Spatio-temporal patterns of the mortality of diseases associated with malnutrition and their relationship with food establishments in Mexico.

This study explores the spatio-temporal behavior of mortality due to multiple causes associated with several diseases and their relationship with the physical availability of food. We analyze data for the 2010-2020 period at the municipality level in Mexico. After collecting and standardizing national databases for each disease, we perform SATSCAN temporal and FleXScan spatial cluster analyses. We use the he Kruskal-Wallis test to analyze the differences between municipalities with high relative risk of mortality and their relationship with food retail units and food establishments. We found statistically significant relationships between clusters by disease and the physical availability of food per hundred thousand inhabitants. The main pattern is a higher average density of convenience stores, supermarkets, fast food chains and franchises, and Mexican snack restaurants in high-risk municipalities, while a higher density of grocery stores and inns, cheap kitchens, and menu restaurants exists in the municipalities with low risk. The density of convenience stores, fast food chains and franchises, and Mexican snack restaurants plays a very important role in mortality behavior, so measures must exist to regulate them and encourage and protect convenience stores, grocery stores, and local food preparation units.

Spatiotemporal patterns of mortality associated with chronic non-communicable diseases and child malnutrition at the municipal level in Mexico.

Malnutrition is one of the main risk factors related to chronic non-communicable diseases and child undernourishment on a planetary scale. Mexico is one of the countries with the highest levels of malnutrition, but there is also an accelerated increase in overweight or obesity. This study explored the spatiotemporal behaviour of mortality associated with chronic non-communicable diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The analysis was carried out at the municipality level for the 2000-2020 period targeting two age groups: ≥60-year olds and 20-59-year olds. In addition, 0-4-year olds were investigated with respect to undernourishment. National databases were gathered and standardized for each disease and SaTScan spatiotemporal cluster analyses were performed. We found that mortality associated with most of the diseases evaluated has increased since 2016 except for mortality caused by child undernourishment, which showed a downward trend during the study period. To focus on active conglomerates of diseases is important as they currently represent a threat to public health. Our results contribute to the potential spatial prioritization of the allocation of resources and campaigns for prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases and child undernourishment. Generally, geographical studies are fundamental for the discovery of disease aetiology and they provide valuable and timely information to multiple stakeholders.