Low transition temperature mixture-based extraction of 14 pesticides from tomato samples and their high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis.

The extensive use of pesticides to control pest infestations has led to the development of analytical methods to determine pesticide residues in food matrices to prevent food exposure. However, most developed analytical methods do not consider impact on the environment in terms of the toxicity of the chemicals used and the amount of waste produced. An environmentally-friendly method, based on a miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, for the analysis of fourteen pesticides in tomatoes, was exploited. For the recovery of pesticides from tomato samples, a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM), containing choline chloride and sesamol 1:3 molar ratio, was employed. Extraction parameters like sample-to-dispersant ratio, extraction solvent volume and LTTM volume were optimized through a Box-Behnken design. The 1:4 sample-to-dispersant ratio, 900 µL of ethanol as extraction solvent and 50 µL of LTTM ensured the best result considering the pesticides' peak areas. The optimized analytical method was validated obtaining the following results: linearity range was between LOQ and 5 mg kg-1 with a minimum R2 of 0.9944 for tebufenozide, values in the range of 0.001-0.023 and 0.004-0.076 mg kg-1 were obtained for LOD and LOQ respectively, while peak areas intra-day and inter-day repeatability were maximum of 10.19 and 9.15 %, respectively. The analytical method was then applied to real samples studying whole, pulp and peel tomato pool. The analysis of whole and tomato pulp revealed the presence of seven and eight of the fourteen investigated pesticides, respectively. However, their concentration was lower than the limit of quantification. In tomato peel, five pesticides, namely dimethomorph, methoxyfenozide, pyraclostrobin, pyriproxyfen, and spiromesifen were quantified and their concentrations were below maximum residue levels.

Development and Box-Behnken design optimization of a green extraction method natural deep eutectic solvent-based for phenolic compounds from barley malt rootlets.

In recent years, attention has been turned finding new sources of phenolic compounds, antioxidant molecules, main by-products from the agri-food chain like barley malt rootlets (BMRs). Traditionally, phenolic compounds are extracted from food matrices using different procedures, for example, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-phase extraction techniques employing organic solvents. With the advent of green chemistry, attention has been paid to the search for green, nontoxic, inexpensive, and nonflammable solvents and the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) respect these characteristics. The aim of this project was to develop and optimize an environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and rapid extraction method for phenolic compounds from BMRs using natural DESs as extractive solvents. Several natural DESs were tested as extractive solvents and, among them, the best results in terms of total phenolic content were obtained using a choline chloride-malic acid (1:2 molar ratio)-based mixture. Box-Behnken experimental design guaranteed the extraction of 9.51 ± 0.83 gallic acid equivalent/g of BMRs, under the following optimal extraction conditions: 1:21 solid-to-liquid ratio, 80°C as extraction temperature, 43 min as the time of extraction, and 29% as a percentage of added water in the NADESs. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were detected in the BMRs extract through HPLC-PDA/MS analysis.

Modelo complexo hospital de clínicas de gestão de alta: concepção e implantação / Complex clinical hospital model of discharge management: conception and implementation / Modelo clínico hospitalario de gestión del alta: diseño y ejecución

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar a concepção e implantação do Modelo de Gestão de Altas do Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Método: relato de experiência ocorrido entre 2017 e 2020, sobre a concepção e implantação do modelo de Gestão de Altas com apoio do modelo lógico. Resultados: continuidade do cuidado e gerenciamento de caso são operacionalizados por uma equipe exclusiva de enfermeiras de ligação que gerenciam e contrarreferenciam os cuidados para a atenção primária e outros pontos da rede de assistência à saúde. Conclusão: a gestão de altas se consolidou como uma estratégia gerencial que integra a rede de atenção à saúde, evita descontinuidades da assistência, promove segurança aos pacientes e familiares, além de otimização de leitos, e ainda insere na agenda da atenção primária os pacientes complexos. Contribui para a continuidade do cuidado e representa evidência de um novo campo de atuação do Enfermeiro.

ABSTRACT Objective: to present the conception and implementation of the Discharge Management Model of the Clinics Hospital Complex of the Federal University of Paraná. Method: experience report occurred between 2017 and 2020, about the design and implementation of the Discharge Management model with support of the logic model. Results: continuity of care and case management are operationalized by a dedicated team of liaison nurses who manage and counter-reference care to primary care and other points in the health care network. Conclusion: discharge management has been consolidated as a managerial strategy that integrates the health care network, avoids discontinuities in care, promotes patient and family safety, and optimizes beds, and inserts complex patients into the primary care agenda. It contributes to the continuity of care and represents evidence of a new field of work for nurses.

RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar la concepción e implementación del Modelo de Gestión de Alta del Complejo Hospitalario de Clínicas de la Universidad Federal de Paraná. Método: informe de experiencia ocurrida entre 2017 y 2020, sobre el diseño e implementación del modelo de Gestión del Alta con apoyo del modelo lógico. Resultados: la continuidad de los cuidados y la gestión de los casos son operados por un equipo exclusivo de enfermeras de enlace que gestionan y contra revierten los cuidados a la atención primaria y a otros puntos de la red sanitaria. Conclusión: la gestión de altas se consolida como una estrategia gerencial que integra la red de atención a la salud, evita las discontinuidades de la asistencia, promueve la seguridad de los pacientes y los familiares, además de la optimización de las camas, y aún inserta en la agenda de la atención primaria a los pacientes complejos. Contribuye a la continuidad de los cuidados y representa la evidencia de un nuevo campo de trabajo para las enfermeras.

Enfermeiras de Ligação na Gestão de Altas do Complexo Hospital de Clínicas / Liaison nurses in the discharge management of the hospital de clinicas complex / Enfermeras de enlace en la gestión de alta del complejo hospital de clinicas

Objetivo: apresentar o trabalho desenvolvido pelas enfermeiras de ligação no Serviço de Gestão de Altas do Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Método: estudo descritivo do tipo relato de experiência sobre a concepção, implementação e resultados de um modelo de gestão de altas. Resultados: estabelecimento de estratégias de integração com a rede, elaboração de protocolos assistenciais, gerenciamento de 13.513 altas hospitalares entre os anos de 2017 e 2020; monitoramento telefônico após a alta de usuário internados por Covid-19; instituição de campo de estagio para enfermeiros residentes; e produções científicas. Considerações finais: destacou-se o papel da enfermeira de ligação como coordenadora do planejamento da alta hospitalar. (AU)

Objective: To present the work developed by the liaison nurses at the Discharge Management Service of the Hospital de Clinicas Complex of the Federal University of Paraná. Methods: Descriptive study of the experience report type on the design, implementation and results of a discharge management model. Results: Establishment of integration strategies with the network, development of care protocols, management of 13,513 hospital discharges between 2017 and 2020; telephone monitoring after discharge of users hospitalized by Covid-19; field internship institution for resident nurses; and scientific productions. Conclusion: Highlighted the role of the liaison nurse as coordinator of hospital discharge planning. (AU)

Objetivo: Presentar el trabajo desarrollado por enfermeras de enlace del Servicio de Gestión de Egresos en el Complejo Hospital de Clínicas de la Universidad Federal de Paraná. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del tipo narrativas de experiencia sobre la concepción, implementación y resultados de un modelo de gestión de altas. Resultados: Establecimiento de estrategias de integración con la red, elaboración de protocolos de atendimiento, gerenciamiento de 13.513 egresos hospitalarios entre 2017 y 2020; seguimiento telefónico posterior al recibimiento de alta en usuarios hospitalizados por Covid-19; institución de prácticas de campo para enfermeros residentes; y producciones científicas. Conclusión: Destacase el papel de la enfermera de enlace como coordinadora de la planificación del alta hospitalaria. (AU)

Application of a Low Transition Temperature Mixture for the Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Illicit Drugs from Urine Samples.

The use of psychoactive substances is a serious problem in today's society and reliable methods of analysis are necessary to confirm their occurrence in biological matrices. In this work, a green sample preparation technique prior to HPLC-MS analysis was successfully applied to the extraction of 14 illicit drugs from urine samples. The isolation procedure was a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the use of a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM), composed of choline chloride and sesamol in a molar ratio 1:3 as the extracting solvent. This mixture was classified as LTTM after a thorough investigation carried out by FTIR and DSC, which recorded a glass transition temperature at -71 °C. The extraction procedure was optimized and validated according to the main Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for bioanalytical methods, obtaining good figures of merit for all parameters: the estimated lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) values were between 0.01 µg L-1 (bk-MMBDB) and 0.37 µg L-1 (PMA); recoveries, evaluated at very low spike levels (in the ng-µg L-1 range), spanned from 55% (MBDB) to 100% (bk-MMBDB and MDPV); finally, both within-run and between-run precisions were lower than 20% (LLOQ) and 15% (10xLLOQ).

