Consideraciones a la escombroidosis / Reflections on scombroid fish poisoning

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Palatabilidad de las soluciones de rehidratación oral en niños sanos de 6 a 9 años. Ensayo clínico multicéntrico, aleatorizado y simple ciego / Palatability of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) in healthy 6 to 9 year-old children. A multicentre, randomised single blind clinical trial

Introducción: La adherencia al tratamiento es esencial para el éxito terapéutico. En los niños, la palatabilidad de las medicaciones orales condiciona su aceptación y cumplimentación terapéutica. El objetivo fue estimar los sabores de las soluciones de rehidratación oral (SRO) que más gustan a los niños y analizar la relación entre los gustos del niño y la elección de un determinado sabor de SRO. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico multicéntrico, aleatorizado y simple ciego. Ciento dieciséis niños cataron 4 sueros, 2 a 2, y puntuaron el sabor de cada uno de ellos como muy bueno, bueno, malo o muy malo, y en cada cata eligieron el preferido. Previamente se había encuestado sobre los gustos del niño. Resultados: Los sabores que más gustaron a los niños fueron el sabor a cola (puntuado como bueno o muy bueno por el 87,9%) y el sabor a fresa (62,1%). En 97 de las catas el sabor preferido fue el de cola y en 62 fue el de fresa, en 26 fue el de frutas y en 39 fue el sabor neutro. Hubo asociación entre los niños a los que les gustan los refrescos de cola y la preferencia de la SRO de cola (odds ratio ajustada: 10,3; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 3,1-34,6), y no se encontró relación entre la SRO de fresa y otros gustos. De los 7 niños a los que no les gustaban ni los refrescos de cola ni los caramelos de fresa, 5 prefirieron la solución neutra. Conclusiones: Existen grandes variaciones en la aceptación de los distintos sabores de las SRO. Preguntar a los niños por sus gustos puede orientar hacia la aceptación de los sueros (AU)

Introduction: Patient adherence to therapeutic regimens is extremely important to successful treatment. Among paediatric patients medication palatability of oral solutions is essential for patient acceptance, therapeutic compliance and successful outcome. The objective was to assess the palatability of different oral rehydration solutions (ORS), which flavour the children preferred and the relationship between the tastes of the child and the flavour chosen. They had been asked previously about their likings. Material and methods: Randomised, multicentre, single blind clinical trial. A total of 116 children tasted four solutions, two at a time, and scored each flavour as really good, good, bad or really bad, and in each of the two tastings chose their preferred choice. Results: The flavours that children preferred were cola (rated as good or really good by 87.9%) and strawberry (62.1%). In 97 of tastings, the flavour of choice was cola and in 62 strawberry, fruit in 26 and in 39 the neutral taste. There was an association between children who liked cola drinks and preferred the ORS cola flavoured (aOR: 10.3; 95%CI: 3.1-34.6). No relationship was found between children who preferred the strawberry flavoured ORS and their likings. Of the 7 children who did not like either cola drinks or strawberry sweets, 5 preferred the neutral solution. Conclusions: There are large variations in the acceptance of different flavours of ORS. Asking for children's tastes can lead towards the acceptance of the solutions (AU)

Modified sequential multiplex PCR for determining capsular serotypes of invasive pneumococci recovered from Seville.

The heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine's introduction resulted in a decline in invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, but was accompanied by an increase in non-vaccine serotypes. We evaluated a modified scheme of the sequential multiplex PCRs adapted to the prevalence of serotypes in Seville (Spain) for determining capsular serotypes of S. pneumoniae invasive clinical isolates. In adults, the modified scheme allowed us to type 73% with the first three reactions, and 92% with two additional PCRs. In paediatric patients, it allowed us to type 73.5% with the first three reactions, and 90% with the two additional PCRs. The multiplex PCR approach was successfully adapted to target the serotypes most prevalent in Seville.

Distribution of lesions in red and fallow deer naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis.

