Short term effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and probiotic L. salivarius WB21 on halitosis: A controlled and randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and the use of probiotics on the treatment of halitosis. METHODS: Fifty-two participants, aged from 18 to 25 years, exhaling sulfhydride (H2S) ≥ 112 ppb were selected. They were allocated into 4 groups (n = 13): Group 1: tongue scraper; Group 2: treated once with aPDT; Group 3: probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (6.7 x 108 CFU) and xylitol (280mg), 3 times a day after meals, for 14 days; Group 4: treated once with aPDT and with the probiotic capsule for 14 days. Halimetry with gas chromatography (clinical evaluation) and microbiological samples were collected from the dorsum of the tongue before and after aPDT, as well as after 7, 14, and 30 days. The clinical data failed to follow a normal distribution; therefore, comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test (independent measures) and Friedman ANOVA (dependent measures) followed by appropriate posthoc tests, when necessary. For the microbiological data, seeing as the data failed to follow a normal distribution, the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was performed with Dunn's post-test. The significance level was α = 0.05. RESULTS: Clinical results (halimetry) showed an immediate significant reduction in halitosis with aPDT (p = 0.0008) and/or tongue scraper (p = 0.0006). Probiotics showed no difference in relation to the initial levels (p = 0.7530). No significant differences were found in the control appointments. The amount of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola were not altered throughout the analysis (p = 0.1616, p = 0.2829 and p = 0.2882, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was an immediate clinical reduction of halitosis with aPDT and tongue scraping, but there was no reduction in the number of bacteria throughout the study, or differences in the control times, both in the clinical and microbiological results. New clinical trials are necessary to better assess the tested therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials NCT03996044.

Evaluation of the Oral Microbiome before and after Treatments for Halitosis with Photodynamic Therapy and Probiotics-Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: To compare photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics in reducing halitosis assessed through gas chromatography and microbiome analysis. METHODS: Participants aged from 18 to 25 years showing sulfide (SH2) ≥ 112 ppb on gas chromatography were selected. They were divided into four treatment groups: Group 1-Tongue Scraping; Group 2-Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT); Group 3-Probiotics; and Group 4-Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) and Probiotics. The halimetry process was performed before, immediately after the treatments, and 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after the initial collection. The collections for later microbiological analysis were made along with the halimetry for microbiome analysis. RESULTS: Treatment with aPDT or probiotics under these experimental conditions was not able to change the bacteria present in the biofilm of the tongue. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to know the behavior of the oral microbiome in the presence of halitosis and the effectiveness of new treatments.

Efficacy of antibiotic and iodoform pastes in non-instrumental endodontic treatment of anterior primary teeth-Protocol for a randomized controlled clinical.

The maintenance of the deciduous tooth until its physiological exfoliation occurs is one of the main objectives of pediatric dentistry. Endodontic treatment in deciduous teeth resulting from carious or traumatic lesions with pulpal involvement is often necessary and we often find it difficult to perform it, due to the difficult control of the child, the internal anatomy of the root canals, and root resorptions. The non-instrumental endodontic treatment technique (NIET) associated with antimicrobial drugs has advantages such as shorter chair time and less complexity than the conventional technique in which root canal instrumentation is performed. The aim of this study is to carry out a controlled and randomized clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of (NIET) in primary teeth associated with the use of two obturator pastes. One hundred and twenty necrotic deciduous teeth of children aged between 3 and 6 years will be selected; and the teeth will be divided into two groups. In Group 1 and Group 2, root canals will not be instrumented, just irrigated and filled with the respective pastes, antibiotic (CTZ) and iodoform (Guedes-Pinto). Presence of fistula and mobility will be clinically evaluated. The evaluations will be carried out in both groups on the day of treatment and in periods of 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. For the main outcome, the tooth will be the unit of analysis and the Kaplan-Meier test will be performed to estimate the survival rates of the included teeth. For comparison between the two groups, Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test will be performed, depending on the normality of the data. In addition, Poisson regression analyzes will be carried out, in order to allow the evaluation of the influence of some variables on the results. For all analyses, the significance value will be adjusted to 5%. Trial registration: NCT04587089 in ClinicalTrials.gov. Approval date: May 15, 2023.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with erythrosine and blue light on dental biofilm bacteria: study protocol for randomised clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The objective is to investigate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by erythrosine and a blue light-emitting diode (LED) in the reduction of bacteria in dental biofilm. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This clinical trial will be conducted with 30 patients who have biofilm, but without the presence of periodontal pockets, and who are being treated at the Dental Clinic of Universidade Metropolitana de Santos. A split-mouth model will be used (n=30), with group 1 control (conventional treatment) and group 2 (conventional treatment and aPDT). The bicarbonate jet will be used to remove dental biofilm in both groups. The treatment will be carried out in one session. aPDT will be performed before cleaning/prophylaxis, only in group 2. Participants will rinse with the photosensitiser erythrosine (diluted to 1 mM) for 1 min of pre-irradiation time, so that the drug can stain all the bacterial biofilm. Then, the D-2000 LED (DMC) will be applied, emitting at a wavelength of ʎ=470 nm, radiant power of 1000 mW, irradiance of 0.532 W/cm2 and radiant exposure of 63.8 J/cm2. Irradiation will be performed until the biofilm of the cervical region is illuminated for 2 min/point (4 cm2). The microbiological examination will be performed from samples of supragingival biofilm collected from the gingival sulcus. Collection will be performed in each experimental site before irradiation, immediately after the irradiation procedure and after the prophylaxis. Colony-forming units will be counted and the data will be submitted for statistical analysis for comparison of pretreatment and post-treatment results and between groups (conventional X aPDT). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Metropolitana de Santos under process number 66984123.0.0000.5509. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and will be presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05805761.