Choline Chloride-Lactic Acid-Based NADES As an Extraction Medium in a Response Surface Methodology-Optimized Method for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Hazelnut Skin.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising green solvents for the extraction of compounds from food byproducts. Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is one of the most commonly cultivated tree nuts worldwide. The skin represents one of the major byproducts of the hazelnut industry and accounts for 2.5% of the total hazelnut kernel weight. It is a rich source of phenolic compounds like flavan-3-ols, flavonols, dihydrochalcones, and phenolic acids. In this work, fifteen DESs based on choline chloride and betaine, with different compositions, were studied in order to test their phenolic compounds extraction efficiency through the determination of their total concentration via Folin-Ciocalteu assay. A qualitative analysis of extracted phenolic compounds was assessed by HPLC with UV and MS detection. Using the DES with the best extraction efficiency, a new ultrasound-assisted solid liquid extraction (UA-SLE) method was optimized though the response surface methodology (RSM), taking into account some extraction parameters. Efficient recovery of extracted phenolic compounds was achieved using a 35% water solution of choline chloride and lactic acid (molar ratio 1:2) as an extraction solvent, working at 80 °C and with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:25 gmL-1. The optimized conditions made it possible to recover 39% more phenolic compounds compared to a classic organic solvent.

Continuidade do cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde: curso massivo aberto on-line para enfermeiros / Continuity of care in Primary Health Care: massive open online course for nurses

Resumo: Esta pesquisa de desenvolvimento metodológico apresenta a produção de um curso on-line, aberto e massivo sobre continuidade do cuidado na alta hospitalar. Teve como objetivo construir um curso on-line, aberto e massivo sobre continuidade do cuidado na atenção primária à saúde. Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica, aplicada à elaboração e validação de curso on-line, pautada nas cinco etapas do modelo ADDIE de design instrucional. A primeira etapa envolveu análise, com a definição de conteúdo a partir de revisão integrativa de literatura e questionário com enfermeiros atuantes na atenção primária à saúde. A segunda etapa proporcionou desenho do curso, com definição de objetivos de aprendizagem, atividades, duração e ferramentas do curso. A etapa três foi representada pela criação e edição dos recursos educacionais abertos. Na etapa quatro, ocorreu a hospedagem do conteúdo e mídias no ambiente virtual escolhido. A quinta etapa incluiu a validação de conteúdo e aparência por juízes experts. Como resultados, emergiram cinco produções científicas (manuscritos): 1) revisão integrativa de literatura; 2) percepção dos enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde sobre transição e continuidade do cuidado; 3) criação e validação de matriz de design instrucional; 4) construção de recursos educacionais abertos; e 5) validação de aparência do curso desenvolvido. Foram criados 10 produtos técnicos: 1) matriz de design instrucional; 2) manual didático - Conceituando a continuidade e transição do cuidado; 3) manual didático - Estratégias para continuidade do cuidado: dimensão relacional; 4) manual didático - Estratégias para continuidade do cuidado: dimensão da gestão; 5) manual didático - Estratégias para continuidade do cuidado: dimensão informacional; 6) infográfico animado; 7) episódio um "continuacast" Transição do cuidado na alta hospitalar; 8) episódio dois "continuacast" Estratégias para a continuidade do cuidado na dimensão da gestão; 9) episódio três "continuacast"; Contrarreferência como estratégia para a continuidade do cuidado na dimensão informacional e 10) curso continuidade do cuidado na alta hospitalar: MOOC para enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde. O desenvolvimento do curso on-line possibilitou a reflexão da prática profissional, aliada ao desenvolvimento de novas competências, por meio do desenvolvimento de produção científica e técnica, utilizável no cotidiano da enfermagem e do Sistema Único de Saúde. A tecnologia desenvolvida é capaz de cumprir o propósito de auxiliar enfermeiros da atenção primária a compreender as estratégias de transição e continuidade de cuidado após a alta hospitalar, além de demostrar a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de recursos educacionais abertos, com recursos gratuitos ou de baixo custo.

