When a hernia is not a hernia: the evaluation of inguinal hernias in the cirrhotic patient.

Herniorrhapy in patients with advanced portal hypertension and ascites should be approached with caution, and treated conservatively whenever possible. Cirrhosis increases the risk of significant perioperative complications such as infection, recurrence, and ascites leak. This paper reports two patients operated on for suspected inguinal hernias. The first patient was referred for elective repair of a presumed inguinal hernia before liver transplantation. The second patient presented with a history of an incarcerated inguinal hernia that was previously reduced in the emergency center. After examination by residents and senior faculty the patients were scheduled for elective herniorrhaphy. Intraoperatively no inguinal hernia could be identified in either patient. However, massively dilated veins (1.5-2.0 cm in diameter) were noted entering with the spermatic cord at the internal inguinal ring. In both cases the veins were clamped, transected, and suture ligated at the internal ring. Given the unusual presentation of these dilated veins in both patients we advocate the use of preoperative Doppler ultrasound in patients with cirrhosis and suspected inguinal hernias.

Update on laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including a clinical pathway.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive procedure in which the gallbladder is removed. Patients with symptomatic gallstones or biliary dyskinesis are eligible for this procedure. No specific contraindications exist except for poor surgical risk factors. The rate of conversion to an open technique is increased in patients with acute disease, pancreatitis, bleeding disorders, unusual anatomy, and prior upper abdominal surgery. Complications occur even with experienced laparoscopists, and the important technical aspects of surgery have been identified. The length of the hospital stay and postoperative recovery time is markedly shortened compared with that of standard cholecystectomy. This procedure offers sufficient advantages to patients that it has become the standard of practice in most cases.

Challenges to academic surgery. Life cycles in chairmanship: the first decade.

A chair is a coordinator who is responsible for channeling the talents, dedication, and enthusiasm of the faculty and residents to strengthen the department. I believe that I have started down this path and realize the importance of the support of the faculty, residents, and other members in the institution. I have been fortunate to work in a department of surgery with superb faculty, residents, and students. The next decade will consist of the challenges of changes, chaos, and significant adverse external pressures. These challenges must be met with a commitment to our core values of patient care, teaching, and research, and allow the mission of the program to grow and change with the times.

Leiomyosarcoma of the colon: a second malignant neoplasm after treatment for a Wilms' tumor.

Leiomyosarcoma of the colon is a rare malignancy. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with a leiomyosarcoma of the colon occurring as an intussusception 30 years after receiving abdominal irradiation for a Wilms' tumor. A review of the prior and current treatment for Wilms' tumor is discussed, as well as the association between second malignancies and abdominal irradiation. Leiomyosarcoma of the colon usually presents in the fifth and sixth decades of life and is more common in men. The most common symptom is pain. Ninety per cent are diagnosed at surgery for treatment of bleeding, perforation, or obstruction. Surgery remains the primary treatment. Leiomyosarcomas of the gastrointestinal tract are radioresistant, and adjuvant chemotherapy has shown no survival benefit. The overall prognosis is poor, with mean 5-year survival of 28 per cent. General surgeons need to be aware of the possibility of second malignant neoplasms after primary treatment of childhood cancers. Proper reporting is essential to study the long-term effects of early treatment of childhood cancers and in predicting the best treatment outcomes for these patients.

Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the duodenum.

A polypoid malignant rhabdoid tumor of the duodenum is presented. The pattern of metastatic spread in this 58-year-old man included multiple duodenal and small intestinal transmural tumor implants and a large peribronchial lymph node causing superior vena cava syndrome. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of a diffuse population of rhabdoid cells characterized by homogeneous globular cytoplasmic inclusions that tended to indent or displace eccentric, vesicular nuclei with nucleoli. No glandular features were noted. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evaluation revealed that these inclusions contained vimentin, an intermediate filament of the mesenchymal cytoskeleton. Phenotypic features of a rhabdoid tumor have been reported in 10 poorly differentiated malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. This is the first case report of a malignant rhabdoid tumor of the small intestine. Regardless of the site of the lesion, tumors showing these features are generally associated with a poor prognosis.

