Distribution ofListeria spp., andListeria monocytogenesin micro- and small-scale meat product processing plants.

Listeriosis is a disease caused by L. monocytogenes, a relevant microorganism as a causative agent of foodborne diseases - FBD. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of Listeria spp., and L. monocytogenes in different production areas in two small plants (A and B) and two micro-food processing plants (C and D) producing meat derivatives, located in different cities of Colombia. The methodology implemented was i. The analysis of sampling points is based on a harmonised tool. ii. Four samplings in each production plant between 2019 and 2020. iii. Isolation and identification of microorganisms through conventional microbiology, a semi-automated system, molecular serotyping and clonal characterisation by ERIC-PCR. L. monocytogenes frequency in the production plants belonging to the study ranged between 5.9 and 28.6 %; for Listeria spp., plants A and D had isolated, plant A had the highest proportion, while for L. monocytogenes geno-serotypes found were: 1/2a, 1/2c, 4a-4c, 4b, 4d - 4e, with geno-serotype 4b as the most frequent. Furthermore, possible persistent isolates were detected in plant C as the feasible sources of contamination, based on failures in flow management, raw material contaminated with L. monocytogenes, lack of standardised cooking processes and transfer of the microorganism through equipment and surfaces. Finally, in three of the four production plants assayed, L. monocytogenes or Listeria spp. were present in the packaging area in some of the samples taken during the study, which calls for increased and frequent monitoring, as well as constant technical support for the control of L. monocytogenes in micro and small-scale production plants.

Cultural Adaptation, Content Validation, and Reliability of the SACS 2.0 Instrument for Colombian Spanish.

OBJECTIVE: To realize the cultural adaptation and content validation and evaluate the reliability of the SACS 2.0 instrument in Colombian Spanish. METHODS: The researchers conducted a methodological study with a quantitative approach. The adaptation process was carried out in five stages: translation, synthesis, reverse translation, evaluation by a committee of experts, and testing of the adapted version. In addition, the interobserver reliability was evaluated by four nurses who examined 210 stomas. RESULTS: All of the proposed stages were carried out successfully, and an adapted version of the instrument in Colombian Spanish was obtained. During the content validation stage, the instrument obtained a content validity index of 1. The adapted version of the test showed substantial agreement for the aspect of clarity, adequacy, and understandability. In the interobserver reliability, there was agreement in 95.7% of the evaluations for the classification of the lesions according to the quadrants (κ = 0.97-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Authors achieved a culturally adapted, valid, and reliable instrument for the evaluation and classification of peristomal skin alterations in Colombian Spanish.

Silver nanoparticles induce a non-immunogenic tumor cell death.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a form of cell death characterized by the release of danger signals required to trigger an adaptive immune response against tumor-associated antigens. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) display anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects in tumor cells, but it has not been previously studied whether AgNP act as an ICD inductor. The present study evaluated the in vitro release of calreticulin as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) associated with the cytotoxicity of AgNP and their in vivo anti-cancer effects. In vitro, mouse CT26 colon carcinoma and MCA205 fibrosarcoma cells were exposed to AgNP and then cell proliferation, adhesion, and release of calreticulin were determined. The results indicated there were time- and concentration-related anti-proliferative effects of AgNP in both the CT26 and MCA205 lines. Concurrently, changes in cell adhesion were detected mainly in the CT26 cells. Regarding DAMP detection, a significant increase in calreticulin was observed only in CT26 cells treated with doxorubicin and AgNP; however, no differences were found in the MCA205 cells. In vivo, the survival and growth of subcutaneous tumors were monitored after vaccination of mice with cell debris from tumor cells treated with AgNP or after intra-tumoral administration of AgNP to established tumors. Consequently, anti-tumoral prophylactic immunization with AgNP-dead cells failed to protect mice from tumor re-challenge; intra-tumor injection of AgNP did not induce a significant effect. In conclusion, there was a noticeable anti-tumoral effect of AgNP in vitro in both CT26 and MCA205 cell lines, accompanied by the release of calreticulin in CT26 cells. In vivo, immunization with cell debris derived from AgNP-treated tumor cells failed to induce a protective immune response in the cancer model mice. Clearly, further research is needed to determine if one could combine AgNP with other ICD inducers to improve the anti-tumor effect of these nanoparticles in vivo.

Effectiveness of topical treatment for pain control of malignant fungating wound in adults compared to systemic treatment: a systematic review protocol

Objective: To synthesize the evidence of the effectiveness of topical treatment compared to the systemic treatment for pain control in Malignant Fungating Wounds (MFWs) in adults. Introduction: Approximately 14.5% of cancer patients present MFWs due to the increased survival rate of oncology treatments, and 85% report pain in the wound. Previous systematic reviews on the subject have explored MFWs-related symptoms (bleeding, foul odor, and exudate) but without results concerning the pain. A recently published scoping review mapped 20 proposals for topical treatment of MFWs-related pain, originated in different studies designs. Currently, there is a need to carry out an effectiveness review in order to facilitate clinical evidence-based decision-making. Inclusion criteria: Quantitative studies on the effects of topical therapies for pain control in MFWs compared to systemic treatments in adult patients in English, Portuguese, and Spanish without any time limits. Studies that do not meet 70% of the methodological quality threshold will be excluded. Methods: A review of effectiveness according to the JBI methodology. The titles and abstracts of identified records will be checked for the inclusion criteria, and the selected papers will be reviewed in their entirety for their relevance to the objective. The selection of the studies will be carried out according to the defined threshold of the assessment of the methodological quality using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist instruments, and the data of interest will be extracted by two reviewers. Finally, the data synthesis will be presented in a narrative and/or statistical summary. Systematic review registration number: CRD42022351715

Impact of Antibiotics as Waste, Physical, Chemical, and Enzymatical Degradation: Use of Laccases.

