Laryngeal paraganglioma: The analysis of misdiagnosed cases and literature review.

Laryngeal paraganglioma (LP) is an exceptionally rare neuroendocrine tumor, underscoring importance of accurate identification to preclude misdiagnoses. In this review, we presented two typical misdiagnosed LPs, and offered reviews of LP cases reported over the preceding decade and all documented misdiagnosed LP cases. Furthermore, we systematically investigated the underlying causes of misdiagnosis and elucidated key points for effective differentiation. A retrospective analysis of 28 LP cases revealed a predominant occurrence in middle-aged women, with an average history of 25.1 months. Through an analysis of all misdiagnosed cases (n = 37), supraglottic LPs were frequently misidentified as laryngeal carcinomas and vascular tumors, while subglottic LPs were often misdiagnosed as thyroid cancers. And the occurrence of misdiagnosis resulted in delayed and inappropriate treatments, contributing to the deterioration of LP patients (14 cases, 37.8%). In conclusion, this review endeavored to heighten awareness of LPs, with the ultimate goal of advancing diagnostic precision and enhancing patient outcomes.

Extracellular Vesicles from Urine-Derived Stem Cell for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

The potential of urine-derived stem cells (USCs) for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has attracted much attention during the last few decades. However, it has been suggested that the effects of the USCs may be endowed by their paracrine extracellular vesicles (EVs) rather than their differentiation. Compared with the USCs, the USC-EVs can cross the barriers more easily and safely, and their inclusions may mediate intercellular communication and promote the tissue repair. This article has summarized the current knowledge and applications about the USC-EVs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and discussed the prospects and challenges for using them as an alternative to cell therapy. Impact statement Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) represent a newly discovered type of stem cells, and studies have proved that the beneficial effects of the USCs may be manifested through their paracrine extracellular vesicles (EVs) rather than through their own differentiation, which opens up new avenues for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the latest research progress and potential clinical applications of the USC-EVs, highlighting the promising potential of the USC-EVs as a therapeutic option in kidney regeneration, genital regeneration, nerve regeneration, bone and cartilage regeneration, and wound healing.

Requirements in structure for chiral recognition of chitosan derivatives.

In order to investigate the influence of a minor variation in structure of N-acyl chitosan derivatives on enantioseparation, chiral selectors (CSs) of chitosan 3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)-2-(phenylacetamide)s and chitosan 3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)-2-(cyclohexylacetamide)s were synthesized. The corresponding chiral stationary phases (N-PhAc CSPs and N-cHeAc CSPs) were also prepared, respectively, with the two series of CSs. Enantioseparation results revealed that the N-PhAc CSPs were better than the N-cHeAc ones in enantioseparation. Thus, benzyl group (Bn) at C2 should be more preferable to enantioseparation than cyclohexylmethyl (cyclohexyl-CH2-) at the same position. Because N-PhAc CSPs exhibited higher enantioseparation capability than chitosan 3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)-2-(benzamide) based CSPs (N-Bz CSPs), the Bn should also be more beneficial to enantioseparation than phenyl group (Ph) at C2 in N-Bz CSPs. In addition, it was found that, the cyclohexyl group at C2 in chitosan 3,6-bis(phenylcarbamate)-2-(cyclohexylformamide) CSPs was better than cyclohexyl-CH2- in N-cHeAc CSPs to enantioseparation. In a word, a minor variation at C2 of chitosan derivatives significantly affected enantioseparation. After the prepared CSPs were stood for six months, their enantioseparation capabilities were changed obviously, and the changes were probably related to nature, position and number of a substituent on Ph connected to carbamates at C3 and C6 of the CSs.

Chiral separation materials based on derivatives of 6-amino-6-deoxyamylose.

In order to develop new type of chiral separation materials, in this study, 6-amino-6-deoxyamylose was used as chiral starting material with which 10 derivatives were synthesized. The amino group in 6-amino-6-deoxyamylose was selectively acylated and then the hydroxyl groups were carbamoylated yielding amylose 6-amido-6-deoxy-2,3-bis(phenylcarbamate)s, which were employed as chiral selectors (CSs) for chiral stationary phases of high-performance liquid chromatography. The resulted 6-amido-6-deoxyamyloses and amylose 6-amido-6-deoxy-2,3-bis(phenylcarbamate)s were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, and elemental analysis. Enantioseparation evaluations indicated that most of the CSs demonstrated a moderate chiral recognition capability. The 6-nonphenyl (6-nonPh) CS of amylose 6-cyclohexylformamido-6-deoxy-2,3-bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) showed the highest enantioselectivity towards the tested chiral analytes; the phenyl-heterogeneous (Ph-hetero) CS of amylose 6-(4-methylbenzamido)-6-deoxy-2,3-bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) baseline separated the most chiral analytes; the phenyl-homogeneous (Ph-homo) CS of amylose 6-(3,5-dimethylbenzamido)-6-deoxy-2,3-bis(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) also exhibited a good enantioseparation capability among the developed CSs. Regarding Ph-hetero CSs, the enantioselectivity depended on the combination of the substituent at 6-position and that at 2- and 3-positions; as for Ph-homo CSs, the enantioselectivity was related to the substituent at 2-, 3-, and 6-positions; with respect to 6-nonPh CSs, the retention factor of most analytes on the corresponding CSPs was lower than that on Ph-hetero and Ph-homo CSPs in the same mobile phases, indicating π-π interactions did occur during enantioseparation. Although the substituent at 6-position could not provide π-π interactions, the 6-nonPh CSs demonstrated an equivalent or even higher enantioselectivity compared with the Ph-homo and Ph-hetero CSs.