Acute Vascular Ischemic Events in Patients With Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in the United States: A Nationwide Study 2003-2014.

PURPOSE: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) confers a high risk of acute vascular ischemic events, including stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). Understanding the burden and risk factor profile of these ischemic events can serve as a valuable guide for ophthalmologists in the management and appropriate referral of these patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was queried to identify all inpatient admissions with a diagnosis of CRAO in the United States between the years 2003 and 2014. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of in-hospital acute vascular ischemic events. RESULTS: There were an estimated 17 117 CRAO inpatient admissions. The mean age was 68.4 ± 0.1 years and 53% of patients were female. The incidence of in-hospital stroke and acute MI were 12.9% and 3.7%. The incidence of stroke showed an increasing trend over the years, almost doubling in 2014 in comparison to 2003 (15.3% vs 7.7%). The combined risk of in-hospital stroke, transient ischemic attack, acute MI, or mortality was 19%. Female sex, hypertension, carotid artery stenosis, aortic valve disease, smoking, and alcohol dependence or abuse were positive predictors of in-hospital stroke. CONCLUSION: There is a significant burden of vascular risk factors, associated with an increased risk of in-hospital stroke, acute MI, and death in CRAO patients. The risk of CRAO-associated stroke is highest in women and in those with a history of hypertension, carotid artery stenosis, aortic valve disease, smoking, or alcohol abuse.

[Auditory processing evaluation in children born preterm]. / Avaliação do processamento auditivo em crianças nascidas pré-termo.

PURPOSE: To verify the performance of children born preterm on auditory processing evaluation, and to correlate the data with behavioral hearing assessment carried out at 12 months of age, comparing the results to those of auditory processing evaluation of children born full-term. METHODS: Participants were 30 children with ages between 4 and 7 years, who were divided into two groups: Group 1 (children born preterm), and Group 2 (children born full-term). The auditory processing results of Group 1 were correlated to data obtained from the behavioral auditory evaluation carried out at 12 months of age. The results were compared between groups. RESULTS: Subjects in Group 1 presented at least one risk indicator for hearing loss at birth. In the behavioral auditory assessment carried out at 12 months of age, 38% of the children in Group 1 were at risk for central auditory processing deficits, and 93.75% presented auditory processing deficits on the evaluation. Significant differences were found between the groups for the temporal order test, the PSI test with ipsilateral competitive message, and the speech-in-noise test. The delay in sound localization ability was associated to temporal processing deficits. CONCLUSION: Children born preterm have worse performance in auditory processing evaluation than children born full-term. Delay in sound localization at 12 months is associated to deficits on the physiological mechanism of temporal processing in the auditory processing evaluation carried out between 4 and 7 years.

Avaliação do processamento auditivo em crianças nascidas pré-termo / Auditory processing evaluation in children born preterm

OBJETIVO: Verificar o desempenho de crianças nascidas pré-termo na avaliação do processamento auditivo, correlacioná-lo com os dados da avaliação comportamental da audição realizada aos 12 meses, e compará-lo com os resultados da avaliação do processamento auditivo de crianças nascidas a termo. MÉTODOS: Participaram 30 crianças, com idades entre 4 e 7 anos, que foram divididas em Grupo 1 (nascidas pré-termo) e Grupo 2 (nascidas a termo). Os resultados da avaliação do processamento auditivo do Grupo 1 foram correlacionados com os dados da Avaliação Comportamental da Audição realizada aos 12 meses. Foi realizada comparação dos resultados obtidos nos dois grupos. RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos do Grupo 1 apresentaram pelo menos um indicador de risco para alteração auditiva ao nascimento. Em avaliação comportamental da audição, realizada aos 12 meses, 38 por cento das crianças do Grupo 1 apresentaram risco para alteração auditiva central, e 93,75 por cento apresentaram alteração do processamento auditivo. Houve diferença entre os grupos para os resultados dos testes de ordenação temporal, PSI com competição ipsilateral e fala com ruído. Verificou-se associação entre o atraso da habilidade de localização sonora e a alteração do mecanismo de processamento temporal. CONCLUSÃO: Crianças nascidas pré-termo apresentam pior desempenho do que crianças nascidas a termo na avaliação do processamento auditivo. Há associação entre o atraso da habilidade de localização sonora aos 12 meses e a alteração do mecanismo fisiológico de processamento temporal na avaliação do processamento auditivo entre 4 e 7 anos.