The first traces of Tetracycline (TE) were detected in human skeletons from Sudan and Egypt, finding that it may be related to the diet of the time, the use of some dyes, and the use of soils loaded with microorganisms, such as Streptomyces spp., among other microorganisms capable of producing antibiotics. However, most people only recognise authors dating between 1904 and 1940, such as Ehrlich, Domagk, and Fleming. Antibiotics are the therapeutic option for countless infections treatment; unfortunately, they are the second most common group of drugs in wastewaters worldwide due to failures in industrial waste treatments (pharmaceutics, hospitals, senior residences) and their irrational use in humans and animals. The main antibiotics problem lies in delivered and non-prescribed human use, use in livestock as growth promoters, and crop cultivation as biocides (regulated activities that have not complied in some places). This practice has led to the toxicity of the environment as antibiotics generate eutrophication, water pollution, nutrient imbalance, and press antibiotic resistance. In addition, the removal of antibiotics is not a required process in global wastewater treatment standards. This review aims to raise awareness of the negative impact of antibiotics as residues and physical, chemical, and biological treatments for their degradation. We discuss the high cost of physical and chemical treatments, the risk of using chemicals that worsen the situation, and the fact that each antibiotic class can be transformed differently with each of these treatments and generate new compounds that could be more toxic than the original ones; also, we discuss the use of enzymes for antibiotic degradation, with emphasis on laccases.

Intervenciones de estilo de vida en pacientes con úlceras venosas y su asociación con la cicatrización: scoping review / Lifestyle interventions in patients with venous ulcers and their association with healing: scoping review / Intervenções de estilo de vida em pacientes com ulceras venosas e sua associação com a cicatrização: scoping review

Resumen Objetivos: identificar y describir la evidencia disponible sobre intervenciones de estilo de vida diseñadas para promover la cicatrización y prevenir la recurrencia de úlceras venosas. Métodos: scoping review guiada por el marco metodológico de Arksey y O'Malley, de estudios de intervención publicados entre los años 2008-2020 en idioma inglés, español y portugués en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library y CINAHL, utilizando las palabras clave: venous leg ulcer, lifestyle intervention, nutritional support, exercise, wound healing, recurrence. Resultados: veinte estudios fueron incluidos en la síntesis. La mayoría de las intervenciones se enfocaron en promover el ejercicio y analizar sus efectos en la cicatrización de las úlceras venosas. Solo cuatro estudios de intervención abordaron el aspecto nutricional de estos pacientes y apenas tres determinaron la recurrencia. Los hallazgos son limitados debido a la diversidad en la concepción y ejecución de las intervenciones disponibles además de las muestras pequeñas en los estudios. Conclusiones: la evidencia existente sugiere que las intervenciones que promueven la actividad física y el ejercicio podrían tener un efecto beneficioso en la cicatrización y prevención de recurrencia de úlceras venosas, sin embargo, falta una base sólida de evidencia en intervenciones de estilo de vida para estos pacientes. La investigación actual proporciona algunas ideas sobre los componentes específicos que deben considerarse al planificar tales intervenciones en el futuro.

Abstract Objectives: To identify and describe the available evidence on lifestyle interventions designed to promote healing and prevention of the recurrence of venous ulcers. Methods: Scoping review guided by the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley for intervention studies published between 2008-2020 in English, Spanish and Portuguese in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases using the keywords: venous leg ulcer, lifestyle intervention, nutritional support, exercise, wound healing, recurrence. Results: Twenty studies were included in the synthesis. Most of the interventions focused on promoting exercise and analyzing its effects on the healing of venous ulcers. Only four intervention studies addressed the nutritional aspect of these patients and only three determined recurrences. The findings are limited due to the diversity in the design and execution of the available interventions in addition to the small sample sizes in the studies. Conclusions: The existing evidence suggests that interventions that promote physical activity and exercise could have a beneficial effect on the healing and prevention of recurrence of venous ulcers. However, a solid evidence base is lacking in lifestyle interventions for these patients. Current research provides some insights into the specific components that should be considered when planning such interventions in the future.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar e descrever a evidencia disponível sobre intervenções de estilo de vida desenhadas para promover a cicatrização e prevenir a recorrência de úlceras venosas. Métodos: scoping review guiada pelo marco metodológico de Arksey y O'Malley, de estudos de intervenção publicados entre os anos 2008-2020 em idioma inglês, espanhol e português nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane Library e CINAHL, utilizando as palavras chave: venous leg ulcer, lifestyle intervention, nutritional support, exercise, wound healing, recurrence. Resultados: vinte estudos foram incluidos na síntesis. A maioria das intervenções se enfocaram em promover o exercício e analisar seus efeitos na cicatrização das úlceras venosas. Só quatro estudos de intervenção abordaram o aspeito nutricional destes pacientes e apenas três determinaram a recorrência. As descobertas são limitados devido à diversidade na concepção e execução das intervenções disponíveis além das amostras pequenas nos estudos. Conclusões: a evidencia existente sugere que as intervenções que promovem a atividade física e o exercício poderiam ter um efeito benéfico na cicatrização e prevenção de recorrência de úlceras venosas, contudo, falta uma base sólida de evidencia em intervenções de estilo de vida para estes pacientes. A pesquisa atual proporciona algumas ideias sobre os componentes específicos que devem considerar-se ao planificar tais intervenções no futuro.

