[Not Available]. / Einsatz einer kombinierten Immunoaffinitätssäule zum Nachweis von Aflatoxinen (B1, G 1, B 2, G 2), Ochratoxin und Zearalenon.

A method for the combined determination of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, G1, B2, G2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in cereals and feed is described. After extraction with acetonitrile/water or methanol/water the cleaning takes place with new combined immunoaffinity clean-up column "AflaOchraZea" by VICAM. When the mycotoxins are determined in different cereals with this new type of clean-up column low detection limits and high recovery rates can be reached similar to those obtained by using separate immunoaffinity clean-up colums for the said mycotoxins.

New ultradeformable drug carriers for potential transdermal application of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha: theoretic and practical aspects.

Transfersomes (TFs) are highly deformable hydrophilic lipid vesicles that are able to penetrate the skin barrier spontaneously because of their characteristics. Transfersomes are able to transport noninvasively low- and high-molecular-weight molecules into the body. We describe the formulation and several biologic characteristics of interleukin-2 (IL-2)- and interferon-alpha (IFNalpha )-containing TFs. TFs contain natural phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate. Recombinant human IL-2 and human hybrid IFNalpha were added to TFs and incubated for 24 hours at 4 degrees C. Immunotransfersomes were isolated from free IL-2 and IFNalpha by filtration (Centrisart, Sartorius). The biologic activity of immunotransfersomes was measured by a cytotoxic lymphoid line assay for IL-2 and by an A549-encephalomyocarditis virus assay for IFN; concentrations of proteins were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was possible to incorporate a large amount of IL-2 and IFN in TFs (75-80%), and the incorporated IL-2, and IFN were biologically active. The increased lipid/protein ratio (90.9/1.0) led to a growing probability of association. We were thus able to show that IL-2 and IFN are trapped by transfersomes in a biologically active form and in sufficient concentrations for immunotherapy. In upcoming experiments these IL-2- and IFN-containing TFs will be used for a transdermal approach in the murine RENCA cell line model.

[Not Available]. / Untersuchungen zur Tiergesundheit, Leistung und zum Rückstandsverhalten beim Schwein bei gleichzeitiger Aufnahme der Mykotoxine Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenon über das Futter im 90-Tage-Test.

The effect of the administration of the mycotoxins OTA, ZEA and DON alone resp. in combination on animal health and the residue behavior of pigs from 50 - 60 kg living weight over 90 days was investigated in 4 separate studies. Due to its fast metabolisation the administration of 1000 µg DON resp. 250 µg ZEA per kg feed alone or in combination with other mycotoxins does not lead to detectable residues of these mycotoxins in organs and tissues. Therefore these mycotoxins should not be relevant to the consumer.There is an effect of the simultaneous administration of ZEA resp. DON on the metabolisation resp. secretion of OTA. OTA is of relevance from the point of view of residue toxicology.

[Not Available]. / Zur simultanen Bestimmung von Aflatoxin B1, B 2, G 1, G 2, Ochratoxin A und Zearalenon.

A method for the combined extraction of the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A (OTA) und zearalenone (ZEA) in cereals is described. After extraction with acetonitril/water a clean-up for the mycotoxins was made using solid-phase columns (SiOH) or a combination of two immunoaffinity columns (aflaochra- and zearala-test-column from Vicam). The aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone were detected after pre-column derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid in one HPLC run. The clean-up using two combined immunoaffinity columns is suitable because the detection and determination limits are low.

Formulation of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha containing ultradeformable carriers for potential transdermal application.