Nonoperative management of liver and/or splenic injuries: effect on resident surgical experience.

Changes in the management of trauma over the past few years are significantly affecting postgraduate surgical education, with the lack of operative trauma experience being a major concern in some programs. This problem is accentuated in residency programs that obtain their trauma caseload primarily from blunt injury. Our experience over the past 6 years confirms that the growing trend toward nonoperative management of blunt liver and spleen injuries in adults is likely to exacerbate this problem. Blunt trauma admissions to our Level I trauma center increased from 2888 from 1991 through 1993 (group A) to 3587 from 1994 through 1996 (group B). Liver and/or splenic injuries occurred with equal frequency in both groups. Whereas diagnostic peritoneal lavage was used in 26 per cent of group A, its use dropped to 2 per cent in group B as abdominal computerized tomography was used more frequently to evaluate these patients. Nonoperative management increased from 10 per cent of group A to 54 per cent of group B. As a result, therapeutic laparotomies dropped from 85 in group A (58% of patients with liver/splenic injuries) to 74 (35%) in group B and nontherapeutic laparotomies from 48 (33%) to 23 (11%). While the evolution in the management of blunt liver and splenic injuries has resulted in the avoidance of nontherapeutic laparotomies, the operative caseload available to surgical housestaff has been adversely affected. Although the Residency Review Committee has stressed the importance of the critical care management of these patients, the criteria used to evaluate the number of trauma cases in postgraduate surgical education may need to be revised.

Practice guidelines for patients with gastrointestinal surgical diseases.

CONCLUSIONS: The rauonale for practice gmdehnes has been elucidated It is hoped that these guldehnes will result in changes in chnlcal care Perhaps the origin of these guldehnes may be a cnucal factor m whether they become widely accepted. Our purpose in developing guldehnes for gastrolntesunal surgical disorders is to promulgate reformation that is needed to evaluate patients with diseases that require surgery and to provide mformatlon concerning expected outcomes following specific operattve procedures As pracuce patterns and technology evolve, these guldehnes will need to be changed accordingly.

Comparison of CO2 laser, electrocautery, and scalpel incisions on acute-phase reactants in rat skin.

Lasers and electrocautery devices have been applied as an alternative to the scalpel because of better hemostasis and lymphatic sealing. However, previous studies have demonstrated conflicting data regarding the effects of these modalities on the inflammatory response, the first reaction by tissue during wound healing. The purpose of this study is to quantitate inflammatory responses in rat skin following laser, electrocautery, and scalpel injury by measuring T-kininogen (T-KGN), a major acute-phase protein in the rat and its endogenous substrate, cathepsin B, an important inflammatory mediator. Full-thickness wounds (6 cm) were created on the dorsum of Sprague Dawley rats by using a laser, electrocautery, or scalpel. Tissue samples were harvested at 1 hour to 21 days after injury. T-KGN levels were radioimmunoassayed; cathepsin B activity was assayed by using a synthetic substrate Z-Arg-Arg-MCA. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. T-KGN levels peaked at 3 days for all modalities, although the laser group was statistically (P < or = 0.01) higher at 1, 3, and 7 days after injury. In contrast, cathepsin B activity was significantly (P < or = 0.01) lower at 3 days in the laser group. CO2 laser ablation incites a greater inflammatory response than electrocautery or scalpel injuries. High levels of T-KGN may provide protection from proteolytic damage associated with cathepsins.

General surgical clinical pathways: an introduction.

With increasing pressures to reduce the cost of health care, protocols and practice guidelines are being developed to streamline the practice of medicine. Many of these guidelines have been developed by health care workers who are not involved in the daily care of patients and who do not have clinical expertise in the specific diseases. The Southeastern Surgical Congress appointed a committee to develop clinical pathways for common surgical diseases. These clinical pathways have been developed by practicing surgeons with expertise in common surgical diseases and reviewed for their applicability by other surgeons with clinical expertise. The types of guidelines are reviewed and the need for guidelines are discussed. This paper presents the purpose, development, essential elements, and the dissemination and implementation of clinical pathways for common surgical diseases. It is critical that surgeons and surgical organizations participate in developing clinical guidelines and clinical pathways.

