The Determinants of COVID-19-Related Stress Among Caregivers of Individuals at High Risk During the Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Informal caregivers offer a range of support-physical, emotional, and social-to individuals under their care, thereby exposing themselves to potential mental health risks. During the outbreak of COVID-19, caregivers have emerged as a demographic particularly vulnerable to mental health issues owing to their caregiving roles. The aim of the study is to identify the determinants influencing COVID-19-related stress among caregivers of individuals at elevated risk of coronavirus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken, utilizing a sample of 1,556 participants who were enlisted via social media and an online survey questionnaire. Participants provided sociodemographic data and completed both the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) to assess their mental health status. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 30.76±6.97 years. Of these, 42.35% (n = 659) resided with individuals at high risk for COVID-19, and 72.75% were female. Statistically significant differences were observed in DASS-21 subscale scores as well as in CSS scores for contamination, socioeconomic consequences, traumatic stress, perceived danger, compulsive checking, xenophobia, and total scores between those living and not living with COVID-19 high-risk individuals. Factors such as residing with a COVID-19 high-risk individual, education level, and DASS-21 subscale scores were identified as significant predictors of CSS scores. CONCLUSION: The study reveals those caregivers for individuals at high risk for COVID-19 experience elevated levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and COVID-19-related stress. Factors such as living with a high-risk individual, educational level, and mental health status were significant predictors of COVID-19-related stress. Further research is needed to evaluate the mental well-being of caregivers and to develop effective interventions.

The Relationship Between Occupational Functionality and Metacognition in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most common mental disorders with a loss of functionality in many areas of life. The current study aims to reveal the relationship between occupational functionality and metacognition in OCD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study sample consisted of 183 participants diagnosed with OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. Participants were evaluated with the Yale-Brown Obsession and Compulsion Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Metacognition Scale (MCQ-30). The occupational functioning of the participants was determined by the basic version of the semi-structured Longitudinal Follow-up Evaluation form (LIFE-BASE) in interviews with the clinician. The LIFE-BASE form divided the study sample into functional (n=92) and non-functional (n=91). RESULTS: It was determined that the mean age of the study sample was 32.49±8.65 years, and 54.1% (n=99) of them were female. When the two groups were compared, statistically significant differences were found in gender (p<0.001), education (p=0.012), Y-BOCS compulsion (p=0.003), and total scores (p=0.006). In the comparison of the groups, a statistical difference was found between the MCQ-30 Positive Beliefs subscale (p<0.05). However, no statistical difference was found between uncontrollability and danger, cognitive confidence, belief in controlling thoughts, and cognitive awareness. In addition, it was found that gender and the MCQ-30 positive beliefs score could predict occupational functioning. CONCLUSION: The present study is important because it was the first study to show the effects of positive beliefs on occupational functioning in OCD patients. However, further studies are needed on the underlying causes of this effect.

Impact of the first, second and third peak of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety, depression and stress symptoms of healthcare workers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies have been conducted on the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, how the mental health of health workers will be affected among the number of peaks during the pandemic has not been evaluated yet. The study aims to investigate the effects of the first, second, and third peaks of COVID-19 on anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms in healthcare workers. METHODS: The current study included 4031 healthcare workers, 1051 during the first peak period, 1409 during the second peak period, and 1571 during the third peak period. The Depression-anxiety-stress scale-21(DASS-21) was used to assess the participants' levels of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 33.74 ± 7.95, and 2634 (66.3 %) were female. 36.9 %(n = 1486) of the participants were physicians, 41.1 % (n = 1655) were nurses and 22.1 % (n = 890) were other healthcare workers. A statistically significant difference was documented in the DASS-21 anxiety (F(2:4028) = 502.893, p 2. Peak > 1. Peak), DASS-21 depression (F(2:4028) = 46.034, p 2. Peak > 1. Peak), DASS-21 stress (F(2:4028) = 65.548, p 1. Peak), and DASS-21 total scores (F(2:4028) = 156.860, p 2. Peak > 1. Peak) of healthcare workers during all three peak periods. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that as the peak number rises, so do the levels of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers. As a result, it is possible to assert that prolongation of the COVID-19 pandemic worsens mental problems (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 35).

The Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Meta-Worry Questionnaire.