INTRODUCTION: Transfersomes (TF) are new highly deformable hydrophilic lipid vesicles, which are able to spontaneously penetrate the skin barrier because of their characteristics. Transfersomes are able to transport non-invasively low as well as high molecular weight molecules into the body. We describe the formulation and several biological characteristics of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-a containing TF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: TF contain natural phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate. Recombinant human IL-2 and human hybrid interferon-alpha A/D were added to TF and incubated for 24 hours at 4 degrees C. Immunotransfersomes were isolated from free IL-2 and IFN by filtration (Centrisart, Sartorius). Biological activity of immunotransfersomes was measured by CTLL-cell-assay for IL-2 and by A549--EMCV-assay for IFN, concentrations of proteins by ELISA. RESULTS: It has been possible to incorporate a high amount of IL-2 and IFN in TF (75-80%). Incorporated IL-2 and IFN were biological active. The increase of the proportion of lipid to protein to 90.9/1 led to growing probability of association. CONCLUSION: We were able to show, that IL-2 as well as IFN is trapped by transfersomes in biological active form and in sufficient concentrations for immunotherapy. In upcoming experiments these IL-2 and IFN-containing TF are used for a transdermal approach in the murine RENCA cell line model.

[Encephalopathies caused by valproate]. / Enzephalopathien durch Valproat.

Valproic acid (VPA)-induced encephalopathy is a rarely considered side effect, with somnolence, reduced motor activity and severe deterioration of cognitive and behavioural abilities. In accordance with the increasing clinical importance of valproate clinical symptoms, causes and possibilities of treatment are reviewed by reporting on two cases of valproate-induced encephalopathy. In comparison to VPA intoxication, which is associated to increased VPA blood levels, the mechanisms of encephalopathy may include interactions of the hepatic enzymes, a direct toxic effect on the cerebral receptors, as well as drug interactions, a paradoxical epileptogenic effect and metabolic interactions. In most cases withdrawal of VPA produces regression of the symptoms within a few days; the role of L-carnitin or citrullin supplementation in clinical treatment remains unclear.

[The contamination of feed, fruits and vegetables with benzo(a)pyrene in Land Brandenburg]. / Untersuchungen zur Belastung von Futtermitteln, Obst und Gemüse mit Benzo(a)pyren (BaP) im Land Brandenburg.

Benzo(a)pyren (BaP) was analysed in 218 samples of grass, hay, straw, grains, lettuce, curly kale and apples by means of thin-layer chromatography und analysing other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by capillary gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Despite the fact that normally BaP concentrations were relatively low, up to 13.5 micrograms BaP per kg hay (dry matter) and 19.3 micrograms BaP per kg lettuce (dry matter) could be detected at some places.

[Taurine requirement of premature infants in parenteral nutrition]. / Untersuchungen zum Taurinbedarf von Frühgeborenen bei parenteraler Ernährung.

The aim of our studies was to clarify, which dose of taurine should be added to amino acid solutions, in order to achieve plasma levels in premature infants as they are found during nutrition with mother's milk. In 22 premature infants born in the 30th-35th week of gestation plasma taurine levels during parenteral nutrition were measured on the 5th-9th day of life before and after infusing an amino acid solution supplemented with taurine. For analysis the principle of chromatographical ion exchange was applied. The requirement of taurine was calculated by means of a linear regression between supply and blood level. The mean plasma taurine levels before substitution were 88.7 mumol (95%-range of tolerance: 32.8-240 mumol/l). In premature infants with cerebral haemorrhages significantly higher plasma taurine levels were observed. Continuous parenteral taurine supply of approximately 0.05 g/kg/day was able to raise the taurine level by about 70 mumol/l, which caused a plasma taurine level of above 100 mumol/l in any case. During parenteral nutrition it is possible to achieve taurine levels as high as in breastfed neonates by substituting taurine at an amount of 0.05 g taurine per kg body weight.

[Experimental studies of electroplating-resin bonding systems]. / Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Galvano-Kunststoff-Verbunden.

Optimized conditioning of galvanically produced gold frameworks (Auro-Galva-Crown-System) by means of Silicoater, Silicoater MD and Rocatec techniques gives rise to a reliable bond to veneering resins. After experimental stress (thermocycling) the strength of the compound could be found between 17 and 26 MPa and SEM investigations of the contact zone showed no crevices.

