Análisis Matemático no Lineal Relacionado a un Modelo de Insulina-Células Pancreáticas en Presencia de Epinefrina / Nonlinear Mathematical Analysis based on an Insulin-Pancreatic Cells Model in the Presence of Epinephrine

Resumen En este trabajo se estudia un modelo de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias no lineales que describe la relación entre la masa de células β y la secreción de epinefrina. Se analiza el impacto del estrés asociado como causante de incremento de los niveles de glucosa en el organismo. El análisis matemático se fundamenta en la aplicación de la teoría de control no lineal para definir la capacidad de carga máxima para cada variable de estado, estableciendo un dominio invariante positivo acotado a través del método de Localización de Conjuntos Compactos Invariantes (LCCI). El objetivo es determinar los efectos asociados a la secreción de epinefrina en el aumento de los niveles de glucosa en sangre; por lo tanto, los resultados de este análisis ayudan a definir las condiciones necesarias y suficientes en las que la epinefrina eleva los niveles de insulina y glucosa en presencia de células β. El interés por estudiar este tipo de enfermedades se enfoca en la búsqueda de un tratamiento o un análisis que garantice un control completo de los niveles de glucosa. El desarrollo y análisis matemático de este trabajo fortalece la investigación vigente de diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente entorno a factores críticos de epinefrina que implican un incremento de glucosa en el organismo.

Abstract In this work, a nonlinear model is studied based on ordinary differential equations that describe the relationship between the mass of β cells and the secretion of epinephrine. It analyzes the impact of stress associated with the cause of increased blood pressure and glucose levels in the body. The mathematical analysis is based on the appliance of the nonlinear control theory to define the maximum load capacity for each state variable, establishing a bounded positive invariant domain through the Localization of Compact Invariants Sets (LCIS) method. The objective is to determine the effects of epinephrine secretion on the increase of blood glucose levels; therefore, this analysis's results define the necessary and sufficient conditions in which epinephrine raises insulin and glucose levels in the presence of β cells. The interest in studying this type of disease focuses on searching for a treatment or an analysis that guarantees complete control of glucose levels. This work's development and mathematical analysis strengthen current research on insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus around critical epinephrine factors that imply an increase in glucose in the body.

Enhancing pectin extraction from orange peel through citric acid-assisted optimization based on a dual response.

Pectin is widely used in several products in the industry. Conventionally, strong and harmful acids are used for its extraction. This study optimized the extraction of orange peel's pectin using citric acid, considering yield and degree of esterification (DE) as response variables. Proximal analyses were performed, and the samples were subjected to a Box-Behnken design on three central points, considering as variables the temperature, time, and pH. The results of proximate analyses of the orange peels revealed 11.76 % moisture content, 87.26 % volatiles, 0.09 % ash, 50.45 % soluble carbohydrates, 70.60 % total carbohydrates, 0.89 % fixed carbon, 5.35 % lipids, and 36.75 mg GAE/g of phenolic compounds. The resulting second-order polynomial model described the relation of the input and output variables related to each other. The best performance to obtain a higher yield (18.18 %) of high methoxyl pectin (DE 50 %) was set at 100 °C/30 min/pH 2.48. Pectin showed antioxidant properties by ABTS and DPPH assays and similar thermal properties to the commercial polymer. Its equivalent weight was 1219.51 mol/g, and the methoxyl and anhydrouronic acid were 2.23 and 67.10 %, respectively. Hence, pectin extraction with citric acid results in a high-quality polymer and could be used as a gelling agent, stabilizer, or texturizer in food products.

Policymakers' perspective on the importance of procedural fairness to implement and sustain health financing reforms.

Fair process is instrumental to implementing and sustaining health financing reforms. Ensuring a fair process during the design and adoption phases can garner political capital and secure a sense of citizens' ownership. This will prove useful when reforms are contested before benefits are yet to be fully materialized. Since many well devised health financing reforms are vulnerable to being dismantled after a few years of being launched, fair process should play a more strategic role in the implementation and evaluation phases when policies get challenged and reformulated to reflect the changing political and socioeconomic landscapes and to better manage early evidence on performance.

Microalgae-Based Biotechnology as Alternative Biofertilizers for Soil Enhancement and Carbon Footprint Reduction: Advantages and Implications.

