RESUMO
The 'Safe Sun' program had the goal of increasing patrons' and lifeguards' skin-protective behaviors and involved informational, prompting, feedback and goal-setting and incentive components coupled with pool lifeguards modeling protective behaviors such as wearing shirts, hats and sunglasses or staying in shaded areas. During two phases of a project involving 27 pools, it was found that while the program increased patrons' and lifeguards' protective behaviors, the largest changes were found at one pool where lifeguards were required to participate in the program. Patrons' protective behaviors at this pool increased from 30.7 percent to 52 percent, and lifeguards' protective behaviors increased from 40.8 percent to 95.7 percent. Social marketing, environmental change and institutionalization processes are needed to make skin-cancer prevention programs more effective.
RESUMO
Life stress during early adolescence has been linked to substance use. Few studies have investigated whether the amount of control the child has over stress moderates this relationship even though the role of personal control is of increasing theoretical importance. Relationships between controllable and uncontrollable life stress and substance use were investigated in 303 urban, African-American fourth and fifth graders (152 males, 151 females). Controllable life stress contributed to six regression equations predicting children's substance use both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, even when selected demographic and personal variables were controlled. Evidence supporting a similar role for uncontrollable life stress was not found.
Assuntos
Controle Interno-Externo , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Criança , Comportamento de Escolha , District of Columbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Regressão , Estudos de Amostragem , Fumar/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Saúde da População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Though AIDS education in schools reaches many adolescents, the incidence of adolescent HIV infection has risen dramatically. Reasons for failure to properly educate adolescents include not educating children prior to adolescence and neglecting to assess and address children's varying levels of cognitive development when designing AIDS education programs. Citing examples from a study of more than 600 elementary-age schoolchildren, this paper focuses on the importance of assessing children's understanding of disease processes rather than accepting their use of key phrases in appropriate contexts as reflecting knowledge, and using the level at which they understand disease processes rather than age as the primary determinant of students' readiness for comprehending AIDS-related concepts. Guidelines for assessing how well children understand disease processes, including use of nonleading probes, are presented.