Wild deer have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). The aims of this study were (1) to compare the pattern of lesions present in wild red (Cervus elaphus) and fallow (Dama dama) deer that were naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis, and (2) to use this information to develop a sampling strategy for the isolation of M. bovis from the lymphoid tissues of the head of these animals. Culture of head lymphoid tissues demonstrated that 28 of 95 red deer and 22 of 100 fallow deer sampled were infected with M. bovis. Approximately 30% of each deer population had no gross lesions. Fallow deer were significantly more likely to have thoracic lesions than red deer. Lesions were observed in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes of 64% of the culture-positive red deer and 43% of the culture positive fallow deer. One third of the red deer, but none of the fallow deer, had well-encapsulated abscess lesions. There were no microscopical differences in the lesions in the lymph nodes of the red and fallow deer. Bacteriological culture from both the tonsil and retropharyngeal lymph nodes increased the rate of isolation of M. bovis by 22% over culture of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes alone in both species. These findings indicate that investigation of wild deer for bTB-compatible lesions should include examination of the medial retropharyngeal, left tracheobronchial, mediastinal, mesenteric and ileocaecal lymph nodes. Sampling for bacteriological culture from head lymphoid tissues should be from the tonsil and the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. These protocols may prove useful in bTB surveillance and control in regions where wild deer contribute to the circulation of M. bovis.

[Palatability of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) in healthy 6 to 9 year-old children. A multicentre, randomised single blind clinical trial]. / Palatabilidad de las soluciones de rehidratación oral en niños sanos de 6 a 9 años. Ensayo clínico multicéntrico, aleatorizado y simple ciego.

INTRODUCTION: Patient adherence to therapeutic regimens is extremely important to successful treatment. Among paediatric patients medication palatability of oral solutions is essential for patient acceptance, therapeutic compliance and successful outcome. The objective was to assess the palatability of different oral rehydration solutions (ORS), which flavour the children preferred and the relationship between the tastes of the child and the flavour chosen. They had been asked previously about their likings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomised, multicentre, single blind clinical trial. A total of 116 children tasted four solutions, two at a time, and scored each flavour as really good, good, bad or really bad, and in each of the two tastings chose their preferred choice. RESULTS: The flavours that children preferred were cola (rated as good or really good by 87.9%) and strawberry (62.1%). In 97 of tastings, the flavour of choice was cola and in 62 strawberry, fruit in 26 and in 39 the neutral taste. There was an association between children who liked cola drinks and preferred the ORS cola flavoured (aOR: 10.3; 95%CI: 3.1-34.6). No relationship was found between children who preferred the strawberry flavoured ORS and their likings. Of the 7 children who did not like either cola drinks or strawberry sweets, 5 preferred the neutral solution. CONCLUSIONS: There are large variations in the acceptance of different flavours of ORS. Asking for children's tastes can lead towards the acceptance of the solutions.

Salivary corticosteroids in the study of adrenal function.

Salivary corticosteroids (SCC) and plasma corticosteroids (PCC) were studied under basal conditions, after dexamethasone (DXM) and in the ACTH stimulation test in a reference group (RG) of 33 adults, in three groups with non-adrenal pathology and in a group of 4 patients with hypercortisolaemia. SCC and PCC were measured using a non-extraction RIA method using [3H]cortisol. The results for SCC in the RG and in the groups with non-adrenal pathology were similar to those obtained for PCC in terms of percentage of decrease in the circadian rhythm or DXM suppression. However, the responsiveness to ACTH in saliva was twice that obtained in plasma. In patients with hypercortisolism, SCC were in closer agreement with the adrenal hyperfunction than PCC. From the previous results the following conclusions may be drawn: (a) SCC differentiate adrenal gland normal function from hyperfunction as clearly or even better than PCC does; (b) SCC were in a closer agreement with the symptomatology of adrenal hyperfunction than were PCC; and (c) the responses to ACTH obtained with SCC were clearly higher than those obtained with PCC.