Comparative study between photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics in the reduction of halitosis in mouth breathing children: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Halitosis is a term that defines any odor or foul smell the emanates from the oral cavity, the origin of which may be local or systemic. One of the causes of local or oral halitosis is low salivary flow and dry mouth, which is also one of the complaints of individuals with the mouth-breathing habit. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and the use of probiotics for the treatment of halitosis in mouth-breathing children. METHODS: Fifty-two children between 7 and 12 years of age with a diagnosis of mouth breathing and halitosis determined through an interview and clinical examination will be selected. The participants will be divided into 4 groups: Group 1-treatment with brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper; Group 2-brushing, dental floss and aPDT applied to the dorsum and middle third of the tongue; Group 3-brushing, dental floss and probiotics; Group 4-brushing, dental floss, aPDT and probiotics. The use of a breath meter and microbiological analysis of the tongue coating will be performed before, immediately after treatment and 7 days after treatment. The quantitative analysis will involve counts of colony-forming bacteria per milliliter and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The normality of the data will be determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric data will be submitted to analysis of variance and nonparametric data will be compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results of each treatment in the different periods of the study will be compared using the Wilcoxon test. DISCUSSION: Due to the low level of evidence, studies are needed to determine whether treatment with aPDT using annatto as the photosensitizer and blue led as the light source is effective at diminishing halitosis in mouth-breathing children.

Photodynamic therapy with acai (Euterpe oleracea) and blue light in oral cells: A spectroscopic and cytotoxicity analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with blue light-emitting diode (LED) 460 nm at 25, 50 and 100 J/cm2 using three concentrations of acai extracts (100, 40, and 10 mg/ml), in the proliferation and viability of head and neck tumor lines (SCC9). METHODS: Three groups of cells were analyzed for 3 days in an in vitro assay with MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5, -diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet: cells in the absence of acai extract and PDT (control group); cells in the presence of acai extract and no light; and cells in the presence of acai extract and LED blue light (PDT groups). RESULTS: When using acai as a PS combined with blue LED (460 nm, 0.7466 cm2 , 1000 mW/cm2 ) and irradiation at 25, 50, and 100 J/cm2 , after 72 h, cell viability (p < 0.0001 vs. control, p = 0.0027 vs. 100 mg/ml açai group, p = 0.0039 vs. 40 mg/ml açai group, p = 0.0135 vs. 10 mg/ml açai group; One-Way ANOVA/Tukey) and proliferation (p < 0.05, One-Way ANOVA/Tukey) decreased. CONCLUSION: The acai in question is a potential photosensitizer (PS), with blue light absorbance and efficacy against head and neck tumor lines (SCC9).

Evaluation of different methods for the diagnosis of primary caries lesions: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), dental caries is considered one of the greatest pediatric health problems in the world, due to its high prevalence and incidence. Therefore, the early diagnosis of caries lesions is a fundamental procedure for planning treatment aimed at prevention, minimal intervention and promotion of oral health. The present study aims to evaluate, through a randomized and controlled clinical study, which is the best strategy for diagnosing primary caries lesions located in the interproximal region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients, aged between 4 and 10 years will be randomized and allocated into 2 groups for analysis and comparison of methods for diagnosing caries lesions. The following diagnostic methods will be analyzed and compared: visual clinical examination using ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System), the iTero Element 5D System (intraoral scanner with near infrared imaging (NIRI) technology) and bitewing radiography (BWX). All evaluations will be carried out by 02 examiners. Examiners will be trained and calibrated to use the visual and radiographic criteria and also to use the iTero 5D intraoral scanner, following the manufacturer's instructions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04900246 in ClinicalTrial.gov. First released in 05/11/2021 and last updated in 10/06/2021.

Effect of photobiomodulation on fatigue in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation and destruction of the myelin sheath. Fatigue is one of the main symptoms of this disease, with a negative impact on quality of life and few treatment options. Photobiomodulation is used for several inflammatory conditions and may be beneficial for the treatment of fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Conduct a pilot study to analyze the effect of photobiomodulation on fatigue in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The participants were recruited from the UNINOVE Integrated Health Clinic and randomly allocated to two groups: group 1, administration of photobiomodulation (808 nm, 36 J for 360 s) under the tongue and group 2, administration of photobiomodulation over the radial artery. Fatigue was measured using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). No significant differences were found regarding the total MFIS score or subscale scores (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). Photobiomodulation with the parameters employed in the present study had no effect on fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03360487.