Abstract: This methodological development research presents the production of an online, open and massive course on continuity of care at hospital discharge. It aimed to build an online, open and massive course on continuity of care in primary health care. This is a methodological research, applied to the development and validation of an online course, based on the five stages of the ADDIE instructional design model. The first stage involved analysis, with the definition of content from an integrative literature review and interviews with nurses working in primary health care. The second stage provided course design, with definition of learning objectives, activities, duration and tools that will make up the course. Step three was represented by the creation and editing of the open educational resource. In step four, content and media were hosted in the chosen virtual environment. The fifth step included validation of content and appearance by expert judges. As a result, five scientific productions (manuscripts) emerged: 1) integrative literature review; 2) perception of nurses in primary health care about transition and continuity of care; 3) creation and validation of instructional design matrix; 4) construction of open educational resources; and 5) appearance validation of the developed course. 10 technical products were created: 1) instructional design matrix; 2) didactic manual - Conceptualizing the continuity and transition of care; 3) didactic manual - Strategies for continuity of care: relational dimension; 4) didactic manual - Strategies for continuity of care: management dimension; 5) didactic manual - Strategies for continuity of care: informational dimension; 6) animated infographic; 7) episode a "continuacast" Care transition at hospital discharge; 8) episode two "continuacast" Strategies for the continuity of care in the management dimension; 9) episode three "continuacast"; Counter-referral as a strategy for continuity of care in the informational dimension and 10) course continuity of care at hospital discharge: MOOC for nurses in primary health care. The development of the online course made it possible to reflect on professional practice, combined with the development of new skills, through the development of scientific and technical production, usable in daily nursing and in the Unified Health System. The technology developed is capable of complying with the purpose of helping primary care nurses to understand the transition and continuity of care strategies after hospital discharge, in addition to demonstrating the possibility of developing open educational resources, with free or low-cost resources.

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using a low transition temperature mixture and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides in urine samples.

Biomonitoring is a potent tool to control the health risk of people occupationally and non-occupationally exposed. The latest trend in bioanalytical chemistry is to develop quick, cheap, easy, safe and reliable green analytical procedures to analyse a large number of chemicals in easily accessible biomatrices such as urine. In this paper, a new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure, conceived to treat urine samples and based on the use of a low transition temperature mixture (LTTM), was developed and validated to analyse twenty pesticides commonly used in farm practises. The LTTM was composed of choline chloride and sesamol in molar ratio 1:3 (ChCl:Ses 1:3); its characterization via differential scanning calorimetry identified it as an LTTM and not as a deep eutectic solvent due to the occurrence of a glass transition at -71 °C. The prepared mixture was used as the extraction solvent in the DLLME procedure, while ethyl acetate as the dispersing solvent. The salting out effect (50 mg mL-1 of NaCl in a diluted urine sample) improved the separation phase and the analyte transfer to the extractant. Due to the high ionic strength and despite the density of ChCl:Ses 1:3 (1.25 g mL-1), the LTTM layer floated on the top of the sample solution after centrifugation. All extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. After optimization and validation of the whole method, lower limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.02 - 0.76 µg  L-1. Extraction recoveries spanned from 50 to 101 % depending on the spike level and analytes. Precision and accuracy ranges were 3-18% and 5-20%, respectively. The extraction procedure was also compared with other methods, showing to be advantageous for rapidity, simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Finally, urine samples from ten volunteers were effectively analysed using the developed method.

Estratégias de transição para alta hospitalar utilizadas por enfermeiros: revisão integrativa / Transition strategies for hospital discharge used by nurses: integrative review / Estrategias de transición para el alta hospitalaria utilizadas por los enfermeros: revisión integradora

Objetivo: identificar estratégias de transição do cuidado na alta hospitalar, utilizadas por enfermeiros para o fortalecimento da continuidade do cuidado, disponíveis na literatura científica. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, que incluiu estudos completos, tendo como referência as estratégias "care transition" OR "Continuity of Patient Care" OR "care continuity" AND nurse para as bases de dados BVS, PubMed, SCOPUS e WoS e "care transition" OR "care continuity" AND nurse para CINAHL, publicados em inglês, espanhol ou português, entre 2016 e 2020, que responderam à questão de revisão. Resultados: foram selecionados 23 artigos, e as estratégias de transição do cuidado para a alta hospitalar usadas por enfermeiros para o fortalecimento do cuidado foram educação em saúde, reconciliação medicamentosa, telemonitoramento, planejamento da alta, contrarreferência e visita domiciliar. Conclusão: o enfermeiro é responsável pelo desenvolvimento de estratégias de transição interconectadas para o fortalecimento do cuidado, desenvolvendo ações diversificadas que qualificam a atenção.