Efecto de la práctica repetida del estímulo táctil kinestésico en el peso del recién nacido prematuro / Effect of the repeated practice of the kinesthetic touch stimulus in the weight of the premature newborn

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la práctica repetida del estímulo táctil kinestésico (ETK) en la curva de peso del recién nacido prematuro (RNP). Metodología: El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño cuasi experimental, realizado en una muestra de RNP (entre ≥29 y ≤35 semanas de gestación), hemodinámicamente estables, hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidado Neonatal del Hospital Simón Bolívar (Bogotá, Colombia). La muestra fue agrupada aleatoriamente; la enfermera practicó el ETK 3 veces al día (grupo experimental) y 1 vez al día (grupo control) durante 5 días consecutivos. La curva de peso y la relación peso/calorías (g.cal-1) se evaluaron mediante análisis de la varianza (ANOVA), ajuste de curva polinomial y test de la U de Mann-Whitney (p <0,05). Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 38 RNP. Se calculó el peso en función del tiempo, y el porcentaje de aumento de peso frente a curvas de tiempo de ambos grupos no mostró diferencias estadísticas (p <0,05), con una varianza (F= 3,2208; p= 0,090) y un ajuste lineal similar (r2 = 0,99; p= 5,6.10–6), pero la razón peso/calorías muestra una diferencia significativa con los valores más altos para el grupo experimental (13,69 ± 0,2 g.cal–1) frente al grupo control (13,4 ± 0,09 g.cal–1; U de Mann-Whitney, p= 0,008). Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que la práctica repetida de ETK, durante al menos 5 días 3 veces al día, promueve el equilibrio anabólico, favoreciendo un mayor aumento de peso, evaluado por la proporción peso/calorías en los RNP. (AU)

Objective: To determine the effect of repeated practice of the (ETK) on the weight curve of the premature newborn. Methodology: Quantitative approach, quasi-experimental design, sample premature infants (between ≥29 and ≤35 weeks gestation), hemodynamically stable, hospitalized in the Neonatal Care Unit of Simón Bolívar Hospital (Bogotá, Colombia). Sample randomly grouped, the nurse practiced the ETK three times a day (experimental group) and once a day (control group) for five consecutive days. The weight curve and the weight/calorie ratio (g.cal–1) were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), polynomial curve fit and Mann-Whitney U-Test (p <0.05). Results: Sample 38 premature infants. Weight as a function of time and % of weight gain vs. time curves of both groups did not show statistical differences (p <0.05) with a variance (F= 3.2208; p= 0.090) and a similar linear adjustment (r2 = 0.99; p= 5.6.10–6), but the weight/calorie ratio shows a significant difference with the highest values for the experimental group (13.69 ± 0.2 g.cal–1) versus the control group (13.4 ± 0.09 g.cal–1; Mann-Whitney U-Test p= 0.008). Conclusion:These results suggest that repeated ETK practice, for at least 5 days three times a day, promotes anabolic balance favoring a greater weight gain, evaluated by the weight/calorie ratio in premature newborns. (AU)

Analysis of the assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. Non-typhoid Salmonella in meat and meat products as model (systematic review).

BACKGROUND: The scientific publications of antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance must be precise, with interpretations adjusted to the standard. In this frame, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance is fundamental in pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., known for many annual deaths worldwide. The objective of this work was to compare the interpretation of standards, the concentrations, and the breakpoints, to study antimicrobial resistance in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from beef, pork, and chicken meat, meat products, and propose additional considerations that improve the use and usefulness of published results. RESULTS: After refining the search based on meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 48 papers were selected. In 33 (68.8%) of them, the disc diffusion method was used, in 11 (22.9%) the MIC determination method, and in 4 (8.33%) were used both. In 24 (50%) of the articles, the selection of a different (correct) standard could have had an impact on the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility, which observed when considering three scenarios, i) comparison between the year of the isolation versus the implemented standard, ii) comparison between the year of submission versus implemented standard and iii) comparison between the year of publication versus implemented standard. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent scenario was the inadequate selection of standards, indicating that some studies had not ensured that applied standards kept in line with the date of isolation, date of publication and interpretation of susceptibilities. We proposed 2 years for standards use for resistance and multi-resistance interpretations. On the other hand, we invite researchers to publish their results in the shortest possible time, and editors and reviewers of scientific journals to prioritise these types of studies and verify the correspondence between the standard cited and the one used and the one to be taken into account.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-Typhoid Salmonella in Meat and Meat Products.