The effects of octreotide on healing of small bowel anastomosis.

Octreotide (OCT) is a somatostatin analog used for its inhibitory action on multiple GI functions. Although octreotide has numerous clinical benefits, it has also been shown to inhibit postresectional hyperplasia of small bowel and hepatic regeneration. Because octreotide inhibits both trophic and anabolic hormones, we hypothesize that the use of octreotide may be detrimental in patients with a recent bowel anastomosis. To test this hypothesis, 60 male rats were randomized to four equal groups following small bowel anastomosis. Group I = control; Group II = 10 mg/day of hydrocortisone succinate; Group III = 2.5 micrograms/kg/day octreotide (equivalent of a clinical dose); Group IV = 25 micrograms/kg/day octreotide. Hydrocortisone was used as a negative control because it is known to have inhibitory effects on small bowel anastomotic healing. On postoperative Day 7, bursting pressures were measured. Serum T-kininogen levels, as a marker for systemic inflammation, and hydroxyproline content from the anastomotic segments were obtained. These results indicate that in the rat small bowel model, octreotide did not have any deleterious effect on anastomotic strength, systemic inflammation, and collagen content, even at high doses. Hydrocortisone, as expected, showed significant detrimental effects on bursting strength, as well as decreasing systemic inflammation. These findings have significant clinical implications, as octreotide could be used without jeopardizing the intestinal anastomosis.

Laparoscopic management of peptic ulcer disease.

Laparoscopic surgery has heralded a new era for the operative management of peptic ulcer disease. With a mean hospital stay of 3.5 days,22 a recurrence rate of 4% to 11%,1,3 and a morbidity from dumping and diarrhea of 1% to 2%,21 laparoscopic proximal gastric vagotomy can truly provide a good alternative to medical therapy. Despite the high cost of medical care and surgical equipment, a laparoscopic vagotomy should be cost effective compared with life-long pharmacologic management of peptic ulcer disease. Several different operative procedures have been discussed, with similar outcomes. The surgeon has a choice of several approaches, depending on his or her training and level of skill. As surgeons gain experience with laparoscopic surgery, we are able to offer consistently good results with low recurrence rates and negligible morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive surgery has rekindled the operative treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

Management of choledocholithiasis encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

To evaluate the prevailing methods of management and assess the safety of laparoscopic treatment of choledocholithiasis, a retrospective review of all common bile duct explorations (CBDE) initiated during laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Medical College of Georgia was performed. From December 1990 until December 1994, 604 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed. In 28 of these patients (26 female, 2 male) with an age range of 17 to 60 years, CBDE was initiated; 21 were performed laparoscopically, and 7 were converted to open CBDE. The procedure was successful in completely clearing the duct of stones in 24 of 28 cases (17 laparoscopic, 7 open). Postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was successfully employed in three of the cases of retained stones, and in the fourth, the stone was felt to be small enough to pass without further intervention. Biliary balloon catheters were successfully used to clear the duct in 8 of 17 laparoscopic CBDEs, and a laparoscopic choledochoscope introduced through the cystic duct was used in 7 cases; both were used in 2 cases. The open CBDEs were performed in standard fashion utilizing balloon catheters and choledochoscopy. The only operative complications were the four above-mentioned cases of retained stones. In summary, choledocholithiasis encountered during the course of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can frequently be managed with a laparoscopic CBDE.

