Aegilips chilensis (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Anacharitinae): Redescription and Biogeographic Considerations.

Aegilips chilensis Bréthes, 1918 is redescribed and illustrated. Aegilips chilensis is considered an endemic species of the Andean region, characterized for having anteroposterior cephalic processes, resembling spines, formed from the postgenal carina. This and other diagnostic characters are diagnosed and illustrated, and morphological affinities of Aegilips Haliday, 1835 with other Anacharitinae genera are discussed. Redescription and photographs of Aegilips chilensis are given.

Pesticide dissipation and microbial community changes in a biopurification system: influence of the rhizosphere.

The dissipation of atrazine, chlorpyrifos and iprodione in a biopurification system and changes in the microbial and some biological parameters influenced by the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne were studied in a column system packed with an organic biomixture. Three column depths were analyzed for residual pesticides, peroxidase, fluorescein diacetate activity and microbial communities. Fungal colonization was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess the extent of its proliferation in wheat straw. The L. perenne rhizosphere enhanced pesticide dissipation and negligible pesticide residues were detected at 20-30 cm column depth. Atrazine, chlorpyrifos and iprodione removal was 82, 89 and 74% respectively in the first 10 cm depth for columns with vegetal cover. The presence of L. perenne in contaminated columns stimulated peroxidase activity in all three column depth sections. Fluorescein diacetate activity decreased over time in all column sections with the highest values in biomixtures with vegetal cover. Microbial communities, analyzed by PCR-DGGE, were not affected by the pesticide mixture application, presenting high values of similarity (>65%) with and without vegetal cover. Microbial abundance of Actinobacteria varied according to treatment and no clear link was observed. However, bacterial abundance increased over time and was similar with and without vegetal cover. On the other hand, fungal abundance decreased in all sections of columns after 40 days, but an increase was observed in response to pesticide application. Fungal colonization and straw degradation during pesticide dissipation were verified by monitoring the lignin autofluorescence loss.

Effect of pulp mill sludge on soil characteristics, microbial community and vegetal production of Lolium Perenne.

The effect of pulp mill sludge addition (10-30 Mg/ha) to soil derived from volcanic ash (Andisol) on soil characteristics, microbial community and Lolium perenne L. cv quartet. biomass production was evaluated in field assays. Soil without sludge was used as a control treatment. The sludge addition improved the chemical properties of the soil. Organic matter and phosphorous content increased in the soil with increasing amounts of sludge, obtaining 35% more organic matter content with the application of 30 Mg/ha than the control soil. The phosphorous was accumulated into the soil after the end of cultivation improving the phosphorous pool in the soil. When 30 Mg/ha sludge was added to the soil, a biomass of Lolium perenne, was 60% more than the control soil at the end of the experiment. The analysis of soil microbial community showed that the application of sludge did not modify greatly the microbial community of fungi and bacteria even when high doses were applied.

Chlorophenol degradation in soil columns inoculated with Anthracophyllum discolor immobilized on wheat grains.

The white-rot fungus Anthracophyllum discolor immobilized on wheat grains was evaluated for chlorophenol (2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) degradation in allophanic soil columns activated by acidification. Columns without inoculation were used as the control to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the soil columns. The chlorophenols were removed efficiently in soil columns by both adsorption and degradation processes. In inoculated soil columns, 2,4-dichlorophenol was highly degraded and this degradation is associated with a high production of manganese peroxidase. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was degraded to a lesser extent compared with 2,4-dichlorophenol. Pentachlorophenol was first removed by adsorption and then through degradation by the fungus. Manganese peroxidase activity was lowest when the column was fed with pentachlorophenol and highest when the column was fed with 2,4-dichlorophenol. Laccase was also produced by the fungus but to a lesser degree.

Revision of the South American species of Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) with the description of eight new species

Neralsia is a genus of Figitid hymenopterans present in both the Neartic and the Neotropical regions. In this work, material from several museums (including all types of the South American species of Neralsia) was analyzed with light and electron microscopy. The South American species are studied as a whole, reviewing 26 previously cited species and describing eight new species. A key for their identification is included and the characters to differentiate species here considered are illustrated. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 795-828. Epub 2008 June 30.

Neralsia es un género de himenópteros de distribución americana, presente tanto en la región Neártica como en la Neotropical. En este trabajo se estudian, usando microscopia de luz y electrónica, las especies sudamericanas en su conjunto, 26 anteriormente citadas y ocho especies nuevas, que se describen aquí formalmente. Se presenta, además, una clave para su identificación; y se ilustran los caracteres que permiten definir las especies consideradas en este estudio.

Revision of the South American species of Neralsia (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) with the description of eight new species.