Due to the constant growth of the human population and anthropological activity, it has become necessary to use sustainable and affordable technologies that satisfy the current and future demand for agricultural products. Since the nutrients available to plants in the soil are limited and the need to increase the yields of the crops is desirable, the use of chemical (inorganic or NPK) fertilizers has been widespread over the last decades, causing a nutrient shortage due to their misuse and exploitation, and because of the uncontrolled use of these products, there has been a latent environmental and health problem globally. For this reason, green biotechnology based on the use of microalgae biomass is proposed as a sustainable alternative for development and use as soil improvers for crop cultivation and phytoremediation. This review explores the long-term risks of using chemical fertilizers for both human health (cancer and hypoxia) and the environment (eutrophication and erosion), as well as the potential of microalgae biomass to substitute current fertilizer using different treatments on the biomass and their application methods for the implementation on the soil; additionally, the biomass can be a source of carbon mitigation and wastewater treatment in agro-industrial processes.

Photolyase Production and Current Applications: A Review.

The photolyase family consists of flavoproteins with enzyme activity able to repair ultraviolet light radiation damage by photoreactivation. DNA damage by the formation of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and a pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct can lead to multiple affections such as cellular apoptosis and mutagenesis that can evolve into skin cancer. The development of integrated applications to prevent the negative effects of prolonged sunlight exposure, usually during outdoor activities, is imperative. This study presents the functions, characteristics, and types of photolyases, their therapeutic and cosmetic applications, and additionally explores some photolyase-producing microorganisms and drug delivery systems.

Microalgae Bioactive Compounds to Topical Applications Products-A Review.

Microalgae are complex photosynthetic organisms found in marine and freshwater environments that produce valuable metabolites. Microalgae-derived metabolites have gained remarkable attention in different industrial biotechnological processes and pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to their multiple properties, including antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, phycoimmunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These properties are recognized as promising components for state-of-the-art cosmetics and cosmeceutical formulations. Efforts are being made to develop natural, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly products that replace synthetic products. This review summarizes some potential cosmeceutical applications of microalgae-derived biomolecules, their mechanisms of action, and extraction methods.

Towards a Circular Economy of Plastics: An Evaluation of the Systematic Transition to a New Generation of Bioplastics.

Plastics have become an essential part of the modern world thanks to their appealing physical and chemical properties as well as their low production cost. The most common type of polymers used for plastic account for 90% of the total production and are made from petroleum-based nonrenewable resources. Concerns over the sustainability of the current production model and the environmental implications of traditional plastics have fueled the demand for greener formulations and alternatives. In the last decade, new plastics manufactured from renewable sources and biological processes have emerged from research and have been established as a commercially viable solution with less adverse effects. Nevertheless, economic and legislative challenges for biobased plastics hinder their widespread implementation. This review summarizes the history of plastics over the last century, including the most relevant bioplastics and production methods, the environmental impact and mitigation of the adverse effects of conventional and emerging plastics, and the regulatory landscape that renewable and recyclable bioplastics face to reach a sustainable future.

Mutualistic interaction of aphids and ants in pepper, Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutenscens (Solanaceae) / Interacción mutualista de pulgones y hormigas en pimiento, Capsicum annuum y Capsicum frutenscens (Solanaceae)

Abstract Introduction: Adequate biological identification is fundamental for establishing integrated pest management programs and identifying the trophic and mutualist relationships that can affect pest population dynamics. Aphids are the main pest of pepper Capsicum spp. (Solanaceae) crops in Southwestern Colombia, due to their role as vectors of viruses. However, the identification of aphid species is complex, limiting the investigations performed to address their interactions with other organisms. Ants and aphids present a facultative mutualistic relationship, that promotes the growth of hemipteran colonies, for this reason, the study of the ecological mutualistic association between aphids and ants is important. Objective: The main objective was to discriminate the aphid species present in commercial crops of Capsicum spp., and to identify the ant community that attends the aphid colonies and its effects on the size of the aphid colonies. Methods: Aphid species, and their ant mutualist, were collected from Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens, in the Cauca valley, Southwestern Colombia. We used the DNA barcoding approach to identify aphid species, and the ants were identified by morphology-based taxonomy. To evaluate the effect of ant care on the size and structure of aphid colonies, generalized linear models were calculated using as the response variables the total number of aphids for each colony and the proportion of nymphs. Results: The aphid species that attack pepper crops, are: Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with A. gossypii being the species that interacts with ants (19 ant species). A. gossypii colonies attended by ants had larger sizes and more nymphs per colony, than those not attended. Conclusions: Although the aphid-ant interaction is not species-specific, it is necessary to consider its role in the propagation of viral diseases in peppers and to determine how this interaction may affect regional biological control strategies.