Introduction: This study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Meta-Worry Questionnaire in the Turkish version as a contribution to clinical practice. Method: The research sample consisted of two groups. Cases were people who have General Anxiety Disorder (n=165) and controls were age and sex-matched healthy volunteers (n=158). To evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale, Meta-Worry Questionnaire, Metacognition Questionnaire-30, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Questionnaire were used. Results: In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient values of frequency and belief components were found 0.92 and 0.94, respectively. At the same time, excluding each item, Cronbach's alpha coefficient values of these two components also remained above 0.90, regardless of which item was chosen. While the frequency component accounted for 69.07% of the total variance, the belief component accounted for 72.95%. The area under the ROC curve is 0.948 for the frequency component and 0.944 for the belief component. The construct validity of the scale was tested with Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the one-dimensional structure of the scale was shown. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale, other scales which are related to metacognition were used. Conclusion: All items in the tool displayed a high correlation with the overall questionnaire. High total variance of the scale indicates its high validity. These results suggest high reliability of the tool as well as consistency of every item it includes.

A Randomized-Controlled Trial of EMDR Flash Technique on Traumatic Symptoms, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Life of Quality With Individuals Who Have Experienced a Traffic Accident.

The Flash Technique of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is widely recognized for its effectiveness in reducing the effects of emotional responses associated with traumatic memories. Using a randomized-controlled trial methodology, this study attempts to establish the efficacy of the EMDR Flash Technique. This study's sample includes volunteers who were involved in traffic accidents and were given the randomized EMDR Flash Technique and Improving Mental Health Training for Primary Care Residents (mhGAP) Stress management module. The participants were given a socio-demographic data form, the Depression-Anxiety-Stress 21 scale (DASS-21), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the WHOQOL Quality of Life scale. Participants were evaluated using measurements taken before and after the application, as well as a one-month follow-up. The mean age of the participants was 36.20 (11.41) years and 82.1% (n = 32) were female. The DASS-21 Anxiety (η 2 = 0.085), IES-R Intrusion (η 2 = 0.101), Avoidance (η 2 = 0.124), Total (η 2 = 0.147), and WHOQOL-BREF Psychological (η 2 = 0.106) score improvements of the EMDR Flash Technique group were shown to be statistically significant when compared to the mhGAP group. However, no statistically significant difference in the DASS-21 Depression, Stress, Impact of Event Scale-Revised Hyperarousal WHOQOL-BREF General Health, Physical, Social Relationships, and Environment component scores was reported between the two groups. The present study's findings clearly demonstrate that the EMDR Flash technique, when applied to persons involved in traffic accidents, is successful in improving anxiety, intrusion, avoidance, total traumatic stress, and mental quality of life symptoms for at least 1 month. We believe that these findings will improve the reliability and applicability of the EMDR Flash Technique, which was tested for the first time in a clinical randomized-controlled trial (RCT).

The Effects of Smartphone and Internet Gaming Addiction on Eating Attitudes Among University Students.