[Significance of parent-child relations for development of moral reasoning in adolescence: a study of psychiatrically disordered adolescents]. / Die Bedeutung der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung für die Entwicklung des Moralischen Bewusstseins in der Adoleszenz: Eine Studie mit psychisch gestörten Jugendlichen.

In accordance with structural-developmental theory in the tradition of Piaget and Kohlberg, moderate amounts of conflict between adolescents and their parents should influence the sociomoral development of the adolescents in an optimal way. The same hypothesis is compatible with a social-constructivistic approach (Youniss, Keller, Haan, Miller), which emphasizes the role of communicative processes in the development and validation of moral rules. The results of our empirical study with 43 severely mentally disturbed adolescents aged 14 to 19 years indirectly confirm this hypothesis. Adolescents with moderate amounts of family conflict reached a higher stage in moral reasoning than those with either very severe problems or only minor problems with their parents. In an additional analysis we investigated the relation between the severity of the conflicts and the emotional attachment of the adolescent to his or her parents. Our data indicate that moderate problems in the interaction between child and parents are associated with a family atmosphere that seems to facilitate the development of an integrated personality and identity. A balanced coexistence of separateness and connectedness offers the young person the best chance to develop and clearly communicate his or her own point of view and to solve interpersonal problems by reaching a consensus that takes into account the needs and interests of the other family members.

[Transvaginal contrast hysterosalpingo-sonography with the B-image procedure and color-coded duplex sonography for the assessment of fallopian tube patency]. / Transvaginale Hysterosalpingo-Kontrastsonographie (HKSG) im B-Bild-Verfahren und in der farbcodierten Duplexsonographie zur Abklärung der Tubenpassage.

Transvaginal hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HYCOSY), a new method for the direct assessment of tubal patency by means of ultrasonography, was employed in 68 women with infertility problems. In 67 cases, the findings were compared with hysterosal-pinography or chromolaparoscopy, performed either subsequently while the patient was still under the anaesthetic or later. The contrast demonstration of the Fallopian tubes was performed with the B mode procedure in 54 cases (Group 1) and by means of colour-coded duplex sonography in 14 (Group 2). In Group 1, the findings agreed completely in 39 cases, partially in 14 and not at all in one. In Group 2, in which 13 of the 14 cases were compared, the findings were identical in 9 cases and partially in 4. From the point of view of image documentation, the more vivid demonstration of free tubal passage in colour Doppler sonography compared to the simple B mode appears to be an advantage. Further studies are needed to determine whether contrast-perfused but dislocated tubes can be detected more easily and quickly with colour Doppler than in B mode.

[The effect of energy-rich and energy-reduced rations with n-alkane yeast portions on the fatty acid composition of selected organ lipids in swine]. / Untersuchungen zum Einfluss energiereicher und energiereduzierter Rationen mit n-Alkanhefeanteilen auf die Fettsäurezusammensetzung ausgewählter Organlipide von Schweinen.

In 3 test groups (11 pigs in each group) rations with identical fatty acid patterns (except C 17 acids) at high, medium and low-energy levels of the rations were fed. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of liver, heart and brain was analyzed at the end of the experiments. A correlation was found to exist between energy and fatty acid intake and the fatty acid spectrum of the organ lipids. With identical intake of odd-numbered fatty acids, an energy-rich diet leads to a reduction of odd-numbered fatty acids in the heart and liver lipids. A reduced energy concentration causes an increase of odd-numbered fatty acids in liver and heart. Under energy-rich and energy-reduced feeding, C 15 and C 19 acids can be traced in the hepatic lipids. In liver, heart and brain, an energy-rich diet results in increased contents of eicosapentaene and eicosahexaene acid. Under low-energy diet, a reduction of these fatty acids can be found in the brain.

[The effect of energy-rich and energy-reduced rations with n-alkane yeast portions on the fatty acid composition of fat stores of swine]. / Untersuchungen zum Einfluss energiereicher und energiereduzierter Rationen mit n-Alkanhefe-Anteilen auf die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Depotfettes bei Schweinen.