PURPOSE: To verify the performance of children born preterm on auditory processing evaluation, and to correlate the data with behavioral hearing assessment carried out at 12 months of age, comparing the results to those of auditory processing evaluation of children born full-term. METHODS: Participants were 30 children with ages between 4 and 7 years, who were divided into two groups: Group 1 (children born preterm), and Group 2 (children born full-term). The auditory processing results of Group 1 were correlated to data obtained from the behavioral auditory evaluation carried out at 12 months of age. The results were compared between groups. RESULTS: Subjects in Group 1 presented at least one risk indicator for hearing loss at birth. In the behavioral auditory assessment carried out at 12 months of age, 38 percent of the children in Group 1 were at risk for central auditory processing deficits, and 93.75 percent presented auditory processing deficits on the evaluation. Significant differences were found between the groups for the temporal order test, the PSI test with ipsilateral competitive message, and the speech-in-noise test. The delay in sound localization ability was associated to temporal processing deficits. CONCLUSION: Children born preterm have worse performance in auditory processing evaluation than children born full-term. Delay in sound localization at 12 months is associated to deficits on the physiological mechanism of temporal processing in the auditory processing evaluation carried out between 4 and 7 years.

Terapia miofuncional orofacial em crianças respiradoras orais / Myofunctional therapy in children with oral breathing

Objetivo: descrever a evolução de crianças respiradoras orais, submetidas à terapia miofuncional orofacial com ênfase no trabalho de fortalecimento da musculatura dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios e treino da respiração nasal. MÉTODOS: participaram da pesquisa seis crianças, com idades entre 5 e 11 anos, que haviam realizado triagem no Setor de Terapia Fonoaudiológica da Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, durante o ano de 2007, que apresentavam respiração oral ou oronasal e sintomas e sinais característicos desta alteração, e não haviam realizado tratamento fonoaudiológico prévio. Os pacientes foram submetidos a 10 sessões de terapia miofuncional orofacial, enfocando o fortalecimento da musculatura dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios e treino da respiração nasal. Após as sessões, foi realizada reavaliação e a evolução dos pacientes foi comparada qualitativamente. RESULTADOS: quatro (66,66 por cento) dos indivíduos apresentavam diagnóstico de obstrução nasal. Destes, três realizaram cirurgia prévia ao tratamento. Dois (33,33 por cento) apresentavam diagnóstico de rinite alérgica e estavam em tratamento na época das sessões. Todos apresentaram melhora satisfatória quanto aos aspectos trabalhados. Três (50 por cento) apresentavam deformidades dentofaciais e apresentaram evolução, porém limitada pela condição dentária. Todos os indivíduos apresentaram melhora no padrão de vedamento labial e possibilidade de respiração nasal. CONCLUSÃO: dez sessões de terapia miofuncional, com ênfase no fortalecimento da musculatura dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios e treino da respiração nasal foram suficientes para a obtenção da melhora dos pacientes. O pequeno número de sujeitos da amostra não nos permite generalizar a conclusão para outros. Sugere-se a realização de novos estudos, com maior população e diferentes faixas etárias.

Purpose: to describe the evolution of children with oral breathing, submitted to myofuncional therapy with emphasis on strengthening the muscles of the phonoarticulatoty organs and training of nasal breathing. METHODS: six children, 5 and 11-year old, who had performed screening at the Division of Phonoaudiological Therapy at Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo, along the year 2007, who demonstrated oral or oronasal breathing and signals and symptoms that are characteristic to this alteration, and had not been submitted to previous phonoaudiological treatment. The patients underwent 10 sessions of miofuntional therapy, focused on strengthening the muscles of the phonoarticulatory organs and training of nasal breathing. After the sessions, a reassessment was carried out and the evolution of the patients was compared qualitatively. RESULTS: four (66.66 percent) of the individuals were diagnosed with nasal obstruction. Three had been submitted to surgery previous to the phonoaudiological treatment. Two (33.33 percent) had a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and were undergoing a treatment concomitantly to the sessions. All showed satisfactory improvement as for the worked issues. Three (50 percent) of the individuals had dentofacial deformities and made progress, though limited by the dental condition. All individuals showed improvement in the possibility of mouth closure and nasal breathing. CONCLUSION: ten sessions of miofuntional therapy, with emphasis on strengthening the muscles of the phonoarticulatory organs and training of nasal breathing were sufficient to obtain the improvement of the patients. The small number of the samples does not allow us to generalize the conclusion for others. We suggest to make further studies with larger populations and different age groups.