raised. Also several major errors and biases underlying the Consortium IPD meta-analysis publications have not been presented in a comprehensive way, nor have they been discussed widely among work stress researchers. We are concerned that the same errors and biases could be repeated in future IPD Consortium meta-analysis publications as well as by other researchers who are interested in meta-analyses on work stressors and health outcomes. It is possible that the inappropriate interpretations in the Consortium publications, which remained uncorrected to date, may have a negative impact on the international efforts of the work stress research community to improve the health of working populations. Recently, Dr. Töres Theorell, a principal investigator of the Consortium, responded in this journal (16) to some of our criticisms on the Consortium papers (17, 18). The purpose of this article is to discuss the methodological and substantive issues that remain to be resolved and how they could be addressed in future analyses. We provide recommendations for future IPD or typical meta-analyses on work stressors and health outcomes. Finally, we discuss the inappropriate conclusions and recommendations in the Consortium publications and provide alternative recommendations, including a comprehensive perspective on worksite intervention studies.

Moderación de la Relación Entre Tensión Laboral y Malestar de Profesores Universitarios: Papel del Conflicto y la Facilitación Entre el Trabajo y la Familia / Moderation of the Relation Between Job Strain and the Dissatisfaction of University Professors: The Role of Conflict and of Facilitation Between Work and Family / Moderação da Relação Entre Tensão Laboral e Mal-estar de Professores Universitários: Papel do Conflito e a Facilitação Entre o Trabalho e a Família

Se evaluó si el conflicto y la facilitación entre trabajo y familia moderan la relación entre tensión laboral y salud psicológica, y si los niveles de conflicto y facilitación varían según el sexo. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 302 profesores de universidades públicas y privadas de Bogotá, quienes respondieron cuestionarios que evaluaban tensión laboral, conflicto y facilitación trabajo-familia y familia-trabajo, ansiedad, depresión, síntomas psicosomáticos, adaptación social y burnout. Los resultados indicaron que el conflicto trabajo-familia modera la relación entre tensión laboral y burnout, mientras que el conflicto familia-trabajo modera la relación entre tensión laboral y depresión. En ambos casos, reportes más altos de tensión laboral y conflicto estuvieron vinculados con mayores experiencias de malestar.

The study evaluated whether conflict and facilitation between work and family moderate the relationship between job strain and psychological health, and whether the levels of conflict and facilitation vary depending on sex. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 302 professors from public and private universities in Bogotá, who answered questionnaires evaluating job strain, work-family and family-work facilitation as well as conflict, anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptoms, social adaptation and burnout. Results indicated that the work-family conflict moderates the relation between job strain and burnout, while the family-work conflict moderates the relationship between job strain and depression. In both cases, higher reports of job strain and conflict were linked to greater experiences of dissatisfaction.

Avaliou-se se o conflito e a facilitação entre trabalho e família moderam a relação entre tensão laboral e saúde psicológica, e se os níveis de conflito e facilitação variam segundo o sexo. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 302 professores de universidades públicas e particulares de Bogotá, os quais responderam a questionários que avaliavam tensão laboral, conflito e facilitação trabalho-família e família-trabalho, ansiedade, depressão, sintomas psicossomáticos, adaptação social e burnout. Os resultados indicaram que o conflito trabalho-família modera a relação entre tensão laboral e burnout, enquanto o conflito família-trabalho modera a relação entre tensão laboral e depressão. Em ambos os casos, relatos mais altos de tensão laboral e conflito estiveram vinculados com maiores experiências de mal-estar.

Assessment of psychosocial stressors at work: psychometric properties of the JCQ in Colombian workers / Evaluación de estresores psicosociales en el trabajo: propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario del contenido del trabajo (JCQ) con trabajadores colombianos

Because the two main models and instruments used to evaluate psychosocial factors at work were developed and applied primarily in developed countries, there are still questions about their properties in less economically developed countries. In this study, a Spanish version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was tested in Colombia. Cross-sectional studies, with self-administered surveys, were performed among 294 nurses, 281 bus drivers, and one mixed occupational group with 661 participants. Means and standard deviations among Colombian workers were compared against each other and with averages from studies in other countries. The internal consistency was analyzed through the Cronbach alpha coefficient; the factorial validity through exploratory factorial analysis; concurrent validity of the instrument was calculated using correlations with the effort/reward ratio of the ERI Questionnaire; the predictive validity was tested using correlations with one indicator of health. Differences between samples were generally small, but some interesting tendencies could be observed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were generally acceptable. Difficulties with three items (JCQ 2, 6 and 14) were found. The factor analyses indicate that the best factorial solution has seven factors. The most problematic factor seems to be "decision latitude". Some items have inconsistent loadings and reliability problems. Most of the JCQ scales were correlated with the health indicators in the expected direction. Finally, the "job strain" indicator and the effort/reward ratio were positively correlated. It was concluded that the Spanish version of the JCQ is an acceptable instrument to assess psychosocial risk factors among workers in Colombia.

