An early endosome regulator, Rab5b, is an LRRK2 kinase substrate.

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been identified as a causative gene for Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 contains a kinase and a GTPase domain, both of which provide critical intracellular signal-transduction functions. We showed previously that Rab5b, a small GTPase protein that regulates the motility and fusion of early endosomes, interacts with LRRK2 and co-regulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Using recombinant proteins, we show here that LRRK2 phosphorylates Rab5b at its Thr6 residue in in vitro kinase assays with mass spectrophotometry analysis. Phosphorylation of Rab5b by LRRK2 on the threonine residue was confirmed by western analysis using cells stably expressing LRRK2 G2019S. The phosphomimetic T6D mutant exhibited stronger GTPase activity than that of the wild-type Rab5b. In addition, phosphorylation of Rab5b by LRRK2 also exhibited GTPase activity stronger than that of the unphosphorylated Rab5b protein. Two assays testing Rab5's activity, neurite outgrowth analysis and epidermal growth factor receptor degradation assays, showed that Rab5b T6D exhibited phenotypes that were expected to be observed in the inactive Rab5b, including longer neurite length and less degradation of EGFR. These results suggest that LRRK2 kinase activity functions as a Rab5b GTPase activating protein and thus, negatively regulates Rab5b signalling.

LRRK2 phosphorylates Snapin and inhibits interaction of Snapin with SNAP-25.

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene that, upon mutation, causes autosomal-dominant familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that Snapin, a SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein-25) interacting protein, interacts with LRRK2. An in vitro kinase assay exhibited that Snapin is phosphorylated by LRRK2. A glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay showed that LRRK2 may interact with Snapin via its Ras-of-complex (ROC) and N-terminal domains, with no significant difference on interaction of Snapin with LRRK2 wild type (WT) or its pathogenic mutants. Further analysis by mutation study revealed that Threonine 117 of Snapin is one of the sites phosphorylated by LRRK2. Furthermore, a Snapin T117D phosphomimetic mutant decreased its interaction with SNAP-25 in the GST pull-down assay. SNAP-25 is a component of the SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment protein REceptor) complex and is critical for the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Incubation of rat brain lysate with recombinant Snapin T117D, but not WT, protein caused decreased interaction of synaptotagmin with the SNARE complex based on a co-immunoprecipitation assay. We further found that LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation of Snapin in the hippocampal neurons resulted in a decrease in the number of readily releasable vesicles and the extent of exocytotic release. Combined, these data suggest that LRRK2 may regulate neurotransmitter release via control of Snapin function by inhibitory phosphorylation.