International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) Global Mapping Programme: Latin American Society of Pediatric Oncology (SLAOP) country-level report.

BACKGROUND: Latin American countries are improving childhood cancer care, showing strong commitment to implement the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer, but there are scant publications of the situation at a continental level. METHODS: As part of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology Global Mapping project, delegates of each country participating in the Latin American Society of Pediatric Oncology (SLAOP) and chairs of national pediatric oncology societies and cooperative groups were invited to provide information regarding availability of national pediatric cancer control programs (NPCCP), pediatric oncology laws, pediatric oncology tumor registries, and training programs and support to diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 20 countries participating in SLAOP responded. National delegates reported nine countries with NPCCP and four of them were launched in the past 5 years. National pediatric tumor registries are available in eight countries, and three provided published survival results. Fellowship programs for training pediatric oncologists are available in 12 countries. National delegates reported that eight countries provide support to most essential diagnosis and treatments and 11 provide partial or minimal support that is supplemented by civil society organizations. Seven countries have a pediatric oncology law. There are three international cooperative groups and four national societies for pediatric oncology. CONCLUSION: Despite many challenges, there were dramatic advances in survivorship, access to treatment, and availability of NPCCP in Latin America. Countries with highest social development scores in general provide more complete support and are more likely to have NPCCP, training programs, and reported survival results.

Impact of COVID-19 in pediatric oncology care in Latin America during the first year of the pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic strained medical systems worldwide. We report on the impact on pediatric oncology care in Latin American (LATAM) during its first year. METHOD: Four cross-sectional surveys were electronically distributed among pediatric onco-hematologists in April/June/October 2020, and April/2021 through the Latin American Society of Pediatric Oncology (SLAOP) email list and St Jude Global regional partners. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-three pediatric onco-hematologists from 20 countries responded to the first survey, with subsequent surveys response rates above 85%. More than 95% of participants reported that treatment continued without interruption for new and active ongoing patients, though with disruptions in treatment availability. During the first three surveys, respondents reported suspensions of outpatient procedures (54.2%), a decrease in oncologic surgeries (43.6%), radiotherapy (28.4%), stem cell transplants (SCT) (69.3%), and surveillance consultations (81.2%). Logistic regression analysis showed that at the beginning of the first wave, participants from countries with healthcare expenditure below 7% were more likely to report a decrease in outpatient procedures (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.19-2.8), surgeries (OR: 3, 95% CI: 1.9-4.6) and radiotherapy (OR: 6, 95% CI: 3.5-10.4). Suspension of surveillance consultations was higher in countries with COVID-19 case fatality rates above 2% (OR: 3, 95% CI: 1.4-6.2) and SCT suspensions in countries with COVID-19 incidence rate above 100 cases per 100,000 (OR: 3.48, 95% CI: 1.6-7.45). Paradoxically, at the beginning of the second wave with COVID-19 cases rising exponentially, most participants reported improvements in cancer services availability. CONCLUSION: Our data show the medium-term collateral effects of the pandemic on pediatric oncology care in LATAM, which might help delineate oncology care delivery amid current and future challenges posed by the pandemic.

Pediatric Oncology Palliative Care Programs in Central America: Pathways to Success.

Palliative care offers children who have life-limiting and life-threatening oncologic illnesses and their families improved quality of life. In some instances, impeccable symptom control can lead to improved survival. Cultural and financial barriers to palliative care in oncology patients occur in all countries, and those located in Central America are no exception. In this article, we summarize how the programs participating in the Asociación de Hemato-Oncólogos Pediatras de Centro America (AHOPCA) have developed dedicated oncology palliative care programs. The experience in Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Dominican Republic and Haiti is detailed, with a focus on history, the barriers that have impeded progress, and achievements. Future directions, which, of course, may be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, are described as well.

Improved survival for children with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma: results from the AIEOP soft tissue sarcoma committee.