Resumen Introducción: La adecuada identificación biológica es fundamental para establecer programas de manejo integrado de plagas e identificar las relaciones tróficas y mutualistas que pueden afectar la dinámica poblacional de insectos plaga. Los áfidos son las principales plagas del ají Capsicum spp. (Solanaceae) en el suroccidente colombiano, debido a su rol como vectores de virus. Sin embargo, su identificación es compleja, y limita las investigaciones que intentan revelar sus interacciones con otros organismos. Las hormigas y los áfidos presentan una relación mutualista facultativa, que promueve el crecimiento de las colonias de los hemípteros, por esta razón, el estudio de la asociación ecológica y mutualista entre áfidos y hormigas es importante. Objetivo: El principal objetivo de esta investigación fue discriminar las especies de áfidos presentes en cultivos comerciales de Capsicum spp., e identificar la comunidad de hormigas que atiende las colonias de áfidos y su efecto en el tamaño de las colonias de áfidos. Métodos: Los áfidos, y las hormigas mutualistas de estos áfidos, se recolectaron de Capsicum annuum y Capsicum frutescens, en el valle del rio Cauca, en el suroccidente colombiano. Se empleó el Código de barras del ADN para identificar las especies de áfidos, y las hormigas se identificaron empleando taxonomía basada en morfología. Para evaluar el efecto que tiene el cuidado de las hormigas sobre el tamaño de las colonias de áfidos, se empleó un modelo lineal generalizado, utilizando como variables de respuesta el número total de áfidos por cada colonia y la proporción de ninfas por colonia. Resultados: Las especies de áfidos que atacan los cultivos de ají, son: Aphis gossypii y Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), siendo A. gossypii la especie que interactúa con hormigas (19 especies). Las colonias de A. gossypii atendidas por hormigas presentan mayor tamaño y número de ninfas, que aquellas desatendidas. Conclusiones: Aunque la interacción áfido-hormiga no es especie específica, es necesario considerar su rol en la propagación de enfermedades virales en plantas cultivadas y determinar cómo esta interacción puede afectar la implementación de estrategias de control biológico.

Atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el PMC: Experiencias del cuidador primario / Nursing care before the death of the child in the PMC: Experiences of the primary caregiver

Introducción: El miembro de la familia que asumió la responsabilidad total del cuidado de las necesidades del niño dentro del Programa Madre Canguro como cuidador primario vivencia un duelo desautorizado cuando el niño muere. La expresión del duelo se ve limitada por el mismo, la familia y la sociedad, incluyendo al sector salud, pues la muerte del niño no es reconocida ni apoyada abiertamente a pesar de ser una situación triste e inesperada. En este sentido, el cuidado de enfermería durante la hospitalización del niño, su muerte, y el proceso de duelo en el hogar no siempre responde a las necesidades y expectativas del cuidador primario. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro en la ciudad de Bogotá, 2019. Diseño: Investigación cualitativa de tipo fenomenológica descriptiva. Los datos se recolectaron mediante entrevistas a profundidad a seis cuidadores primarios. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas textualmente, y posteriormente analizadas manualmente mediante el método de Colaizzi. Resultados: La experiencia del cuidador primario se describe en la categoría central Proteger y transformar el vínculo cuidador-niño: un reto para la atención de enfermería en duelo y en los temas desempeñar el rol de cuidador en la unidad fue complejo; enfrentar la muerte fue impactante; afrontar la ausencia fue doloroso; preservar la memoria fue necesario; y aprender del proceso de duelo fue avanzar. Conclusión: La experiencia del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro se describe como la necesidad de cuidado de enfermería al niño y el cuidador, y el deseo de la participación de enfermería desde el periodo de hospitalización, momento de la muerte y hasta proceso de duelo en el hogar. La atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el P.M.C puede mejorar al centrarse en las expectativas y necesidades del cuidador primario. La experiencia de los cuidadores primarios comparte elementos comunes a pesar de ser una vivencia única y personal.