Debido a que los dos principales modelos e instrumentos usados para evaluar factores psicosociales en el trabajo se han propuesto y estudiado principalmente en países desarrollados, persisten dudas sobre sus propiedades psicométricas en países menos desarrollados económicamente. En este estudio, se evaluó en Colombia una versión en español de cuestionario del contenido del trabajo. Se realizaron estudios transversales con 294 enfermeras, 281 conductores y 661 personas con ocupaciones mixtas. Las medias y desviaciones estándar de los trabajadores colombianos se compararon con las reportadas en estudios de otros países. La consistencia interna se analizó mediante el alfa de Cronbach; la validez factorial con análisis factorial exploratorio; la validez concurrente se calculó usando correlaciones con el indicador de desbalance Esfuerzo/ Recompensa del cuestionario ERI; la validez predictiva se evaluó a través de correlaciones con un indicador de salud. En general las diferencias entre las muestras fueron pequeñas, pero a pesar de ello mostraron tendencias interesantes. Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach fueron aceptables. Los análisis factoriales indicaron una solución de 7 factores, siendo el relacionado con "latitud de decisión" el más problemático. Algunos pocos ítems mostraron cargas factoriales inconsistentes y dificultades de confiabilidad. La mayor parte de las correlaciones con el indicador de salud fueron las esperadas. Finalmente, el indicador de tensión laboral y el de desbalance esfuerzo/recompensa estuvieron positivamente relacionados, lo que indica una buena validez concurrente. Se concluye que esta versión en español de JCQ es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar los riesgos psicosociales laborales en Colombia.

Factores psicosociales del trabajo (demanda-control y desbalance esfuerzo-recompensa), salud mental y tensión arterial: un estudio con maestros escolares en Bogotá, Colombia / Psychosocial job factors (demand-control and effort-reward imbalance), mental health and blood pressure: a study with high-school teachers in Bogotá, Colombia

Esta investigación identificó la prevalencia de factores psicosociales laborales (FPL), medidos con el JCQ (Job Content Questionnaire) y el ERI (Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire), en profesores escolares de colegios privados en Bogotá; se evaluó la relación entre estos FPL con salud mental y presión arterial. El estudio fue transversal y correlacional. 251 maestros contestaron los cuestionarios JCQ y ERI y el Cuestionario General de Salud de Goldberg. La presión arterial se midió usando monitores digitales de muñeca.La participación fue voluntaria y anónima. Los resultados mostraron relaciones significativas entre la tensión laboral y el desbalance esfuerzorecompensa con la salud mental pero no con la presión arterial en el grupo completo. Los análisis separados entre hombres y mujeres señalaron algunas relaciones significativas. Los resultados confirman una asociación entre FPL negativos en el contexto laboral de los maestros y su salud mental.

The aims of this research was to identify the prevalence of the psychosocial factors at work, measured with the JCQ (Job Content Questionnaire) and ERI (Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire), in school teachers of Bogotá, and evaluate the relationship of this factors with mental health and blood pressure. This research was crossectional and correlational. A sample of 251 teachers answered the JCQ, the ERI and the General Health Questionnaire.Blood pressure was measured with digital wrist monitors. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. Results showed significant relationships between job strain and effort-reward imbalance with mental health but not with blood pressure for the total group. The results confirm the association between negative psychosocial factor at work with the mental health of school teachers, but not with the blood pressure for all the teachers.