BACKGROUND: Parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (PM-RMS) is a rare, highly malignant pediatric tumor arising from locations adjacent to the meninges, from where it can spread intracranially. PROCEDURE: We reviewed 109 children with non-metastatic PM-RMS enrolled in the Italian RMS79, RMS88 and RMS96 protocols over a 24-year period. All patients received intensive chemotherapy and standard or hyperfractionated and accelerated radiotherapy. Some had delayed surgery. RESULTS: Five-year overall survival rose from 40% in the RMS79 to 72% in the RMS88 and RMS96 protocols (P = 0.01), where more intensive chemotherapy and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART) was used. Delayed surgery after initial treatment was statistically associated with a better prognosis. Unfavorable tumor characteristics for RMS arising in other sites, for example, histology, invasiveness or node involvement, did not predict outcome for PM-RMS. CONCLUSION: Outcome in PM-RMS patients enrolled in three consecutive Italian protocols has progressively improved, as a result of intensive chemotherapy, delayed surgery and, possibly, HART, though improved imaging and radiotherapeutic tools may have had a role as well.

Biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina en el Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera" / Fine needle aspiration biopsy at the National Children’s Hospital "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera

Objetivo: Evaluar y describir la experiencia con la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina (BAAF) en el Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera" (HNN) de San José, Costa Rica durante los primeros 21 meses de funcionamiento de dicho servicio. Métodos: Estudio observacional y retrospectivo del material de BAAF obtenido en el HNN desde octubre de 2004 a junio de 2006 (extendidos del material, inmunofenotipo, citogenética, cultivos microbiológicos). En aquellos casos en que se realizó cirugía, se hizo correlación entre material de biopsias convencionales anteriores o posteriores y la BAAF. La evolución de los pacientes se obtuvo por medio del expediente clínico. Resultados: Se realizó un total de 142 diagnósticos en 132 pacientes. La clasificación de dichos diagnósticos fue: benigno 86 (61%), maligno 36 (25%), sospechoso 5 (3.5%), atípico 5 (3.5%); se obtuvo material insuficiente para diagnóstico en 10 (7%) de las BAAF. De los diagnósticos benignos 74 (86%) consistieron en linfadenopatía reactiva-infecciosa. Los diagnósticos malignos fueron variados, siendo el linfoma el más frecuente 14 (39%); con el linfoma de Hodgkin como el mas común 9 (25%), detectándose tanto enfermedad de novo como recurrencias. Se determino el inmunofenotipo por citometría de flujo en 17 (12%) casos y se realizó cariotipo en 2 (1.4%) casos. Conclusiones: La BAAF es un procedimiento seguro, rápido y eficaz en el diagnóstico de múltiples patologías de la población pediátrica atendida en HNN. Los dos escenarios clínicos más frecuentes en que la BAAF cumplió un rol importante fueron el diagnóstico de recurrencia del linfoma de Hodgkin y el tamizaje de linfadenopatías en niños sin historia de malignidad. En algunos casos la BAAF hace innecesaria la realización de una biopsia convencional.

Aim: To evaluate the performance of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) and describe the experience at Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera" (HNN) in San José, Costa Rica during the first 21 months since introduction of this procedure. Methods: Retrospective review of all FNAB material collected at HNN from October 2004 to June 2006 (glass slides, flow cytometric analyses, cytogenetics, and cultures). When available, previous or later surgical biopsy material was also reviewed and results were correlated with FNAB. Patient followup was assessed from clinical charts. Results: A total of 142 diagnoses in 132 patients were performed. These were classified as follows: benign 86 (61%), malignant 36 (25%), suspicious 5 (3.5%), atypical 4 (3.5%). Material insufficient for diagnosis was obtained in 10 (7%) cases. Reactive-infectious lymphadenopathy comprised 74 (86%) of benign diagnoses. Most common malignant diagnosis was lymphoma. New cases and recurrences of Hodgkin’s disease were the most common specific malignancy 9 (25%) detected. Flow cytometric analysis was performed in 17 (12%) of the cases and conventional cytogenetics in 2 (1.4%). Conclusions: FNAB demonstrated to be a fast, safe and efficient diagnostic tool at HNN. Diagnosis of recurrence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and screening of lymphadenopathies in children without history of malignancy were the two most common clinical scenarios where FNAB played an important role. FNAB can obviate the need for surgical intervention in some cases.