Introduction: The family member who assumed full responsibility of the child's needs in the Mother Kangaroo Program as the primary caregiver experienced a disenfranchised grief when the child died. The expression of bereavement is limited by himself, the family and society, including the health sector; since the death of the infant is not openly recognized or supported despite being a sad and unexpected event. In this sense, nursing care during the child's hospitalization, death, and the bereavement process at home doesn't always respond to primary caregiver needs and expectations. Objective: To describe the primary caregiver's experiences regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Kangaroo Mother Program in Bogotá (Colombia), 2019. Design: Qualitative research using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with six primary caregivers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and later analyzed manually using Colaizzi's method. Outcomes: The primary caregiver's experience is described in the main category Protecting and Transforming the Caregiver-Child Bond: A Challenge for Bereavement Nursing Care. Five themes expressed this phenomenon: Playing the caregiver role in the unit was complex; facing death was shocking; coping with absence was painful; preserving memory was necessary; and learning from the bereavement process was moving forward. Conclusion: The primary caregiver's experience regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Mother Kangaroo Program is described as the need for nursing care not only for the childbut also for the caregiver. In addition, caregivers express a need for nursing care participation from the hospitalization period to the moment of death, and even to the bereavement process at home. Nursing care when a child's death in the P.M.C. can be improved by focusing on the primary caregiver's expectations and needs. The primary caregiver's experience shares common elements despite being a unique and personal experience.

Atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el P. M. C: Experiencias del cuidador primario / Nursing care before the death of the child in the P. M. C: Experiences of the primary caregiver

Introducción: El miembro de la familia que asumió la responsabilidad total del cuidado de las necesidades del niño dentro del Programa Madre Canguro como cuidador primario vivencia un duelo desautorizado cuando el niño muere. La expresión del duelo se ve limitada por el mismo, la familia y la sociedad, incluyendo al sector salud, pues la muerte del niño no es reconocida ni apoyada abiertamente a pesar de ser una situación triste e inesperada. En este sentido, el cuidado de enfermería durante la hospitalización del niño, su muerte, y el proceso de duelo en el hogar no siempre responde a las necesidades y expectativas del cuidador primario. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro en la ciudad de Bogotá, 2019. Diseño: Investigación cualitativa de tipo fenomenológica descriptiva. Los datos se recolectaron mediante entrevistas a profundidad a seis cuidadores primarios. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas textualmente, y posteriormente analizadas manualmente mediante el método de Colaizzi. Resultados: La experiencia del cuidador primario se describe en la categoría central Proteger y transformar el vínculo cuidador-niño: un reto para la atención de enfermería en duelo y en los temas desempeñar el rol de cuidador en la unidad fue complejo; enfrentar la muerte fue impactante; afrontar la ausencia fue doloroso; preservar la memoria fue necesario; y aprender del proceso de duelo fue avanzar. Conclusión: La experiencia del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro se describe como la necesidad de cuidado de enfermería al niño y el cuidador, y el deseo de la participación de enfermería desde el periodo de hospitalización, momento de la muerte y hasta proceso de duelo en el hogar. La atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el P.M.C puede mejorar al centrarse en las expectativas y necesidades del cuidador primario. La experiencia de los cuidadores primarios comparte elementos comunes a pesar de ser una vivencia única y personal

Introduction: The family member who assumed full responsibility of the child's needs in the Mother Kangaroo Program as the primary caregiver experienced a disenfranchised grief when the child died. The expression of bereavement is limited by himself, the family and society, including the health sector; since the death of the infant is not openly recognized or supported despite being a sad and unexpected event. In this sense, nursing care during the child's hospitalization, death, and the bereavement process at home doesn't always respond to primary caregiver needs and expectations. Objective: To describe the primary caregiver's experiences regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Kangaroo Mother Program in Bogotá (Colombia), 2019. Design: Qualitative research using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with six primary caregivers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and later analyzed manually using Colaizzi's method. Outcomes: The primary caregiver's experience is described in the main category Protecting and Transforming the Caregiver-Child Bond: A Challenge for Bereavement Nursing Care. Five themes expressed this phenomenon: Playing the caregiver role in the unit was complex; facing death was shocking; coping with absence was painful; preserving memory was necessary; and learning from the bereavement process was moving forward. Conclusion: The primary caregiver's experience regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Mother Kangaroo Program is described as the need for nursing care not only for the childbut also for the caregiver. In addition, caregivers express a need for nursing care participation from the hospitalization period to the moment of death, and even to the bereavement process at home. Nursing care when a child's death in the P.M.C. can be improved by focusing on the primary caregiver's expectations and needs. The primary caregiver's experience shares common elements despite being a unique and personal experience

Bacterial communities of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from pepper crops (Capsicum sp.).