Assessment of psychosocial stressors at work: psychometric properties of the spanish version of the ERI (Effort-Reward Imbalance) questionnaire in colombian workers / Evaluación de estresores psicosociales en el trabajo: propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del cuestionario ERI (Effort-Reward Imbalance) en trabajadores colombianos

In this study, a Spanish version of the ERI questionnaire was tested in Colombia. Cross-sectional studies were performed among two groups of teachers (251 and 318), 294 nurses, 281 bus drivers, and two mixed occupational groups (661 and 117 participants). The internal consistency and the factorial, concurrent and predictive validity of the instrument were examined. Mean values and standard deviations of the Colombian workers were compared to each other and then to averages available for similar workers from two other countries. Based on the results on six groups of Colombian workers presented in this article, it can be said that the Spanish version of the ERI Questionnaire has show to be a satisfactory measurement instrument of the psychosocial risk factors at work in Colombia(AU)

En este estudio, una versión española del cuestionario ERI fue examinada en Colombia. Estudios cross-seccionales fueron llevados a cabo en dos grupos de profesores (n=251 y n=318), uno de enfermeras (n=294), uno de conductores de autobús (n=281) y dos grupos ocupacionales mixtos (n=661 y n=117). También se examinaron la consistencia interna, y la validez factorial, concurrente y predictiva del cuestionario. Los valores medios y las desviaciones típicas de los trabajadores colombianos se compararon entre sí y con los promedios disponibles de trabajadores similares de otros dos países. Sobre la base de los resultados de los seis grupos de trabajadores colombianos, puede decirse que la versión española del ERI ha demostrado ser un instrumento de medida satisfactorio de los factores de riesgo psicosocial en el trabajo en Colombia(AU)

Factores psicosociales del trabajo y su relación con la salud percibida y la tensión arterial: un estudio con maestros escolares en Bogotá, Colombia / Occupational psychosocial factors and their relationship with perceived health and arterial tension: a study with primary school teachers in Bogota, Colombia

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la prevalencia de los factores psicosociales en el trabajo, en una muestra de profesores de escuela de Bogotá, Colombia, y evaluar la relación de estos factores psicosociales con la salud mental y presión arterial de este grupo. Esta fue una investigación transversal y correlacional. Una muestrade 251 profesores respondió el JCQ, el ERI y el GHQ. La presión arterial ambulatoria fue medida cuatro veces durante la jornada laboral. La participación en este estudio fue voluntaria y anónima. Los resultados indicaron que la prevalencia de estrés laboral es de aproximadamente un 35,5% y el desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa fue de aproximadamente 22,3%. Se descubrieron relaciones significativas entre el estrés laboral y el desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa con salud mental pero no con niveles de presión arterial.

This research aims of was to identify the prevalence of the psychosocial factors at work, in a sample of school teachers from Bogotá, Colombia, and evaluate the relationship of this psychosocial factors with this group mental health and blood pressure. This was across sectional andcorrelational research. A sample of 251 teachers answered the JCQ, the ERI and the GHQ. Ambulatory blood pressure was measured four times during work time. The participation in this study was voluntary and anonymous. The results showed that prevalence of job strain is about 35.5% and effort-reward imbalance was about 22.3%. Significantrelationships between job strain and effort-reward imbalance with mental health but not with blood pressure levels were founds.

Relaciones del conflicto con el rol de género masculino y la actitud sexista con la violencia familiar, la ansiedad, la depresión y la calidad de vida de una muestra bogotana de hombres / Relations between conflict regarding the male gender role and the sexist attitude alongside family violence anxiety, depression and living standards in a male sample in Bogotá

El estudio que se reporta buscó evaluar el nivel de conflicto con el rol de género y la identidad sexista en una muestra de hombres de la ciudad de Bogotá y establecer la relación entre el conflicto con el rol de género y la presencia de comportamientos violentos contra miembros de su familia, los niveles de ansiedad, depresión, autoestima y la percepción de la calidad de vida. Los resultados permiten señalar que entre más sexista es la identidad del género mayor es el conflicto que se reporta con el rol del género. Este conflicto a su vez se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la presencia de comportamientos violentos contra miembros de la familia, el nivel de ansiedad, de presión y negativamente con la autoestima y la percepción de la calidad de vida. Se interpretan los resultados como un fenómeno frecuente entre las sociedades patriarcales en el contexto de lo que O'Neil y Nadeau (1999) llaman la "Mística Masculina. Esta es un complejo conjunto de valores y creencias sexistas que definen de manera óptima la masculinidad en la sociedad y en la vida de los hombres.

