Resting-state functional connectivity in prefrontal cortex investigated by functional near-infrared spectroscopy: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to investigate the stability of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the prefrontal cortex. In a longitudinal study for investigating the stability of RSFC with time, we recruited 6 healthy adult subjects to undergo a 10-min resting state fNIRS scan once per day for 7 consecutive days. In a cross-sectional study, 62 healthy subjects underwent a single 10-min RSFC measurement. Three regions-of-interest (ROIs) were studied, the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Homologous RSFC between the left and right hemisphere was computed for each ROI. The longitudinal RSFC study showed no significant variation with time in each ROI, implying that a one-time scan was sufficient for evaluating RSFC for an individual. The cross-sectional study showed significant difference in RSFC between SFG and MFG/IFG. Based on these observations, a lower bound of RSFC with an 85% confidence level for healthy adults was given for each gender: in IFG, 0.6894 (male) and 0.5392 (female), in MFG, 0.6487 (male) and 0.5713 (female), and in SFG: 0.8042(male) and 0.7436(female). To test ability of the lower bound to differentiate between healthy adults and adults with neurological disorders (showing weaker RSFC), 15 patients with affective disorders or sleep disorder were recruited for the resting state scan. The results showed that IFG was the most predictive ROI. This study may help to establish a quantitative range of RSFC for healthy adults and serve as a reference for screening patients with neurological disorders.

Suppressing Systemic Interference in fNIRS Monitoring of the Hemodynamic Cortical Response to Motor Execution and Imagery.

Hemodynamic response to motor execution (ME) and motor imagery (MI) was investigated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We used a 31 channel fNIRS system which allows non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation changes induced by cortical activation. Sixteen healthy subjects (mean-age 24.5 yeas) were recruited and the changes in concentration of hemoglobin were examined during right and left hand finger tapping tasks and kinesthetic MI. To suppress the systemic physiological interference, we developed a preprocessing procedure which prevents over-activated reporting in NIRS-SPM. In the condition of ME, more activation was observed in the anterior part of the motor cortex including the pre-motor and supplementary motor area (pre-motor and SMA), primary motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory motor cortex (SMC; t(15) > 2.27), however, in the condition of MI, more activation was found in the posterior part of motor cortex including SMC (t(15) > 1.81), which is in line with previous observations with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).