Neralsia is a genus of Figitid hymenopterans present in both the Neartic and the Neotropical regions. In this work, material from several museums (including all types of the South American species of Neralsia) was analyzed with light and electron microscopy. The South American species are studied as a whole, reviewing 26 previously cited species and describing eight new species. A key for their identification is included and the characters to differentiate species here considered are illustrated.

Kraft mill sludge to improve vegetal production in Chilean Andisol.

The effect of kraft mill sludge addition (25 to 75 ton/ha) to soil derived from volcanic ashes (Andisol) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv. Puken) biomass production, and in the nutrient absorption by the plants was evaluated. Respiration activity and seed germination tests were carried out on the soil/sludge mixtures, in order to evaluate possible toxic effects due to the sludge addition to the soil. Soil without sludge was used as a control treatment. The plants were grown in a greenhouse (25 degrees C, 14 h-photoperiod) during 120 days, then the plants were collected and dried at 65 degrees C for 72 h for the determination of biomass production (root and aerial) and analyzed for mineral content (Ca, Mg, K and P). The mixtures of soil/sludge showed no toxicity. Seed germination and respiration activity increased with the increment of the sludge. The accumulated CO2 in the soil without sludge was 41.66 mg CO2/100; this value shows a low microbial activity. The biomass increased with the increment of sludge addition to the soil and five times more biomass was obtained when 75 ton/ha sludge was added to the soil. The nutrient absorption efficiency was also improved with the sludge addition.

Latin American open-label study with rabeprazole in patients with functional dyspepsia. Mexican Rabeprazole Investigators Group.

This multicenter, open-label study assessed the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the proton-pump inhibitor rabeprazole 20 mg once daily in 189 patients with functional dyspepsia and normal findings on upper endoscopy. The clinical efficacy rate was 86% after only 4 weeks of treatment, and symptoms remained under control at the end of 4 weeks without treatment. Rabeprazole was well tolerated and was associated with a low incidence (8%) of mild, transient adverse events.

Cateterización del bulbo yugular en niños con traumatismo encefálico grave / Yugular bulb blood oxygen saturation in children with severe head trauma

Objetivo: destacar la utilidad de la medición de la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre venosa del bulbo yugular (SatBYO2) en la vigilancia y manejo de la hipoxia o isquemia cerebral global en pacientes con traumatismo encéfalocraneano grave y sus correlaciones con las presiones arterial media, intracraneana y de perfusión cerebral. Pacientes y métodos: once niños (promedio de edades 98 meses, nueve varones), con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave (calificación de Glasgow igual o menor a 8), causado por impacto con vehículos en la vía pública, fueron admitidos a una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de un hospital suburbano de Santiago durante un período de 12 meses. En todos se introdujo un catéter en el bulbo yugular y se hicieron mediciones de SatBYO2. Resultados: la SatBYO2 era anormalmente baja en cuatro pacientes, en todos había acentuada hiperventilación y en dos hipertensión intracraneana, pero se normalizó mediante ajustes en los controles de los ventiladores mecánicos y el manejo efectivo de la hipertensión intracraneana. No se registraron complicaciones debidas al procedimiento. Todos los pacientes sobrevivieron. Conclusiones: el método es aplicable y seguro en pacientes de unidades pediátricas de cuidados intensivos. La medición de la SatBYO2 es útil como complemento en la evaluación de la oxigenación global cerebral en pacientes con traumatismo encéfalocraneano grave

Isolation of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O-rough:K1:H7 from two patients with traveler's diarrhea.

Two Escherichia coli O-rough:K1:H7 strains producing verotoxin 1 that were isolated from stool samples of two travelers with diarrhea who consulted our clinic after trips to the Indian Subcontinent and Central America were characterized. Both strains were sorbitol negative, the same phenotype presented by E. coli O157:H7, but in contrast they were beta-glucuronidase positive. Low-frequency restriction analysis of chromosomal DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and repetitive extragenic palindrome-PCR showed that both strains were epidemiologically related. The illness was self-limited in both cases but involved long-duration, watery diarrhea (10 to 50 days) accompanied by abdominal cramps and flatulence. This serotype should be taken into account as a possible cause of traveler's diarrhea.

Hemofiltración continua en pacientes pediátricos en estado crítico / Continuous hemofiltration in pediatric patients in critical state

La hemofiltración es utilizada con cada vez mayor frecuencia en pacientes pediátricos, en un variado número de situaciones clínicas. Se describe retrospectivamente una experiencia de 34 meses con este método aplicado a 17 pacientes, 9 varones edad promedio de 5 años 3 meses. 16 con falla orgánica múltiple, cinco con meningococcemia y riesgo (promedio) de mortalidad de 66 porciento. Se empleó hemofiltración arteriovenosa en 13 y venovenosa en 4 casos,asociada con diafiltración en 12 de los pacientes. Su indicación se debió siempre a edema y oliguria. En todos los casos se empleó heparina sistémica. No se registraron complicaciones de importancia. 9 pacientes (53 porciento) fallecieron debido a la afección de base, incluídos los 5 con meningococcemia y choque. La hemofiltración es un método práctico en pacientes pediátricos en situaciones críticas y puede contribuir a mejorar su manejo

