RESUMO
To test effects of personal and universal helplessness on self-esteem, three groups of experimental subjects completed a self-esteem questionnaire, worked on unsolvable anagrams, completed a posttest self-esteem questionnaire, and estimated their success on an angle-matching task. Subjects in a 10% failure group were led to believe they failed all anagrams, while 9 other subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 50% failure condition were led to believe they failed all anagrams while 50% of the subjects succeeded. Subjects in a 100% failure condition believed they, and 9 other subjects, failed all anagrams. Control group subjects were not exposed to failure. A 2 x 4 (sex x condition) analysis of variance, with difference between pretest and posttest self-esteem scores as the dependent variable, showed a significant main effect for success/failure conditions and sex of subject, and a significant interaction. On the angle-matching task significant main effects for success/failure and sex were observed.
Assuntos
Desamparo Aprendido , Controle Interno-Externo , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Autoimagem , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Resolução de Problemas , Meio SocialRESUMO
The effect of age upon the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) was studied by administering the LNNB and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to three groups of subjects: A group aged 17-30, a group aged 50-55, and a group aged 65 and older. No subject had any history of brain pathology or psychotic emotional disturbance. Two of the Luria-Nebraska subtests, the Motor and Visual, showed a significant sex-effect in that males performed better than females. Age was related significantly to performance on 11 of 16 Luria Nebraska subscales; older subjects rather consistently showed poorer performance than younger subjects. When intelligence (i.e., Wechsler IQs) and education were controlled statistically, partial correlations still revealed that age had significant effects upon 13 of 16 Luria-Nebraska subscales. These results closely parallel earlier data that concern age-effects on the Luria-Nebraska Battery.