In 3 test groups (11 pigs in each group), rations with an identical fatty acid pattern of the fat in the fodder (except C 17 acids) with a high energy level (energy concentrations = 131%), medium energy level (energy concentrations = 100%) and low energy level (energy concentrations 90 or 82%, resp.) were used. In the course of the investigation the fatty acid spectrum was studied by analyzing spinal fat biopsy specimen. An interrelation was found to exist between the energy supply and the fatty acid spectrum in the depot fat. When identical quantities of heptadecenoic and heptadecanoic acids were added to the fodder, a high energy level resulted in a reduced C17 acid content in the spinal fat, whereas a low energy level led to an increased C17 acid content in the spinal fat. Different energy concentrations caused a change in the contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the spinal fat. With changed energy concentrations, the C16 and C18 acid content showed variations compared with the group given standard fodder. The myristin acid content showed almost no change.

Dissocial behaviour and the formation of moral judgement in adolescence.

The examination of moral judgement under the aspects of judgement competence and of judgement performance has achieved an important result in connection with an analysis of the biographical context of dissocial adolescents above all in the area of the décalage of the moral judgement. Whilst the global level demonstrates no relationship to dissocial behaviour, the connection between dissocial behaviour and décalage, the difference between global and the highest reached level, between global stage and competence stage is significant. The thus characterized imperilment of the coherence of the ego corresponds with the result found in psychotic adolescents of a distinct décalage as sign of a distinct disactualisations weakness (Reinhard 1990a) and presents proof of Rauchfleisch's (1981) thesis, which moves dissocial adolescents to the proximity of borderline disturbances and just as with psychoses diagnoses an imperilment of the ego coherence at the sight of massive splitting tendencies. The peculiarities of existential mastering found over and above--liability of mood and evasion--correspond with the results found previously in a larger random test of dissocial adolescents (Reinhard 1988b). Further connections between moral judgement and forms of existential mastering should be gone into elsewhere (Reinhard 1991).

Subcultural styles in adolescence.

Young peoples' protest against conditions in society as a whole is increasingly carried out by way of provocative style formations, i.e. on the symbolic-expressive level. The intellectual conflict, as it still occurs partially in alternative movements, seems to lose its attractiveness amongst the young people. By means of a critical reflection of the dominant concept "culture" and of the predominant cultural significance patterns an attempt is made at deciphering subcultural styles (mods, teds, punks, etc.) as a symbolic form of criticism and rejection towards the prevalent order. The class-specific subcultural style formation is discussed as well as the role of the mass mediae in reference to their spread over all walks of life, internationalization and social collection. Young peoples' subcultures can be seen in their creating and trying-out of alternative standards of living as important orientation helps for the development of a collective and personal identity. This function gains particular significance considering the psychological concept of adolescence as being a particularly vulnerable phase in man's biographic course and the problematic position of modern industrial society discussed from the sociological side under the catchword "Colonialization of the life world (Lebenswelt)" (Habermas 1981).

[The effect of microbial protein from a hydrocarbon base (fermosin) with a defined fatty acid composition on fat metabolism and fat composition in slaughter animals. 2. The effect of "fermosin" on the composition of back fat in hogs]. / Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von mikrobiellem Eiweiss auf Kohlenwasserstoffbasis ("fermosin") mit definierter Fettsäurezusammensetzung auf den Fettstoffwechsel und die Fettzusammensetzung von landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren 2. Mitt. Einfluss von "fermosin" auf die Zusammensetzung von Schweinerückenfett.

Two tests have been undertaken to investigate the influence of feeding microbial biomasses to pigs. No alterations of the fat parameters characterizing the fat stability were observed. All the values obtained are in a normal range. Increases in heptadecenic acid were detected dependent on the content of microbial biomasses in the feed and its fat content. The alterations are mainly in a normal range or slightly beyond it. In nature odd-numbered fatty acids are ubiquitous. Uptake and storage suggest that the organism reacts to an increased offer of C17-fatty acids with an accelerated decomposition of these fatty acids or/and with inhibition of their endogenous synthesis. The results are discussed in comparison with those of literature.