Salmonella enterica serovars are associated with numerous annual deaths worldwide and are responsible for a large number of foodborne diseases. Within this frame of reference, knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibility represents the fundamental approach of most Salmonella treatments. Therefore, scientific publications of antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance must be precise, with interpretations adjusted to a particular standard. Hence, the three objectives in this study were: (i) to describe the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant isolates of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from beef, pork, chicken meat, and other meat products; (ii) to describe the distribution of serovars and their multi-resistance to antibiotics for clinical use (veterinary and human) between 1996 and 2019; and (iii) to propose additional considerations that could improve the use and usefulness of the published results. Our results determined that the predominant isolates came from poultry. Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most reported serovars by MIC (with both having the highest resistance to TET) while the lowest resistance was to CIP and CRO for Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively. The multi-resistance pattern AMP AMC CEP GEN KAN STR TET was the most frequently observed pattern by MIC in Montevideo and Seftenberg, while, for disc diffusion, the pattern AMP STR TET was the most frequent in the Bredeney serotype. In conclusion, researchers should carry out homogeneous sampling procedures, identify the types of the samples, use standard identification methods, and employ appropriate standards for antimicrobial susceptibility interpretation. Additionally, there is also a need for all WHO members to comply with the WHA 73.5 resolution. Our final recommendation is for all producers to reduce antibiotic prophylactic use.

Factores psicosociales en los pacientes con úlceras venosas y su asociación con la cicatrización / Psychosocial factors of patients with venous leg ulcers and their association with healing

Objetivo: Identificar los factores psicosociales presentes en pacientes con úlceras venosas y la evidencia disponible sobre la asociación que estos factores tienen con la curación de este tipo de heridas. Métodos: Revisión integradora de la literatura de estudios cuantitativos en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Scielo y Cochrane Library entre los años 2008 y 2019, utilizando las palabras clave, factores psicosociales, úlcera venosa, cicatrización de heridas ansiedad y depresión en idioma inglés, español y portugués. Resultados: Dieciséis estudios fueron incluidos. Los factores psicosociales presentes en los pacientes con úlceras venosas fueron depresión, ansiedad, sentimientos de impotencia, bienestar subjetivo, autoestima, soledad y espiritualidad. El estrés, una percepción negativa de la úlcera venosa, vivir solo y la experiencia severa de síntomas como dolor y depresión tienen asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con periodos más prolongados de curación. Conclusión: La depresión es uno de los factores psicológicos medido y presente con mayor frecuencia en esta población. La evidencia disponible frente a la asociación de los factores psicosociales con la curación de úlceras venosas es escasa.

Prevención de lesiones por presión: conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: Identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcer (PU) prevention. METHOD: A systematic literature review on articles published between 2008 y 2019 was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Databases were checked for the following terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese: attitude, knowledge, pressure ulcer, and nursing staff. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles with a quantitative descriptive approach were included in this review. The authors found a lack of knowledge on PU prevention among nursing staff. The nurses' attitudes were considered positive. Few studies examined the correlation between knowledge, attitude and clinical practice. CONCLUSION: There is a need for continued professional education in terms of PU prevention among nurses. Research on alternative ways to organise nursing staff's work is needed. Studying up-to-date guidelines on PU prevention on a regular basis and attending training in this subject might be beneficial to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PU prevention.

OBJETIVO: Identificar, analizar y sintetizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de lesiones por presión (LPP). MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada entre 2008 y 2019, guiada por las directrices de la declaración PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos con los siguientes términos en español, portugués e inglés: actitud, conocimiento, lesión por presión, y enfermeras y enfermeros. RESULTADOS: Un total de 33 artículos con abordaje cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo trasversal cumplió con los criterios de revisión. Los hallazgos revelaron un déficit de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre las medidas de prevención de LPP. Las actitudes fueron consideradas positivas. Pocos estudios examinaron la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y práctica de enfermería. CONCLUSIÓN: Se necesita mayor educación continuada en conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de LPP, e investigación sobre alternativas en la organización del trabajo de enfermería. La lectura de guías actualizadas de manera regular y realización de cursos de entrenamiento podrían ser estrategias beneficiosas para ejecutar en la práctica.

Prevención de lesiones por presión: conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: Identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcer (PU) prevention. METHOD: A systematic literature review on articles published between 2008 y 2019 was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Databases were checked for the following terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese: attitude, knowledge, pressure ulcer, and nursing staff. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles with a quantitative descriptive approach were included in this review. The authors found a lack of knowledge on PU prevention among nursing staff. The nurses' attitudes were considered positive. Few studies examined the correlation between knowledge, attitude and clinical practice. CONCLUSION: There is a need for continued professional education in terms of PU prevention among nurses. Research on alternative ways to organise nursing staff's work is needed. Studying up-to-date guidelines on PU prevention on a regular basis and attending training in this subject might be beneficial to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PU prevention.

