Psychotherapy with women survivors of sexual abuse.

The essential elements of psychotherapy with women who were sexually abused in childhood are outlined. The author begins with a brief discussion of the prevalence and impact of childhood sexual abuse. She reviews the assessment of patients who may have been the victims of such abuse and then describes the three stages of treatment for such patients. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of considering issues of transference and countertransference in providing psychotherapy to women survivors of sexual abuse.

Events in the life of the therapist: the effect on transference and countertransference.

Interactions between therapist and patient are influenced by the feelings and impressions that develop during the therapeutic relationship. The terms transference and countertransference are used to describe this process. However, attention must also be paid to the possible effects that events in the personal life of the therapist can have on therapy. The therapeutic interchange can be disrupted when this factor is ignored.

Gender differences in psychiatric illness and treatments: a critical review.

Controversy exists about the causation of gender differences long observed in the prevalence of mental disorders. Recent epidemiological, biochemical, and genetic research has shed further light upon both their etiologies and treatments. Both controversies and research are reviewed and critically examined.

Distribution of anti-CD68 (EBM11) immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine tissues.

A commercially acquired anti-human macrophage antibody (anti-CD68; EBM11) was used in an immunocytochemical technique to detect macrophages in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from cattle, pigs, humans, rats, turkeys, dogs, and cats. In healthy cattle, the antibody labeled alveolar macrophages, pulmonary intravascular cells (presumably intravascular macrophages), and macrophage-like cells in other tissues. In bovine lungs infected with Pasteurella haemolytica, EBM11 antibody labeled 95% of alveolar macrophages and macrophages within alveolar septa but only 0-2% of streaming or "oat" leukocytes. Alveolar macrophages were also stained by EBM11 in pigs but not in rats, turkeys, dogs, and cats. The antibody also stained macrophage aggregates in the mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal lamina propria of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected cattle. This study shows that the anti-CD68 (EBM11) antibody is a useful marker of macrophages in normal bovine tissues or tissues from areas of acute or chronic inflammation that have been routinely processed. The study also adds strength to the growing evidence suggesting that streaming leukocytes seen in pneumonic pasteurellosis are neutrophils.

An overview of the Canadian health care experience.

Canada's universal health insurance system is designed to assure all Canadians access to free hospital and medical treatment. Each province has had considerable latitude in administering the system within its borders. To cope with rising costs, most provinces have adopted policies that limit physician income. Others have instituted fees for service users and have allowed physicians to bill patients for charges above the benefit schedule set by the province. These latter practices have been seen as eroding access to health care, and government funding for provinces that permit them was sharply curtailed by the Canada Health Act of 1984. The law is currently being challenged by the Canadian Medical Association because of the restrictions it places on physicians' freedom of practice. Although the Canadian system has created problems for physicians, the authors believe it provides a benefit no one wants to lose: accessible medical care for all.

Homosexuality: a review.

Homosexuality is a sexual preference which arouses a great deal of hostility, is surrounded by myths, and is often viewed as a disease. In separating fact from fantasy, family physicians will be better able to treat the approximately 10% of their patients who are homosexual. Recent studies show that homosexuals lead a variety of lifestyles, do not suffer from more psychiatric illness than do heterosexuals, but are susceptible to stresses induced by a hostile society.

Transthoracic defibrillation in 100-kg calves with sequentially applied pulses.

The effectiveness of up to five 50-A, 4-ms rectangular pulses (each nominally 50% successful) followed, when required, by up to six 70-A, 6-ms pulses applied at 15-s intervals in reversing ventricular fibrillation in 100-kg calves was studied in 600 episodes in which 50-A, 6-ms; 70-A, 3-ms; 70-A, 6-ms; 70-A, 12-ms; or 100-A, 6-ms prefibrillation shocks had been delivered 5 s before the induction of fibrillation and in another 600 episodes in which the prefibrillation shock was omitted. We found that 1) there was a modest adverse influence of the prefibrillation shock upon the outcome of the 50-A, 4-ms portion of the sequential shock effort; 2) The 50-A, 4-ms shocks remained reasonably successful throughout the five-shock sequence; 3) when the prefibrillation shock was omitted, the time intervals for a return of a ventricular complex and normal sinus rhythm in the postdefibrillation electrocardiogram increased rapidly with the number of shocks required for defibrillation; and 4) if defibrillation was not achieved with the five-shock sequence, a single 70-A, 6-ms shock was about 94% successful and the sequence of up to six shocks was 100% successful.

The belittled wife: social, legal and psychotherapeutic considerations.

Forty years ago Horney and Thompson each wrote about the inferior role of women in marriage based on sociocultural situations. The present day message of equality has had variable effects with the result that many women complain of the belittling opinions and actions of their male partners when they attempt to become self-assertive. Equality in marriage in Canada is more established in law than socially today. Dual career marriages often illustrate this dichotomy as the husband's career takes precedence over that of the wife. The therapist plays an important role in the resolution of the ambivalent feelings of both partners.

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma.

Neonatal renal neoplasms are rare: most are congenital mesoblastic nephroma. In the past this neoplasm has been confused with Wilms' tumor, which in part may account for some of the more favorable prognosis ascribed to Wilms' tumor in children less than 1 yr of age. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma is usually a benign tumor. The recommended treatment is surgical excision. This is a report of two cases of congenital mesoblastic nephroma in infants who were treated successfully by nephrectomy.

Ventricular defibrillation with myocardial electrodes in the dog, calf, pony, and pig.

The defibrillation effectiveness of 4-msec rectangular wave shocks was evaluated using myocardial electrodes with 25-kg dogs and (nominally) 100-kg calves, ponies, and pigs as part of an evaluation of the suitability of these animals as models for automatic implanted defibrillator research. The percent success of defibrillation attempts in dogs ranged from 44% with 4-A, 6-J shocks to 93% with 8-A, 16-J shocks. The success achieved in calves with scaled electrodes was uniformly lower and reached a maximum of 28% with 23-A, 107-J shocks. Pigs defibrillated with scaled electrodes at a success level (43%) more comparable to dogs (54%) at the 12-A, 25-J level. Using larger electrodes in calves, only 63% success was attained with 25-A, 52-J shocks; lower (14-A, 22-J) and higher (35-A, 100-J; 47-A, 176-J) shocks were less than 30% effective. Ponies were refractory to defibrillation at up to the 25-A, 100-J level with the large electrodes; with 21-A, 43-J shocks only 42% success in pigs was achieved. In general, there were marked differences between the responses of dogs and calves that are inconsistent with the closed-chest defibrillation behavior of both animals. Failure to achieve reliable and highly successful defibrillation in the larger animals may indicate their possible unsuitability as models in implanted defibrillator research.