Risk factors and assessment considerations for essential fatty acid deficiency in nonparenterally fed patients using a case example.

Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) has most commonly been reported in parenterally fed individuals but may also present in patients receiving fat-restricted diets and in patients with fat-malabsorption disorders. This article reviews the physical and biochemical assessment for EFAD in clinical practice and disorders of fat malabsorption as potential risk factors for EFAD. A case report is included to describe the fatty acid profile of a patient with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency receiving low-dose pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy after a self-imposed fat-restricted diet. The current challenges with laboratory interpretation of essential fatty acid status are also discussed.

Transitioning the eating experience in survivors of head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: Applying the Social Cognitive Transition (SCT) Model of Adjustment as an interpretive framework, this mixed-methods case series explored how head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors participate in the dimensions of the eating experience (described as physiological, psychological, social, cultural). METHODS: This was a sub-study of a primary study, "The Natural History and Impact of Taste Change in Oncology Care." Qualitative interviews and quantitative data (questionnaires and exams) were intersected to examine and describe the complexities of transitioning the eating experience after treatment for HNC. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data within and across cases was examined to produce rich descriptions of the changes and transitions in the eating experience. RESULTS: Four case studies were detailed. All reported some taste and/or smell changes. Each case described worry about weight loss and the decreased ability to engage and finding meaning in the eating experience. Each expressed coping strategies that drew upon the social and cultural dimensions of their prior eating experience that brought meaning and purpose to the post-treatment eating experience. CONCLUSIONS: This case series explored the impact of taste and oral function and the participant's pre- and post-treatment mental model of the eating experience. Application of the SCT Model of Adjustment to the eating experience in adults with HNC provided a deeper insight into how cognitive adaptation and coping strategies supported transition in identity related to the eating experience following cancer therapy.

Integration of patient-centered care in nutrition support decision-making: A case report.

Patient-centered care considers a patient's unique needs, values, preferences, and the psychosocial situation at the heart of decisions related to healthcare. Dietitians have reported several barriers to the practice of patient-centered care, including a lack of time and support and a perception that patients are unable to participate. This is meaningful as decisions regarding nutrition therapy, specifically in adult populations with cancer, influence patient morbidity and mortality and a patient's quality of life. Patient-centered care is associated with improved decision-making, patient-provider communication, and quality of life in patients with cancer. This case report discusses and applies patient-centered care in conjunction with the best available evidence for an adult patient with a history of head and neck cancer admitted to a critical care unit. Nutrition support clinicians are equipped to use a patient-centered and evidence-based approach to help patients navigate through nutrition therapy decisions that may influence both clinical and quality of life outcomes. Further research should be done to determine the association between patient-centered care and quality of life outcomes in nutrition support practice.

The eating experience after treatment for head and neck cancer: A review of the literature.

PURPOSE: Research has identified significant challenges that patients experience following treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC). These include the physical and emotional impacts of the diagnosis and treatment, which compound weight loss and negatively impact eating ability. There is limited research about the lived experience and the changed meaning of food, eating and the eating experience after treatment for patients with HNC. The purpose of this review was to explore available research pertinent to the lived experiences of patients in regards to the changed meaning of food, eating and the eating experience after treatment for HNC. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: The review identified a limited number of studies that focused on the eating experience and/or the changed meaning of food after a HNC diagnosis. However, the findings do highlight that there are physical, psychological/emotional and social losses associated with the changed meaning of food and eating within the HNC population. CONCLUSIONS: The eating experience is impacted after treatment for HNC. Physical, emotional and social losses in regards to the eating experience have been identified. Acknowledging the significance of eating challenges and the changed meaning of food is necessary to ensure patients receive the appropriate management and support to best manage these challenges in a timely manner.

The eating experience in long-term survivors of head and neck cancer: a mixed-methods study.

PURPOSE: This study explored the eating experience in long-term survivors of head and neck cancer (HNC) ≥3 years post concurrent chemoradiation. Quality of life (QOL) and the meanings and perceptions survivors had as it related to the eating experience were explored. METHODS: Purposive sampling was utilized; 10 long-term survivors of HNC participated in the study. A mixed-methods approach was used; exploratory qualitative research using content analysis and summary statistics was used to describe demographic and clinical characteristics and the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey version 2.0 scores (VHNSS 2.0). RESULTS: Four categories (psychological, social impact, functional status, and the current eating experience) containing 15 subthemes and 1 overarching theme (adaptation) emerged. Current health status, QOL, and QOL related to eating were viewed favorably despite the impact of treatment late effects on participants' daily lives. Adaptation and maladaptation in regard to food choice and downplaying of symptoms were recognized. Interviews as well as the VHNSS 2.0 scores indicated that xerostomia, mucosal sensitivity, swallowing difficulty, length of time required to eat, and dysgeusia remained problematic. CONCLUSION: Psychological, functional, and social losses associated with eating were identified. Participants modify or avoid foods that are challenging yet report enjoyment with eating. Challenges with eating were downplayed. Due to the potential negative nutritional and social implications of avoiding specific food/food groups, standard of care in long-term survivors of HNC should include assessment of the eating experience and functional challenges. Nutrition professional can help patients optimize dietary intake and the eating experience.

Practical clinical interventions for diet, physical activity, and weight control in cancer survivors.

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE The importance of expanding cancer treatment to include the promotion of overall long-term health is emphasized in the Institute of Medicine report on delivering quality oncology care. Weight management, physical activity, and a healthy diet are key components of tertiary prevention but may be areas in which the oncologist and/or the oncology care team may be less familiar. This article reviews current diet and physical activity guidelines, the evidence supporting those recommendations, and provides an overview of practical interventions that have resulted in favorable improvements in lifestyle behavior change in cancer survivors. It also describes current lifestyle practices among cancer survivors and the role of the oncologist in helping cancer patients and survivors embark upon changes in lifestyle behaviors, and it calls for the development of partnerships between oncology providers, primary care providers, and experts in nutrition, exercise science, and behavior change to help positively orient cancer patients toward longer and healthier lives.

Symptom burden in head and neck cancer: impact upon oral energy and protein intake.

PURPOSE: This study explored relationships between oral symptom burden (xerostomia, thick secretions, and mucosal sensitivity), energy and protein intake, and weight change over time among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who have completed concurrent chemoradiation (CCR). METHODS: Symptom burden was assessed utilizing the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey version 2.0. Weight change was measured from diagnosis to treatment completion, and to the early, mid, and late recovery stage. Energy and protein intake were determined utilizing 24-h diet recalls. RESULTS: Forty-three adult patients treated for HNC enrolled in the study. Mean percentage weight loss from diagnosis to treatment completion was 7.91 ± 4.06 %. Within the mid-recovery stage significant inverse relationships were found between oral protein intake and xerostomia and mucosal sensitivity (r = -0.818, p = 0.012; r = -0.726, p = 0.032, respectively). After controlling for weight change, significant inverse relationships were found within the mid-recovery stage between oral energy intake and xerostomia and mucosal sensitivity (r = -0.740, p = 0.046; r = -0.751, p = 0.043, respectively). Significant, inverse relationships were also found between oral protein intake and xerostomia and mucosal sensitivity (r = -0.835, p = 0.019; r = -0.726, p = 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Xerostomia and mucosal sensitivity were significantly related to oral energy and protein intake post-CCR in mid-recovery. Weight loss was greatest from diagnosis to treatment completion and continued through the mid-recovery stage. Assessment of oral symptom burden (xerostomia and mucosal sensitivity) and its impact on oral intake and weight post-CCR should be conducted routinely in good patient care.