Objective: to identify strategies for the transition of care at hospital discharge, used by nurses to strengthen the continuity of care, available in the scientific literature. Method: integrative review of the literature, which included complete studies, based on the strategies "care transition" OR "Continuity of Patient Care" OR "care continuity" AND nurse for the databases VHL, PubMed, SCOPUS and WoS and "care transition" OR "care continuity" AND nurse for CINAHL, published in English, Spanish or Portuguese, between 2016 and 2020, which answered the review question. Results: 23 articles were selected, and the strategies for transition from care to hospital discharge used by nurses to strengthen care were health education, drug reconciliation, telemonitoring, discharge planning, counter-referral and home visit. Conclusion: nurses are responsible for developing interconnected transition strategies to strengthen care, developing diversified actions that qualify attention.

Objetivo: identificar estrategias para la transición de la atención al alta hospitalaria, utilizadas por los enfermeros para fortalecer la continuidad de la atención, disponibles en la literatura científica. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura, que incluyó estudios completos, basados en las estrategias "care transition" OR "Continuity of Patient Care" OR "care continuity" AND "nurse" para las bases de datos BVS, PubMed, SCOPUS y WoS y "care transition" OR "care continuity" AND "nurse" para CINAHL, publicada en inglés, español o portugués, entre 2016 y 2020, que respondió a la pregunta de la revisión. Resultados: se seleccionaron 23 artículos, y las estrategias para la transición de la atención al alta hospitalaria utilizadas por los enfermeros para fortalecer la atención fueron la educación para la salud, la conciliación de medicamentos, la telemonitorización, la planificación del alta, la contrarreferencia y la visita domiciliaria. Conclusión: los enfermeros son responsables de desarrollar estrategias de transición interconectadas para fortalecer el cuidado, desarrollando acciones diversificadas que califiquen la atención.

Distributional patterns of Aptian-Albian paleoichthyofauna of Brazil and Africa based on Track Analysis.

The Aptian-Albian paleoichthyofauna in Brazil and Africa is quite diverse, yet their geographic patterns still require accounts. This work consists of a panbiogeographical analysis of paleoichthyofauna from Aptian-Albian through track analysis. Geographic coordinates were obtained and converted into paleocoordinates. Individual Tracks (ITs) and Generalized Tracks (GTs) were built with the aid of ArcView GIS v3.2 program using Trazos2004 extension. As a result, four GTs and tree Biogeographic Nodes (A, B and C) had been identified. GTs 1 and 2 shows two different faunas. GT3 indicates similarity between Brazil and Africa paleoichthyofauna suggesting the break-up of Gondwana as the event that separated it. GT4 represents a probable local seaway produced by transgressions. In the Node A a unique fauna was found indicating the presence of a third biota with its own characteristics. Node B is associated with the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana. Node C was related to fauna exchange promoted by marine ingression and epicontinental seas that occurred during Aptian-Albian. We concluded that there is a relationship between the distributional patterns of biota and events such as the break-up of Gondwana, the formation of Atlantic Ocean and eustatic movements that affected South America and Africa.

SGA Children in Pediatric Primary Care: What Is the Best Choice, Large or Small? A 10-Year Prospective Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidences suggest a strong association between low birth weight and some diseases in adult life ( hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases).Aim of this study was to evaluate the obesity/overweight prevalence in a population of children born small for gestation age, SGA children 400, 208 males and 192 females compared to a population of children born appropriate for gestational age 6818 AGA children, 3502 males and 3316 females, during childhood. Our intention was also to build the natural history of weight gain during prepubertal age in children born SGA and AGA. DESIGN AND METHODS: Observational prospective longitudinal study. We followed our patients from January2001 up to December 2010; weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated in all the SGA and AGA children. BMI z-score range for defining overweight and obesity was, respectively, 1.13 to 1.7 and >1.7 according to CDC growth charts. RESULTS: In transversal evaluation, we prove that 10-year-old SGA females are twice obese and more overweight compared to equal age AGA females. In longitudinal evaluation, we highlight different observations: SGA children obese at 2 years are still obese at 10 years; the number of obese SGA children increases gradually until the age of 10; AGA children, appear to be less obese than SGA children at 10 years. CONCLUSION: SGA males and females are more obese at 5 and 10 years compared to the AGA population. Primary care pediatricians, through early detection of the children at risk, can carry out an effective obesity prevention project in SGA children.

Atolchelys lepida, a new side-necked turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil and the age of crown Pleurodira.