The objective of the reported study was to evaluate the gender role conflict level and the sexist identity in a sample of men from Bogotá, and to establish the relation between the gender role conflict and presence of violent conducts against family members, anxiety levels, depression, self-esteem, and perception of quality of life. The results allow to indicate that when the gender identity is more sexist, the conflict reported wit the gender role is higher. Such conflict is turn, was significatively and positively related the presence of violent conducts against family members, anxiety level and depression, and negatively related with self-esteem and the quality of life perception. The results are interpreted as a frequent phenomenon on the partriarchal societies within the context of what O’Neil and Nadeau (1999) calls the Masculine Mystic. It is a complex set of sexist...

Riesgos de salud en mujeres con múltiples roles. Comparaciones transculturales / Health risks in women in multiple roles. Cross-cultural comparisons

Investigación por oferta para salud pública. Su objetivo general es describir la relación entre algunos factores sociodemográficos y psicosociales indicadores de salud física y psicológica de la mujer. Sus objetivos específicos son: describir sociodemográficamente a un grupo de mujeres trabajadoras con diferentes ocupaciones; describir la relación entre algunas variables sociodemográficas, las condiciones laborales, el número de roles y la cualidad de los mismos, indicadores de salud física y psicológica en un grupo de mujeres trabajadoras; establecer si el efecto en algunas de las anteriores condiciones es moderado por algunas variables psicosociales y de salud. A partir de febrero de 1994, bajo los auspicios del National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health (Karolinska Institute, Estocolmo, Suecia) y con la coordinación de la doctora Kristina Orth-Gomery la investigadora Sarah Namukasa, se ha venido constituyendo un grupo internacional de investigadores alrededor del proyecto Health Risks in Women with Multiple Roles: Cross Cultural Comparissons. Este grupo se ha reunido dos veces en Estocolmo y una vez en Caracas, con el propósito de consolidar la organización del equipo internacional de investigación y de acordar los lincamientos metodológicos del proyecto. La sociedad como un todo, y la familia como una institución social, han experimentado enormes cambios a través de la historia. Tradicionalmente la mujer se ha dedicado a la realización de tareas domésticasy el hombre se ha desarrollado en el mundo de las actividades remuneradas. Desde hace varias décadas en el mundo se ha venido produciendo un cambio social rápido y dramático que ha implicado la renovación y reestructuración de estos roles. El número creciente de familias en las que ambos cónyuges trabajan, ha llevado a la aparición de mecanismos y procesos de ajuste. El proceso ha tenido un particular impacto sobre la vida de la mujer, en la medida en la que ésta se enfrenta a la doble jornada y al desempeño de múltiples roles: esposa, madre y mujer vinculada a un empleo fuera del hogar. En Colombia, El proceso de desarrollo del país desde los años 40 ha mejorado sustancialmente las posibilidades de su poblacióny las mujeres han sabido tomar provecho de estas oportunidades y han promovido cambios demográficos estructurales en un periodo de tiempo muy corto. Los niveles educacionales de los colombianos, sus niveles de alfabetización y asistencia escolar se incrementaron. Las mujeres aumentaron su participación en el mercado laboral de manera contundente.

Research for public health supply. Its general objective is to describe the relationship between some sociodemographic and psychosocial factors that are indicators of women's physical and psychological health. Its specific objectives are: to describe sociodemographically a group of working women with different occupations; to describe the relationship between some sociodemographic variables, working conditions, number of roles and their quality, indicators of physical and psychological health in a group of working women; to establish whether the effect on some of the above conditions is moderated by some psychosocial and health variables. Since February 1994, under the auspices of the National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden) and coordinated by Dr. Kristina Orth-Gomery and researcher Sarah Namukasa, an international group of researchers has been formed around the project Health Risks in Women with Multiple Roles: Cross Cultural Comparisons. This group has met twice in Stockholm and once in Caracas to consolidate the organization of the international research team and to agree on methodological guidelines for the project. Society as a whole, and the family as a social institution, have undergone enormous changes throughout history. Traditionally, women have dedicated themselves to domestic tasks and men have developed in the world of remunerated activities. For several decades, a rapid and dramatic social change has been taking place in the world that has involved the renewal and restructuring of these roles. The growing number of families in which both spouses work has led to the emergence of adjustment mechanisms and processes. The process has had a particular impact on women's lives, insofar as they are faced with a double working day and the performance of multiple roles: wife, mother and woman linked to employment outside the home. In Colombia, The country's development process since the 1940s has substantially improved the possibilities of its population, and women have been able to take advantage of these opportunities and have promoted structural demographic changes in a very short period of time. The educational levels of Colombians, their literacy levels and school attendance increased. Women's participation in the labor market increased dramatically.