OBJECTIVE: Smartphone addiction is a public health problem increasing with the technologic developments. It particularly affects the university students negatively in terms of psychological, physical, academic achievement and social relations. This study aims to investigate the relation of eating attitudes between smartphone addiction and internet gaming disorder, also the relation of smartphone addiction with obesity. METHODS: This cross-sectional and prospective study is consisted of 358 volunteer university students. Socio-demographic data form, Short Form of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SF-SAS), Eating Attitude Test (EAT), and internet gaming disorder scale were administered to the participants. RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 22.27±3.10 years and 59.8% (n=214) were female. In terms of the variables "body mass index, body weight, faculty of the student, economic status of the family, and the people they live with together" were significantly different from controls. Also "monthly mobile phone invoice, EAT score, SF-SAS scores" were statistically different. A significant difference was found among "body weight groups" in terms of both EAT score and SF-SAS. According to the linear regression model variables of "gender, smartphone addiction, and school year" were determined as the predictors for EAT. CONCLUSION: Our current study has revealed the relation between smartphone addiction and eating attitudes, and obesity. Smartphone addiction may lead to an increase in body weight, by affecting eating attitudes. Therefore, the effect of eating behavior disorders in the emergence of the smartphone addiction should be considered. Multi-disciplinary solutions are required to prevent this addiction that may increase over time.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Its Relationship With Executive Functions in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) with controls in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to examine the relationship between RNFL thickness and the level of performance in disease severity and executive function tests in ADHD cases. METHODS: The study included 38 volunteer patients diagnosed with ADHD and 30 healthy volunteers. Adult ADHD self-report scale was used for ADHD symptom severity. Executive functions were evaluated by Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test. RNFL thickness of all participants was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: In the comparison of RNFL values, it was found that right mean, right temporal, right temporal inferior, left mean, left nasal, and left nasal inferior quadrant values were statistically thinner in ADHD cases compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the mean RNFL thickness values of the right and left eyes of ADHD cases and the symptom severity and performance levels in executive function tests. CONCLUSION: This study is a guide in terms of being the first study investigating the relationship between RNFL thickness, symptom severity, and various neuropsychological tests in adults with ADHD.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-Revised.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the psychometric values of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-Revised (GADS-R) which measures the intensity and duration of worry, various coping and avoidance strategies to cope with worrying, and positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about worrying. METHODS: 114 patients with generalized anxiety disorder and 198 healthy controls were included in the study. These patients were diagnosed according to DSM-IV TR, and the primary diagnosis of the patients was generalized anxiety disorder which was confirmed via SCID I and II, subsequently. Sociodemographic form, GADS-R total and subscale scores, and Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale (GAD-7), and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were used to assess validity, reliability and cut-off point. RESULTS: GADS-R total and subscale scores and MCQ-30, BDI, BAI, GAD-7, and PSWQ were found to be statistically higher in the patients with GAD compared to a healthy control group. GADS-R has five factors and showed relatively acceptable sensitivity and specificity for detecting anxiety disorders at a cut-off point of 1188. CONCLUSION: The GADS-R is a valid and reliable scale that can be used in the Turkish population as an assessment tool.

The Relationship of Smartphone Addiction and Alexithymia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate whether smartphone addiction (SA) is associated with social media use and alexithymia levels in university students. METHODS: A group of 935 students aged between 18 and 45 years (509 females and 426 males) was recruited from different universities in Istanbul. SAs, alexithymia and social media use were assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), and ad-hoc questions regarding social media use. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 21.89±3.27 years and 509 of participants were female (54.4%). 455 (48.6%) participants were placed in the "SA" and 198 (21.2%) in the "alexithymia" categories. The study found a high level of positive correlation (p<0.001) between both subscale and total TAS-20 scores and SAS-SV scores. Gender (OR=1.496, 95% CI 1.117-2.002, p=0.007) and number of social media by participants (OR=1.221, 95% CI 1.134-1.315, p<0.001) and TAS (OR=1.074, 95% CI 1.059-1.090, p<0.001) were found to be an independent predictors for SA. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a positive correlation between alexithymia and smartphone use severity, and alexithymia was a significant predictor of SA. Future studies focusing on the causal aspect of this relationship will be useful in planning strategies for treatment.

Clinical and demographic factors associated with early relapse in patients with schizophrenia: a naturalistic observation study.

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder progressing in relapses. Identification of many factors that may potentially increase the risk of relapse will be an important step in preventing relapses. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of early relapse in patients with schizophrenia and possible risk factors related to early relapse. The sample of this prospective study with the naturalistic observation design consisted of 308 patients with schizophrenia. The cutoff value for early relapse was determined as 1 year. The mean age of participants was 37.38 ± 12.28 years and 66.6% of them were male (n = 205). The early relapse rate was 38.3%. The age younger than 35 [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.313; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.518-3.526; P < 0.001], use of psychoactive substance (HR = 2.200; 95% CI, 1.407-3.440; P = 0.001), previous attempt of suicide (HR = 1.565; 95% CI, 1.028-2.384; P = 0.037), bad adherence to treatment (HR = 3.102; 95% CI, 1.358-7.086; P = 0.007), long-acting injectables (LAIs) antipsychotics in the treatment (HR = 0.534; 95% CI, 0.351-0.812; P = 0.003), combination typical-atypical antipsychotics (HR = 0.326; 95% CI, 0.131-0.807; P = 0.015), number of episodes (HR = 1.088; 95% CI, 1.043-1.134), and the score on the Side Effect factor of the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (HR = 1.826; 95% CI, 1.357-2.458; P < 0.001) were identified as the independent predictors of early relapse. It is remarkable that treatment bad adherence, use of psychoactive substance, no LAIs antipsychotics included in the treatment, and the no presence of the combination of typical and atypical antipsychotics are alterable predictors of early relapse.