OBJETIVO: Identificar, analizar y sintetizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de lesiones por presión (LPP). MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada entre 2008 y 2019, guiada por las directrices de la declaración PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos con los siguientes términos en español, portugués e inglés: actitud, conocimiento, lesión por presión, y enfermeras y enfermeros. RESULTADOS: Un total de 33 artículos con abordaje cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo trasversal cumplió con los criterios de revisión. Los hallazgos revelaron un déficit de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre las medidas de prevención de LPP. Las actitudes fueron consideradas positivas. Pocos estudios examinaron la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y práctica de enfermería. CONCLUSIÓN: Se necesita mayor educación continuada en conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de LPP, e investigación sobre alternativas en la organización del trabajo de enfermería. La lectura de guías actualizadas de manera regular y realización de cursos de entrenamiento podrían ser estrategias beneficiosas para ejecutar en la práctica.

Nursing Interventions Aimed at Persons with Venous Ulcers: an Integrative Review / Intervenciones de enfermería dirigidas a las personas con úlceras venosas: una revisión integrativa / Intervenções de Enfermagem dirigidas às pessoas com úlceras varicosas: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: This work sought to identify and describe the theoretical foundations, components, duration, delivery mode, and results of the nursing interventions aimed at persons with venous ulcers as available in the literature. Materials and method: Integrative review between 2000 and 2018 in the Pubmed, Ovidnursing, and EBSCOhost electronic databases. Results: This review includes 16 articles. Most of the interventions were of educational nature; three were developed in the community (through the Leg Club model) and the other ones were delivered by a nursing professional, face to face. The minimum time of duration for these was eight weeks, with telephone follow up. The most-common result variables were venous ulcer healing and reduction of the wound area. Conclusions: Diversity existed in relation with the components of the interventions and the results expected. Report of the interventions must be reinforced, along with the use of nursing theories that support their design.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar y describir los fundamentos teóricos, los componentes, la duración, el modo de entrega y los resultados de las intervenciones de enfermería dirigidas a personas con úlceras venosas disponibles en la literatura. Materiales y método: revisión integrativa entre los años 2000 y 2018 en las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Ovidnursing y EBSCOhost. Resultados: esta revisión incluye dieciséis artículos. En su mayoría, las intervenciones fueron de carácter educativo, tres se desarrollaron en la comunidad (bajo el modelo Leg Club) y el resto de intervenciones fueron entregadas personalmente, cara a cara, por una enfermera profesional. El tiempo mínimo de duración de aquellas fue de ocho semanas, con seguimientos telefónicos. Las variables de resultados más comunes fueron la cicatrización de la úlcera venosa y la reducción del área de la herida. Conclusiones: hubo diversidad en relación con los componentes de las intervenciones y los resultados esperados. Se debe reforzar el reporte de las intervenciones y el uso de teorías de enfermería que respalden su diseño.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar e descrever os fundamentos teóricos, os componentes, a duração, o modo de entrega e os resultados das intervenções de Enfermagem dirigidas a pessoas com úlceras varicosas disponíveis na literatura. Materiais e método: revisão integrativa entre 2000 e 2018 nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Ovidnursing e EBSCOhost. Resultados: esta revisão inclui 16 artigos. Em sua maioria, as intervenções foram de caráter educativo; três foram desenvolvidas na comunidade (com o modelo Leg Club) e o restante foi entregue pessoalmente por uma enfermeira profissional. O tempo mínimo de duração foi de oito semanas, com seguimento telefônico. As variáveis de resultados mais comuns foram a cicatrização da úlcera varicosa e a redução da área da ferida. Conclusões: houve diversidade quanto aos componentes das intervenções e dos resultados esperados. Deve-se salientar o relato das intervenções e o uso de teorias de Enfermagem que apoiem seu desenho.

Rice Genome-Scale Network Integration Reveals Transcriptional Regulators of Grass Cell Wall Synthesis.

Grasses have evolved distinct cell wall composition and patterning relative to dicotyledonous plants. However, despite the importance of this plant family, transcriptional regulation of its cell wall biosynthesis is poorly understood. To identify grass cell wall-associated transcription factors, we constructed the Rice Combined mutual Ranked Network (RCRN). The RCRN covers >90% of annotated rice (Oryza sativa) genes, is high quality, and includes most grass-specific cell wall genes, such as mixed-linkage glucan synthases and hydroxycinnamoyl acyltransferases. Comparing the RCRN and an equivalent Arabidopsis network suggests that grass orthologs of most genetically verified eudicot cell wall regulators also control this process in grasses, but some transcription factors vary significantly in network connectivity between these divergent species. Reverse genetics, yeast-one-hybrid, and protoplast-based assays reveal that OsMYB61a activates a grass-specific acyltransferase promoter, which confirms network predictions and supports grass-specific cell wall synthesis genes being incorporated into conserved regulatory circuits. In addition, 10 of 15 tested transcription factors, including six novel Wall-Associated regulators (WAP1, WACH1, WAHL1, WADH1, OsMYB13a, and OsMYB13b), alter abundance of cell wall-related transcripts when transiently expressed. The results highlight the quality of the RCRN for examining rice biology, provide insight into the evolution of cell wall regulation, and identify network nodes and edges that are possible leads for improving cell wall composition.

Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells: Implications for phenotype.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are one of the most studied nanoparticles due to their anti-bacterial, -fungal, -viral, -parasitic, and -inflammatory properties. This raises the need to evaluate the toxicity and biological effects of AgNP in the immune system in order to develop new safer biomedical products. In this study, an AgNP formulation currently approved for veterinary applications was applied to mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC), considered important antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, to evaluate cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and any significant influence on expression of cellular markers associated with BMDC phenotype and maturation status. The results showed that after 12 h of AgNP exposure, a significant decrease in BMDC viability occurred at the highest concentration tested (1.0 µg AgNP/ml) and at lower doses, the cells maintained membrane integrity and metabolic activity. DNA damage was not significant with any AgNP level aside from the 1.0 µg AgNP/ml level. Regarding phenotype, no differences in expression of CD40 (co-stimulatory molecule highly present in mature BMDC) or in CD273 (a marker for inhibitory T-cell response) were observed. The current results showed that the toxicity of this AgNP formulation was dose-related. The findings also suggest BMDC could maintain structural conservation of co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory surface molecules after 12 h of exposure to this AgNP. This work represents the first step in identifying the toxic effects of this AgNP formulation on dendritic cells.

SECONDARY WALL ASSOCIATED MYB1 is a positive regulator of secondary cell wall thickening in Brachypodium distachyon and is not found in the Brassicaceae.

Grass biomass is comprised chiefly of secondary walls that surround fiber and xylem cells. A regulatory network of interacting transcription factors in part regulates cell wall thickening. We identified Brachypodium distachyon SECONDARY WALL ASSOCIATED MYB1 (SWAM1) as a potential regulator of secondary cell wall biosynthesis based on gene expression, phylogeny, and transgenic plant phenotypes. SWAM1 interacts with cellulose and lignin gene promoters with preferential binding to AC-rich sequence motifs commonly found in the promoters of cell wall-related genes. SWAM1 overexpression (SWAM-OE) lines had greater above-ground biomass with only a slight change in flowering time while SWAM1 dominant repressor (SWAM1-DR) plants were severely dwarfed with a striking reduction in lignin of sclerenchyma fibers and stem epidermal cell length. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin genes were significantly down-regulated in SWAM1-DR plants and up-regulated in SWAM1-OE plants. There was no reduction in bioconversion yield in SWAM1-OE lines; however, it was significantly increased for SWAM1-DR samples. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses strongly suggest that the SWAM1 clade was present in the last common ancestor between eudicots and grasses, but is not in the Brassicaceae. Collectively, these data suggest that SWAM1 is a transcriptional activator of secondary cell wall thickening and biomass accumulation in B. distachyon.

Influence of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on growth performance, blood parameters, and carcass quality of broilers fed corn or wheat/barley-based diets / Influencia de enzimas degradadoras de polisacáridos no amiláceos en el crecimiento, parámetros sanguíneos y calidad de la canal de pollos de engorde alimentados con dietas a base de maíz o trigo/cebada / Influência de enzimas exógenas degradaroras de polissacarídeos n ão amiláceos no crescimento, parâmetros sanguíneos e qualidade de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas à base de milho e de trigo/cevada

Abstract Background: Although the use of non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (NSPases) in corn, oat, rye, barley or wheat-based broiler diets has already been researched for some years, little attention has been given to the mixture of wheat and barley, as basic raw materials for broiler feed. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of commercial NSP enzymes in corn or in the mixture of wheat/barley-based diets on growth performance, carcass quality and blood parameters of broilers. Methods: Three hundred 1 d-old male broiler chicks (Ross-308) were fed two basal diets (corn and a wheat/barley-based diets), two commercial feed enzymes (Kemin® and Rovabio®), and two enzyme levels (0.025 and 0.05%) in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement, from 1 to 42 d of age. Results: Overall, birds fed corn-based diets with or without enzyme supplementation consumed more feed (p<0.05) over the entire experiment, experienced higher weight gain (p<0.05) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR; p<0.05) when compared with wheat/barley-based diet. Notwithstanding, FCR did not improve in birds fed corn-based diets with enzymes, while gain and FCR improved (p<0.05) feeding wheat/barley-based diets with 0.05% NSPases. Economical traits of carcass were not affected (p>0.05) by the treatments, while blood biochemistry parameters, such as glucose, VLDL and HDL changed (p<0.05) when enzymes were supplied. Conclusion: Our results show bio-efficacy of feeding xylanases and glucanases in wheat/barley based-poultry diets, rich in NSPases, which could translate into economic benefits.

Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque el uso de enzimas degradadoras de polisacáridos no amiláceos (NSPasas) en dietas a base de maíz, avena, centeno, cebada o trigo ha sido investigado, se ha prestado poca atención a la mezcla de trigo y cebada como materias primas básicas para la alimentación del pollo de engorde. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de diferentes niveles de enzimas NSP comerciales en dietas basadas en maíz y en la mezcla de trigo/cebada sobre el crecimiento, calidad de la canal y metabolitos sanguíneos del pollo de engorde. Métodos: Trescientos pollos machos de 1 d de edad (Ross-308) fueron alimentados con dos dietas (una dieta a base de maíz y una dieta basada en trigo/cebada), dos enzimas comerciales (Kemin® y Rovabio®), y dos niveles de enzimas (0,025 y 0,05%) en un arreglo factorial de 2×2×2, desde el d 1 al 42 de edad. Resultados: En general, las aves alimentadas con dietas a base de maíz (con o sin suplementación enzimática) consumieron más alimento (p<0,05) durante todo el experimento, mostraron mayor aumento de peso (p<0,05) y menor FCR (p<0,05) en comparación con la dieta basada en trigo/cebada (con o sin suplementación enzimática). Sin embargo, cuando se proporcionaron las enzimas, la FCR no mejoró en las aves alimentadas con la dieta a base de maíz. Por el contrario, en las aves alimentadas con trigo/cebada aumentó el peso corporal y la conversión alimenticia mejoró (p<0,05) con la inclusión de 0,05% NSPasas. Los tratamientos dietarios no afectaron (p>0.05) las características económicas de la canal, mientras que parámetros de bioquímica sanguínea como glucosa, colesterol, VLDL y HDL cambiaron (p<0,05) al incorporar enzimas en la dieta. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran la bioeficacia de xilanasas y glucanasas en dietas avícolas a base de trigo/cebada, ricas en NSPasas, lo que se podría traducir en beneficios económicos para el productor.

Resumo Antecedentes: Embora o uso de enzimas degradadoras de polisacarideos não amiláceos (NSPasas) em dietas de frangos de corte à base de milho, aveia, centeio, cevada ou trigo já venha a ser estudada há vários anos, pouca atenção tem sido dada à mistura de trigo e cevada como matérias-primas básicas para a ração de frangos. Objetivo s: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de enzimas NSP comerciais em dietas à base de milho e à base da mistura de trigo/cevada sobre o desempenho produtivo, a qualidade da carcaça e os parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos em frangos de corte. Métodos: Trezentos frangos de corte machos de 1 d de idade (Ross-308) foram alimentadas com duas dietas basais (uma à base de milho e outra à base de trigo e cevada), dois produtos enzimáticos comerciais (Kemin® e Rovabio®) e dois níveis dessas enzimas (0,025 e 0,05%), num arranjo fatorial 2×2×2, de 1 a 42 d de idade. Resultados: Em geral, as aves alimentadas com dietas à base de milho (com ou sem suplementação enzimática) consumiram mais alimentos (p <0,05) ao longo do experimento, apresentaram maior ganho de peso (p <0,05) e menor RRF (p<0,05) em comparação com a dieta à base de trigo/cevada (com ou sem suplementação enzimática). No entanto, quando as enzimas foram fornecidas, o FCR não melhorou em aves alimentadas com a dieta à base de milho. Em contraste, em aves alimentadas com trigo/cevada, o peso corporal aumentou e a conversão alimentar melhorou (p<0,05) com inclusão de 0,05% de NSPasas. Os tratamentos dietéticos não afetaram as características econômicas da carcaça (p>0,05), enquanto os parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue, como glicose, colesterol, VLDL e HDL, mudaram (p<0,05) ao incorporar enzimas na dieta. Conclusão: Os resultados confirmam a bioeficiência da inclusão de xilanases e glucanases nas dietas à base de trigo e cevada, ricas em NSPasas, o que poderá trazer benefícios económicos para o produtor.

In vivo fertilizing ability of stallion spermatozoa processed by single layer centrifugation with Androcoll-E™.

A colloid with a species specific silane-coated, silica-based formulation, optimized for stallion (Androcoll-E™), enables a better sub-population of spermatozoa to be selected from stallion ejaculates. However, such a practice has not been critically evaluated in stallions with fertility problems. In this study we evaluate whether single-layer centrifugation (SLC) through Androcoll-E™ could be used to enhance fertility rates in a subfertile stallion. Ejaculates were obtained from two different stallions, one Lusitano (fertile) and one Sorraia (subfertile), with distinct sperm characteristics and fertility. Motility, morphology, plasma membrane structural (eosin-nigrosin) and functional integrity (HOS test), mitochondrial functionality (Δψm; JC-1) and longevity (motility after 72 h cooling) after centrifugation in Androcoll-E™, as well as pregnancy rates obtained after artificial insemination (AI), with and without (control group) SLC-treated sperm were assessed. The effect of SLC on sperm characteristics, and fertility results were evaluated by ANOVA and Fisher procedures, respectively. Our results showed that SLC-selected sperm did not differ from the raw semen in terms of viability, morphology, response to hypo-osmotic conditions (HOS test) and mitochondrial membrane potential (↑ΔΨmit; JC-1). Sperm motility in cooled samples was not improved by SLC treatment. Our data show that SLC through Androcoll-E™ has no effect on pregnancy rates in the stallions used in this trial.

Endometrial prostaglandin synthases, ovarian steroids, and oxytocin receptors in mares with oxytocin-induced luteal maintenance.

