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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are leading causes of death globally, particularly among the rapidly growing population of older adults (OAs). CVD is a leading cause of mortality among cancer survivors, often accelerated by cancer treatments associated with short- or long-term cardiotoxicity. Moreover, there is a dynamic relationship among CVD, cancer, and aging, characterized by shared risk factors and biological hallmarks, that plays an important role in caring for OAs, optimizing treatment approaches, and developing preventive strategies. Assessment of geriatric domains (eg, functional status, comorbidities, cognition, polypharmacy, nutritional status, social support, psychological well-being) is critical to individualizing treatment of OAs with cancer. The authors discuss considerations in caring for an aging population with cancer, including methods for the assessment of OAs with CVD and/or cardiovascular risk factors planned for cancer therapy. Multidisciplinary care is critical in optimizing patient outcomes and maintaining quality of life in this growing vulnerable population.
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Radiation therapy is a key part of treatment for many cancers. Vast advancements in the field of radiation oncology have led to a decrease in malignancy-related mortality, which has uncovered some of the long-term side effects of radiation therapy. Specifically, there has been an increase in research looking into the cardiovascular side effects of chest radiation therapy for cancers of the esophagus, breast, and lung tissue as well as lymphomas. The manifestations of cardiac injury from irradiation range from short-term complications, such as pericarditis, to long-term damage including cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, and conduction disturbances. The aims of this article are to describe the cardiovascular side effects and the associated risk factors, to discuss risk reduction strategies, and to provide guidance in pre-radiation screening, post-radiation surveillance, and the management of these conditions.
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In this study, the reconfigurable biosensing capabilities of the one-dimensional annular photonic structure, (AB)5CDC(AB)5, was examined theoretically. The proposed structure was made of concentric cylindrical layers of periodically modulated refractive indices, which were restricted in one direction only. Germanium antimony telluride (GST), which belongs to the class of phase-change materials (PCMs), was used in the fabrication of the proposed biosensing design. The entire study was carried out in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The suggested biosensing structure was constructed by depositing alternate periodic cylindrical layers of SiO2 and Si with a central air core. An air cavity coated on both sides by a phase-change chalcogenide material (Ge2Sb2Te5) was introduced at the centre of the 1D annular photonic crystal to realize the (AB)5CDC(AB)5 structure. The simulation results of the proposed work were obtained using the MATLAB computational tool taking into consideration the modified transfer matrix method. The primary focus of this study was to measure the change in the position and intensity of the defect mode with respect to the change in the concentration levels of analytes containing progesterone and estradiol reproductive hormones separately in the amorphous and crystalline phases of the Ge2Sb2Te5 material. Interestingly, a strong tunability in the position of the central wavelength of the defect mode inside the photonic band gap (PBG) was noticed during the phase transition of the GST material from amorphous to crystalline and back. In both the phases of the GST material, our design could identify minute refractive index variations in blood samples containing reproductive hormones at different concentrations for monitoring various gynaecological disorders in women. Besides sensitivity, other important parameters such as the limit of detection, signal-to-noise ratio, and quality factor were estimated to evaluate the biosensing capabilities of the proposed design.
RESUMO
A new biophotonic sensor composed of a porous silicon (PSi)-based one-dimensional (1D) defective annular photonic crystal (APC) was designed and theoretically investigated using a modified transfer matrix method (TMM) in terms of cylindrical coordinates. The proposed biosensor was found to be capable of sensing very minute variations in the refractive index of blood serum samples of different creatinine concentrations. It can be considered as a useful tool for diagnosing mild to chronic kidney diseases by measuring the creatinine concentration in the blood serum samples of patients. The biosensor design [(AB) N/2D(AB) N/2/Si] is composed of two 1D APCs (AB) N/2 associated with a defect layer D of a blood serum sample of thickness d d whose creatinine concentration is to be determined. Both 1D APCs are made up of two alternate PSi layers A and B with porosity ratios of 34% and 87%, respectively. Moreover, our proposed biophotonic sensor demonstrated a high value of sensitivity (S) between 637.73 and 640.29 nm per RIU, a quality factor (Q) between 1.51 × 105 and 0.74 × 105, and a figure of merit (FOM) between 2.6 × 104 and 1.96 × 104 RIU, corresponding to a blood serum sample whose creatinine concentration varied between 80.90 to 85.28 µmol L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) was of the order of 10-6 RIU. This low value LOD confirmed that our biosensor is capable of noticing any minute change in the wavelength up to an order of 10-6. Compared with previous works, the proposed biosensor design can be easily realized and offers high performance at normal incidence, which allows overcoming the complications involved while achieving a high value of sensitivity in planar PC-based biosensor designs at oblique incidence. Beside this, there is also a possibility to explore this work further for the development of various APC-based biosensing designs with the aim to study various human body fluids.