Comparison of USG-guided or landmark approach fascia iliaca compartment block for positioning in elderly hip fracture patients with spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled observational study

Background/aim: Currently, the elderly population in the world is rapidly increasing due to technological developments and convenient access to health services. Due to comorbidities in elderly patients, hip fractures are frequently observed after exposure to environmental trauma. To reduce pain during positioning in spinal anesthesia, fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) can be applied easily and reliably. In our study, we aimed to compare the analgesic effects and duration of fascia iliaca compartment blocks performed with USG guidance or the landmark approach methods for relieving spinal anesthesia position pain. Materials and methods: Our study included 100 patients undergoing operations due to hip fracture and administered spinal anesthesia after FICB. The group with USG-guided FICB (USG) had the blockage needle advanced to the compartment under the fascia iliaca, and 15 mL bupivacaine + 10 mL 2% lidocaine was administered. They were placed in sitting position for spinal anesthesia 20 min later and procedure duration and numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were recorded. In the group with landmark approach FICB (LAND), the spina iliaca anterior superior (SIAS) and pubic tubercle were connected with a line. The same amount of local anesthetic was administered to the external 1/3 portion of this line with the double pop technique. Procedure duration and NRS scores were recorded. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of NRS scores (p: 0.073). There was a statistically significant difference in duration of FICB administration between the two groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both USG-guided and landmark approach FICB methods provide adequate and similar analgesia for positioning in spinal anesthesia. However, in cases where there is no problem with access to the ultrasound device or time, safer blockage can be provided by imaging neurovascular structures with ultrasound.

The impact of COVID-19-related mental health issues on menstrual cycle characteristics of female healthcare providers.

AIM: To investigate the association between menstrual cycle regularity in healthcare providers and COVID-19 pandemic-related anxiety, depression, stress. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by administrating online questionnaires to female healthcare workers in Turkey. Women aged 18-40 years with regular menstrual cycles for more than 1 year before the beginning of the pandemic were included in the study and they were divided into two groups according to menstrual cycle regularity during the pandemic. The questionnaires included sociodemographic characteristics, medical and reproductive history, lifestyle information of participants, COVID-19 Stress Scales (CSS), and a short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). RESULTS: A total of 952 women were included in the study, 679 had regular menstrual cycles, and 273 had irregular menstrual cycles. The prevalence of irregular menses among Turkish women healthcare workers aged 18-40 years was 28.7%. The CSS subdimensions and total scores were significantly higher in the irregular menstruation group than in women with regular menstruation (p < 0.001). The DASS-21 depression, anxiety, and stress subdimensions were likewise significantly higher in women with irregular menstruation (p < 0.001). Besides, both the univariable and the multivariable logistic regression results showed the relationship between irregular menstruation and CSS total score. CONCLUSION: The current study showed the association between the COVID-19 pandemic-induced anxiety, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and increased prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularity among healthcare providers.

The comparison of anxiety, depression and stress symptoms levels of healthcare workers between the first and second COVID-19 peaks.

BACKGROUNDS: Although the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been investigated, there is no study comparing the effects between the peaks. This study aims to compare the levels of anxiety, depression, and stress of healthcare workers struggling with pandemic between the first and second peaks. METHODS: A total of 2460 healthcare workers, 1051 from the first peak period and 1409 from the second peak period, were included in the study. The first peak measurements of the participants were made between 07.04.2020 and 05.05.2020 and the second peak measurements were made between 22.11.2020 and 20.12.2020 according to the peak period in Turkey. Depression-Anxiety-Stress-21(DASS-21) scale was applied to the participants online by the purpose of the study. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 32.63 ± 7.70, and 66.5% of them were female. A statistically significant difference was found between the income status (p < 0.001), lifestyle (p < 0.001) and COVID-19 test result (p < 0.001), DASS-21 Depression (p < 0.001, t = -5.311), Anxiety (p < 0.001, t = -8.244), Stress (p < 0.001, -10.056) and total(p < 0.001, t = -8.719) scores of the two groups. CONCLUSION: The present study results showed that healthcare workers meticulously struggling with the pandemic had increased anxiety, depression, and stress levels at the second peak of the pandemic compared to the first peak.