Evaluation of different Bradyrhizobium sp strains on nityrogen fixation capacity in two forage legumes

Nineteen avaiable strains of Bradyrhizobium sp were used to test two forage legumes, Crotalaria juncea(Crotalaria) and Cajanus cajans (Guandu) for symbiotic N-fixation ability. Greenhouse experiments were conducted for nine weeks in order to evaluate shoot, root, and nodule dry weight, nodule number, and shoot nitrogen content. Nine strains presented relative nitrogen efficiency (RNE) over 100 per cent with Crotalaria cultivar, whereas only 3 strains were more efficient with Guandu. Strain 633 was the only which presented a high yield with both cultivars. Finally, plant dry weight accumulation followed N accumulation obtaining 0.6757 correlation coefficient for Crotalaria and Guandu, respectively

[Endoscopic resolution of acute dilatation of the colon secondary to edema of colonic anastomosis]. / Resolución endoscópia de la dilatación aguda de colon secudaria a edema de anastomosis colónica.

Acute colonic dilation due to anastomotic edema is rare and is not always solved with conservative treatment. Endoscopic colonic decompression was carried out in 3 patients completing the procedure with a transrectal drainage. No complications resulted from the procedure and all 3 patients did well, once motility was re-established.

[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: indications, techniques and complications]. / Gastrostomía percutánea endoscópica: indicaciones, técnica y complicaciones.

We present a revision of techniques, indications and complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, with emphasis in technical aspects who allows to perform a safe and simple procedure. It can be done with modification of Pezzer canullas, and easily obtained items who can be collected by any trained endoscopist.

Giardiasis: functional immunological and histological study of the small bowel; therapeutic trial with a single dose of tinidazole

Quatorze pacientes com idade entre 9 meses e 5 anos, com diarréia crônica e giardíase, foram estudados. Dez eram eutróficos e quatro eram subnutridos. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi feito pelo exame de fezes, aspirado duodenal e no muco aderente à mucosa de biopsia intestinal. Estudos da funçäo absortiva, determinaçäo de IgA e imunofluorescência foram feitos. Após os testes, foi administrada suspensäo de tinidazol com 60 a 70 mg/Kg em dose única, via oral. Os pacientes foram reavaliados clínica e laboratorialmente após 30 dias. O propósito do trabalho foi o de avaliar alteraçöes laboratoriais e a eficácia da dose única. Nove pacientes tiveram bons resultados clínicos, dois foram regulares e três näo foram avaliados devido à doença celíaca. Todos tiveram exame parasitológico negativo. Näo houve relaçäo entre o número de protozoários e severidade dos sintomas, nem entre gordura fecal e d-xilose antes e após o tratamento. Houve melhora significativa (p < 0,05) na absorçäo de dissacarídeos, após o tratamento. A determinaçäo de IgA secretora foi baixa, antes e após o tratamento (p < 0,01). A imunofluorescência mostrou células produtoras de IgA em todos os casos. A melhora histológica da mucosa foi observada em seis pacientes

Giardiasis. Functional, immunological and histological study of the small bowel. Therapeutic trial with a single dose of tinidazole.

Fourteen patients between the ages of 9 months and 5 years with chronic diarrhea and giardiasis were studied. Ten were eutrophic and 4 undernourished. The parasitological diagnosis was based on stool examination, a trophozoite search in duodenal aspiration, mucus adhered to mucosa and parasite identification in the intestinal biopsy material. Functional intestinal absorption studies, IgA determination in intestinal secretions and immunofluorescence studies were made. After the tests, tinidazole in suspension was administered at 60-70 mg/kg in one single oral dose. Patients were clinically re-evaluated and tests were done again after 30 days. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the changes in the functional morphologic and immunologic studies and the therapeutic efficacy of the drug in a single dose. Nine patients had good clinical results, 2 fair and 3 were not evaluated due to celiac disease. All had negative results on the parasitological tests after treatment. There was no relationship between the number of parasites and the severity of symptoms. There was no significant difference between stool fat and d-xylose at the time of diagnosis and 30 days after the administration of tinidazole. The lactose tolerance test presented a significant difference (p less than 0.05) in the disaccharide absorption after treatment. The secretory IgA revealed significantly lower value (p less than 0.01) with respect to the normal values. The immunofluorescence showed productive IgA cells in all cases. The histologic changes were: mild enteropathy (grade I) in 6 patients; moderate (grade II) in 5; and severe (grade III-IV) in 3. Improvement of the mucosa was seen in 6 patients.