Insects harbor a wide variety of microorganisms that form complex and changing communities and play an important role in the biology and evolution of their hosts. Aphids have been used as model organisms to study microorganism-insect interactions. Almost all aphids are infected with the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola and can host different bacteria that allow them to acquire traits of agronomic importance, such as resistance to high temperatures and/or defense against natural enemies. However, the bacterial communities of most aphid species remain poorly characterized. In this study, we used high-throughput DNA sequencing to characterize the bacterial communities of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae from two cultivable pepper species, Capsicum frutescens (Tabasco variety) and C. annuum (Cayenne variety), in four localities of southwestern Colombia. In addition, we evaluated the dynamics of A. gossypii-associated microorganisms on a seasonal basis. Our results show that the bacterial communities of A. gossypii and M. persicae are dominated by the primary endosymbiont B. aphidicola, while the presence of the facultative symbiont Arsenophonus sp. was only detected in one A. gossypii population from cayenne pepper. In addition to these two known symbionts, eight bacterial OTUs were identified that presented a frequency of 1% or more in at least one of the analyzed populations. The results show that the bacterial communities of aphids associated with pepper crops appears to be structured according to the host aphid species and the geographical location, while no differences were observed in the diversity of bacteria between host plants. Finally, the diversity and abundance of the A. gossypii bacterial community was variable among the four sampling points evaluated over the year and showed a relation with the aphid's population dynamics. This study represents the first approach to the knowledge of the bacterial community present in chili pepper aphids from Colombia. Nevertheless, more in-depth studies, including replicates, are required to confirm the patterns observed in the microbial communities of aphids from pepper crops.

Desarrollo y validación de un método verde para la extracion y cuantificación de residuos de cipermetrina en tejido animal / Fevelopment and validation of green method for the extraction and quantification of cypermethrin residues in animal tissue / Desenvolvimento e validação do método verde para a extração e quantificação dos resíduos da cipermetrina no tecido animal

En este trabajo se desarrolló y validó un método simple, ambientalmente amigable y efectivo, para la extracción y cuantificación de cipermetrina en muestras de bovino (hígado, grasa perirrenal y músculo) utilizando dispersión de matriz en fase sólida (MSPD) y cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID). Diferentes parámetros del método se evaluaron, tales como el dispersante, solvente de extracción y volumen de solvente. Los mejores resultados para la extracción de cipermetrina por MSPD fueron: 0,20 g de muestra macerados con 0,80 g de silica gel y extraídos con 5,00 mL de acetona. El procedimiento propuesto fue validado mostrando comportamiento lineal en el intervalo de 10,20-400,40 µg/L (R²=0,9988). Los límites de detección y cuantificación fueron 2,00 y 5,70 µg/L respectivamente, con una desviación estándar relativa de 0,0875 (n=5). Este método permite determinar cipermetrina hasta niveles traza en muestras de tejido animal, con una recuperación de 98,96%.

In the present study a simple, effective and environmentally friendly method was developed and validated for the extraction and quantification of cypermethrin in animal tissue (meat, fat and liver) based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Different parameters of the method were evaluated, such as dispersant, extractive solvent and solvent volume. The best results for the extraction of cypermethrin by MSPD were 0.20 g of sample with 0.80 g of silica gel and 5.00 mL of acetone as eluting solvent. The proposed procedure was validated showing linear behavior in the interval of 10.20 to 400.40 µg/L (R²= 0.9988). Detection and quantification limits ranged from 2.00 and 5.70 µg/L respectively, with a standard deviation of 0.0875 (n=5). This method enables to determine cypermethrin at trace level in animal tissue samples, with a recovery of 98.96%.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido e validado um método verde para extração e quantificação de cipermetrina em amostras de fígado, gordura perirrenal e músculo em gado bovino, por meio da técnica de dispersão de matriz em fase solida (MSPD) e cromatografia de gases com detecção de ionização de chama (GC-FID). Foram avaliados diferentes parâmetros do método, como dispersante, extração com solvente e volume de solvente. Os melhores resultados para a extracção da cipermetrina por MSPD foram 0.20 g da amostra macerada com 0.80 g de gel de sílica e extraiu-se com 5.00 mL de acetona. O método proposto foi validada mostrando um comportamento linear na gama testada (10.20-400.40 µg/L) com R² de 0.9988. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram 2.00 e 5.70 µg/L, respectivamente, com um desvio padrão de 0.0875 (n = 5). O método proposto neste trabalho permitiu determinar níveis traça da cipermetrina em amostras de tecidos animai, com uma recuperação de 98.96%.