Oxytocin (OXT) has been used to prolong the luteal phase in mares, but its mechanism of action is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic exogenous OXT administration to mid-luteal phase mares on luteal maintenance. Also, endometrial expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), prostaglandin F2α, E2 and I2 synthases (AKR1C3, PTGES, and PTGIS), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), progesterone receptor (PGR), and estrogen receptors 1 (ESR1) and 2 (ESR2) were assessed in mares experiencing luteal maintenance 2 weeks after chronic exogenous OXT administration. Control mares (n = 5; C group) received 6 mL of saline im, whereas OXT (60 units/mare) was administered im (n = 6; OXT group), every 12 hours, on days 7 to 14 postovulation. After endometrial biopsy in groups C (Day 10) and OXT (Day 24), luteolysis occurred within 3 or 6 days, respectively. Luteal maintenance took place in 4 of 6 (67%) of OXT-treated mares. Progesterone in C group was the highest on biopsy day (P < 0.05). In OXT mares, PTGS2, ESR1 (P < 0.05), PTGES, PTGIS, PGR, and ESR2 (P < 0.01) gene transcription decreased, whereas OXTR increased (P < 0.05) in comparison with the C group. In OXT-treated mares, endometrial ESR2 protein expression decreased (P < 0.05), but OXTR increased (P < 0.05) compared with control animals. In both experimental groups, PTGS2 was mainly immunolocalized in surface epithelium, whereas AKR1C3, PTGES, PTGIS, and PGR were in surface and glandular epithelia. ESR1 and ESR2 were found in glandular epithelium and OXTR in stromal cells. High immunolabeling for PTGES, PTGIS, PGR, and OXTR and low for ESR2 was detected in endometrium of OXT-group mares with extended diestrus. Prolonged luteal function associated with chronic OXT treatment may be related to different spatial expression of OXTR and PGR in the endometrium. The observed reduction of endometrial ESR2 may be responsible for the maintenance of PGR in luminal and glandular epithelium. Also, ESR2 may attenuate the transcriptional activity of ESR1 in mare endometrium. This study offers new knowledge on the endometrial expression of ovarian steroids and OXT receptors in OXT pharmacologically induced luteal maintenance in the mare.

Effect of different levels of L-carnitine and lysine-methionine on broiler blood parameters / Efecto de suplementación con L-carnitina y lisina-metionina sobre parámetros de sangre de pollos de engorde

Objective. In the present study a completely randomized 3x3 factorial design was used to analyze the effects of different levels of L-Carnitine, lysine(Lys) and methionine (Met) on the blood concentrations of energy, protein and lipid metabolites of male broiler chickens. Materials and methods. A total of 270 newly hatched male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 9 groups (ten broilers per replicate and three replicates per treatment). The control group was fed a basal diet, whereas the treatment groups were fed basal diets supplemented with L-Carnitine (0 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and lysine-methionine (0, 15 and 30%) for 42 days. On day 42, one bird was randomly chosen per replication, a blood sample was taken and the blood concentrations of glucose (GLU), uric acid (UAc), triglyceride (TG), VLDL, HDL, LDL, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb) and total cholesterol (TC) were analyzed. Results. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation had a significant effect (p<0.05) on uric acid (UAc), HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol (TC). The birds feed L-carnitine plus Lys and Met presented the highest plasmatic UAc level and the lowest plasmatic TC and LDL level. Moreover, L-carnitine significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) when compared with both the control group and the birds feed Lys and Met without L-carnitine. Conclusions. A diet with 150 mg/kg L-carnitine plus 15% Lys and Met seems to be enough to sustain low plasmatic TC, LDL and HDL concentrations on male broiler.

Objetivo. Se realizó un estudio para determinar el efecto de la suplementación deL-carnitina, lisina (Lys) y metionina (Met) sobre los metabolitos sanguíneos de pollos de engorde. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaran 270 pollos de la línea Ross 308 de un día de edad y se dividieron en 9 tratamientos en un diseño al azar con arreglo factorial 3x3: tres niveles de L-carnitina (0 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg y 150 mg/kg) y tres de lisina-metionina (0, 15 y 30%) durante 42 días. Cada tratamiento constó de 3 repeticiones con 10 pollos por repetición. El día 42 de edad, se tomaron muestras de sangre de tres aves por tratamiento para cuantificar niveles séricos de glucosa (GLU), ácido úrico (UAc), triglicéridos (TG), VLDL, HDL, LDL, proteínas totales (PT), albúmina (Alb) y colesterol total (TC). Resultados. La suplementación de L-carnitina en la dieta tuvo un efecto significativo (p<0.05) en los niveles de ácido úrico en suero (UAC), HDL, LDL y colesterol total (CT). Las aves alimentadas con L-carnitina más Lys y Met mostraron niveles séricos más altos de UAc y menor TCy LDL. Por otra parte, la L-carnitina redujó significativamente el colesterol total (CT), cuando se comparó con el grupo control y con los pollos alimentados con Lys y Met, sin L-carnitina. Conclusiones. Una dieta con 150 mg/kg de L-carnitina y 15% Lys y Met parece ser suficiente para mantener bajas concentraciones plasmáticas de TC, LDL y HDL en pollos de engorde.