Ten years' data of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): A naturalistic, observational study outcome in clinical practice.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is used reliably as an alternative method in the treatment of a number of treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders. However, information about the daily practice is limited. In this article, we aim to report and discuss the 10-years results of a clinic that applies TMS to treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders. This naturalistic study is a retrospective review of data routinely collected from patients undergoing TMS between 2010 and 2020. A total of 284 patients with diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 40.49±12.64 years. In general, when the responses of all patients were examined, 26.1% were evaluated as response, 29.2% as partial response, and 44.7% as inadequate response. It has been determined that MDD responds to treatment better than other disorders. Regardless of the diagnosis, a significant relationship was found between response and age. The multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that patients with improvement from TMS were less likely to have advanced age and not to have been diagnosed with PTSD. The idea that TMS may be useful for some patients, but not every patient, is supported.

Is the choice of anesthesia during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures a result of anxiety?

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy (CS) are vital endoscopic procedures in the diagnosis and follow-up of gastrointestinal tract diseases. Endoscopic procedures can be performed with or without anesthesia as per patient preferences. These procedures can cause some anxiety in almost all patients, and the degree of anxiety differs for each individual. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the trait and state anxiety levels of the patients and assess the relationship between the preference of anesthesia and anxiety levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To investigate this issue, 723 patients who underwent elective endoscopy (EGD and/or CS) were enrolled. The researchers collected sociodemographic data and medical history records as reported by the patients. State and trait anxiety levels of the patients were evaluated using the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: The patients were divided into two groups as with anesthesia and without anesthesia. Of the respondents, 43.4% requested anesthesia during endoscopic procedure. Sociodemographic data, except sex, showed similar characteristics. The STAI trait scores of the two groups were similar; however, there was a significant difference in the STAI state scores of the groups (p = 0.018). A significant difference was observed in the anesthesia preference and the type of endoscopic procedure (EGD, CS, or both) (p < 0.001). Type of endoscopic procedure, STAI state scores, and sex were determined as the predictors of the anesthesia choice. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic procedures are known to cause anxiety among many patients. Our findings suggest that the anesthesia preferences of patients are an important factor in preventing these situational concerns. However, this study found that being a woman and undergoing a CS procedure are important factors related to anesthesia preferences. Thus, more detailed assessments on this subject are required.

The effect of the age on outcomes at a cardiac rehabilitation center in Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week phase II cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program in Turkish patients aged between ≤65 years and >65 years using psychical parameters, echocardiography measurements, lipid profiles, and psychological parameters. METHODS: A total of 68 patients who completed a phase II CR program were enrolled in this retrospective study. The echocardiography measurements, as well as assessment of physical parameters, psychological state, and serum lipid level of the patients were evaluated before the entry into the program and just after the completion. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those aged 65 years and under and those over the age of 65, and the effects of the CR program were compared. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the average heart rate (HR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) I-II scores of young patients before and after cardiac rehabilitation. The LVEF, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), BDI, STAI-I, and STAI-II parameters of older patients were statistically significant. In the comparison between those who were 65 years and under and those over the age of 65, the change in the mean HR (+11.24±12.62 bpm vs. +3.96±12.50 bpm; p=0.039), LVEF (+21.31±21.37% vs. +9.55±13.50%; p=0.035) and STAI I scores (-11.33±11.51 points vs. -23.25±14.08 points; p=0.025) were significantly different. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study revealed that patients in a Turkish population aged 65 and over benefited from CR as much as younger patients did in terms of physical parameters, echocardiography measurements, lipid profiles, and psychological parameters.

Validity and Reliability of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome-1 (CAS-1) questionnaire. METHODS: 221 participants were included in the study who do not meet any psychiatric diagnosis. Participants were applied SCID I and II and filled CAS-1 scale, Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale, and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Testing the reliability Cronbach's alpha, item analysis and Item and total score correlation coefficients were applied. For testing structural validity, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used, and for testing the content validity, the relationship between each item of CAS-1 and MCQ-30, BDI, BAI, GAD-7, PSWQ was examined. RESULTS: The correlation reliability coefficients were statistically significant except for using alcohol/drugs as a coping mechanism. Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 16 items was 0.771 whereas, this ratio was 0.772 for the first eight items (CAS) and 0.685 for the last eight items (Metacognitive Beliefs) which showed that the internal consistency of CAS-1 was high. Structural and Content Validity of the scale was significant. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the CAS-1 was a reliable and valid measure to evaluate CAS in a Turkish population.