The subxiphoid laparoscopic approach for resection of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma after successful localization with TC-99m-sestamibi radionuclide scan.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by an ectopically located parathyroid adenoma in a small percentage of cases. Parathyroid adenomas located within the retrosternal area of the anterior mediastinum account for a large proportion of failed initial cervical explorations. Current surgical approach to these lesions is via median sternotomy, with the discomfort, hospitalization, and morbidity associated with a major thoracic operation. We report a new technique for the resection of these ectopic parathyroid adenomas after successful radiologic localization: a minimally invasive subxiphoid laparoscopic approach. The procedure was performed in a symptomatic patient with documented primary hyperparathyroidism who had failed three previous neck operations. The ectopic parathyroid adenoma was successfully resected endoscopically, with resolution of the hypercalcemia. The patient was discharged on the third postoperative day, avoiding completely the morbidity of a median sternotomy.

Prospective evaluation of the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic jejunostomy.

We prospectively assessed the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic jejunostomy done by 11 surgeons in 8 medical centers using the T-fastener technique. In all, 23 men and 13 women aged 19 to 84 (mean, 59) years required enteral feeding, but could not undergo gastrostomy and had no contraindication to laparoscopy. Of these patients, 12 had head and neck cancer and 11 had neurologic swallowing dysfunction. The procedure took 25 to 180 minutes (mean, 75). Three (8%) early cases were converted to open jejunostomy because of accidental enterotomies caused by inappropriate techniques that were avoided in later cases. Minor technical problems, such as passing a needle through the back wall of the jejunum, occurred in 7 patients, but they were easily corrected and produced no complications. Feedings were routinely begun within 24 hours of the surgical procedure. All jejunostomy catheters functioned well. This is a safe and effective technique when done by experienced laparoscopic surgeons, and serious complications are rare.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children with sickle cell disease.

Since 1991, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been utilized in children with sickle cell disease, predominantly because of the decreased pain and shorter hospitalization. We believe that outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy or even a 24 hour hospitalization is not indicated in the patient with sickle cell disease. Perioperative complications include bleeding diathesis, vaso-occlusive phenomena, and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, although clotting parameters can be normal.

Crucial anatomic lessons for laparoscopic herniorrhaphy.

Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is generally performed using a transabdominal approach, an approach to hernia repair that is unfamiliar to most general surgeons. There is sufficient published anecdotal experience to indicate that the relationships of structures near the internal ring are not generally known and that this may predispose to their injury. There is considerable variability of nerves that pass through, or deep to, the iliopubic tract lateral to the internal inguinal ring, making it potentially hazardous to place staples or sutures in this region. Medially, the surgeon must be conscious of the possible presence of an aberrant obturator artery or vein and unexpected iliopubic vessels and take appropriate precautions to avoid unexpected sources of hemorrhage. The human cadaver, especially in the unfixed state, can be an ideal model to learn the surgical anatomy for laparoscopic hernia repair and to avoid neurovascular injuries.

An experimental model for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.

The development of an effective and reliable technique for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has been limited by the technical difficulty of the procedure and the lack of a suitable animal model with a bile duct diameter large enough to accommodate the fiberoptic choledochoscope and other instruments used for stone extraction. Short-term bile duct ligation in the dog provides a simple and reproducible animal model that enables the surgeon to gain experience with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in a laboratory setting. This model will enable the surgeon to develop the technical skills necessary to perform laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. In addition, the model may facilitate the development and refinement of new techniques and instruments that will facilitate laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in the clinical setting.

Comparison of adhesion formation in transperitoneal laparoscopic herniorrhaphy techniques.

Two techniques of transperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair were studied to evaluate the incidence of short term adhesion formation. Two methods were evaluated in thirty pigs with induced bilateral inguinal hernia defects. Half of the defects were repaired by incising the peritoneum, placing the mesh over the muscle defect, securing the mesh with staples, and reapproximating the peritoneum over the defect with staples. The other hernias were repaired by positioning the mesh over the defect and securing the mesh with staples, with no reapproximation of the peritoneum. The animals were allowed to recover and were killed at the end of two weeks. At autopsy, the animals were examined for the presence of adhesions to bowel. A statistically greater number of adhesions were formed with peritoneal reapproximation, 43 per cent (13/30), compared with 10 per cent (3/30) when the peritoneum was not reapproximated. The simpler method of repair, with no reapproximation, resulted in a statistically lower incidence of adhesions.