We report a new pleurodiran turtle from the Barremian Morro do Chaves Formation, Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil. We tested the phylogenetic position of Atolchelys lepida gen. et sp. nov. by including it in a comprehensive cladistic analysis of pleurodires. The new species is a basal member of Bothremydidae and simultaneously the oldest unambiguous crown Pleurodira. The biogeographic and chronostratigraphic significance of the finding has implications for the calibration of molecular clocks studies by pushing back the minimum age of crown Pleurodira by more than 12 Ma (ca 125 Ma). The reanalysis of Pelomedusoides relationships provides evidence that the early evolution and relationships among the main lineages of side-necked turtles can be explained, at least partially, by a sequence of vicariance events.

Distributional patterns of Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia).

Mawsoniidae are a fossil family of actinistian fish popularly known as coelacanths, which are found in continental and marine paleoenvironments. The taxon is considered monophyletic, including five valid genera (Axelrodichthys, Chinlea, Diplurus, Mawsonia and Parnaibaia) and 11 genera with some taxonomical controversy (Alcoveria, Changxingia, Garnbergia, Heptanema, Indocoelacanthus, Libys, Lualabaea, Megalocoelacanthus, Moenkopia, Rhipis and Trachymetopon). The genera restricted to the Northern Hemisphere (Diplurus and Chinlea) possess the oldest records (Late Triassic), whereas those found in the Southern Hemisphere (Mawsonia, Axelrodichthys, and Parnaibaia) extend from Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, especially in Brazil and Africa. We identified distributional patterns of Mawsoniidae, applying the panbiogeographical method of track analysis, and obtained three generalized tracks (GTs): GT1 (Northeastern Newark) in strata of the Newark Group (Upper Triassic); GT2 (Midwestern Gondwana) in the Lualaba Formation (Upper Jurassic); and GT3 (Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana) in the Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana formations (Lower Cretaceous). The origin of Mawsoniidae can be dated to at least Late Triassic of Pangaea. The tectonic events related to the breakup of Pangaea and Gondwana and the evolution of the oceans are suggested as the vicariant events modeling the distribution of this taxon throughout the Mesozoic.

Distributional patterns of herbivore megamammals during the Late Pleistocene of South America.

The geographic distribution of 27 species of the South American megafauna of herbivore mammals during the Late Pleistocene was analyzed in order to identify their distributional patterns. The distribution of the species was studied using the panbiogeographical method of track analysis. Six generalized tracks (GTs) and two biogeographic nodes were obtained. The GTs did not completely superpose with the areas of open savanna present in Pleistocene, nor with the biotic tracks of some arthropods typical of arid climate, indicating that these animals avoided arid environment. Overall, the GTs coincided with some biogeographic provinces defined on the basis of living taxa, indicating that certain current distributional patterns already existed in Pleistocene. The biogeographic nodes coincided with the borders between the main vegetal formations of the Pleistocene, showing that the type of vegetation had great influence in the distribution of the mammalian megafauna. The node 1 confirmed the existence of contact zones between paleobiogeographic regions near Argentina-Uruguay border. The node 2 connects the Brazilian Intertropical regions.

Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei.

Enchodontoidei are extinct marine teleost fishes with a long temporal range and a wide geographic distribution. As there has been no comprehensive phylogenetic study of this taxon, we performed a parsimony analysis using a data matrix with 87 characters, 31 terminal taxa for ingroup, and three taxa for outgroup. The analysis produced 93 equally parsimonious trees (L = 437 steps; CI = 0. 24; RI = 0. 49). The topology of the majority rule consensus tree was: (Sardinioides + Hemisaurida + (Nardorex + (Atolvorator + (Protostomias + Yabrudichthys ) + (Apateopholis + (Serrilepis + (Halec + Phylactocephalus ) + (Cimolichthys + (Prionolepis + ( (Eurypholis + Saurorhamphus ) + (Enchodus + (Paleolycus + Parenchodus ))))))) + ( (Ichthyotringa + Apateodus ) + (Rharbichthys + (Trachinocephalus + ( (Apuliadercetis + Brazilodercetis ) + (Benthesikyme + (Cyranichthys + Robertichthys ) + (Dercetis + Ophidercetis )) + (Caudadercetis + (Pelargorhynchus + (Nardodercetis + (Rhynchodercetis + (Dercetoides + Hastichthys )))))). The group Enchodontoidei is not monophyletic. Dercetidae form a clade supported by the presence of very reduced neural spines and possess a new composition. Enchodontidae are monophyletic by the presence of middorsal scutes, and Rharbichthys was excluded. Halecidae possess a new composition, with the exclusion of Hemisaurida. This taxon and Nardorex are Aulopiformes incertae sedis.

Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)

Enchodontoidei are extinct marine teleost fishes with a long temporal range and a wide geographic distribution. As there has been no comprehensive phylogenetic study of this taxon, we performed a parsimony analysis using a data matrix with 87 characters, 31 terminal taxa for ingroup, and three taxa for outgroup. The analysis produced 93 equally parsimonious trees (L = 437 steps; CI = 0. 24; RI = 0. 49). The topology of the majority rule consensus tree was: (Sardinioides + Hemisaurida + (Nardorex + (Atolvorator + (Protostomias + Yabrudichthys ) + (Apateopholis + (Serrilepis + (Halec + Phylactocephalus ) + (Cimolichthys + (Prionolepis + ( (Eurypholis + Saurorhamphus ) + (Enchodus + (Paleolycus + Parenchodus ))))))) + ( (Ichthyotringa + Apateodus ) + (Rharbichthys + (Trachinocephalus + ( (Apuliadercetis + Brazilodercetis ) + (Benthesikyme + (Cyranichthys + Robertichthys ) + (Dercetis + Ophidercetis )) + (Caudadercetis + (Pelargorhynchus + (Nardodercetis + (Rhynchodercetis + (Dercetoides + Hastichthys )))))). The group Enchodontoidei is not monophyletic. Dercetidae form a clade supported by the presence of very reduced neural spines and possess a new composition. Enchodontidae are monophyletic by the presence of middorsal scutes, and Rharbichthys was excluded. Halecidae possess a new composition, with the exclusion of Hemisaurida. This taxon and Nardorex are Aulopiformes incertae sedis.

Os Enchodontoidei são peixes teleósteos marinhos extintos, com uma longa amplitude temporal e uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Tendo em vista que não há nenhuma proposta ampla para a filogenia deste táxon, foi realizada uma aná lise de parcimônia com base numa matriz de dados de 87 caracteres, 31 táxons terminais no grupo interno, e três táxons no grupo externo. Como resultado da análise, foram obtidas 93 árvores igualmente parcimoniosas (L = 437 passos; CI = 0,24; RI = 0,49). O consenso de maioria é representado pela seguinte topologia: (Sardinioides + Hemisaurida + (Nardorex + (Atolvorator + (Protostomias + Yabrudichthys ) + (Apateopholis + (Serrilepis + (Halec + Phylactocephalus ) + (Cimolichthys + (Prionolepis + ( (Eurypholis + Saurorhamphus ) + (Enchodus + (Paleolycus + Parenchodus ))))))) + ( (Ichthyotringa + Apateodus ) + (Rharbichthys + (Trachinocephalus + ( (Apuliadercetis + Brazilodercetis ) + (Benthesikyme + (Cyranichthys + Robertichthys ) + (Dercetis + Ophidercetis )) + (Caudadercetis + (Pelargorhynchus + (Nardodercetis + (Rhynchodercetis + (Dercetoides + Hastichthys )))))). O grupo Enchodontoidei não é monofilético. Os Dercetidae formam um clado suportado pela presença de espinhos neurais muito reduzidos e possuem uma nova composição. Os Enchodontidae são um grupo monofilético, devido à presença de escudos no dorso, e Rharbichthys foi excluído do clado. Os Halecidae possuem uma nova composição, com a exclusão de Hemisaurida. Este táxon e Nardorex são Aulopiformes incertae sedis.

Comparison of the effectiveness of solid-phase and ultrasound-mediated liquid-liquid extractions to determine the volatile compounds of wine.

Two ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (LLE-I, LLE-II) methods were compared to a solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocol to assess their effectiveness for the analysis of up to 44 volatile compounds in a synthetic and several commercial white, red and "cream" wines produced in the southwest of Spain. Regardless of the extraction protocol used the highest recoveries corresponded to acids and terpene alcohols and the lowest to lactones and alcohols. In any case, it was concluded that one of the liquid-liquid extraction protocols evaluated led to higher recoveries for a greater number of odorants that could be implicated in the aroma of the wines than the solid-phase extraction. However, the SPE method also presented some advantages that should not be overlooked, like higher repeatability and throughput and lower solvent consumption.