RESUMO
Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is a life-saving intervention for anemic patients. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have the capability to expand and differentiate into RBCs (iPSC-RBCs). Here we developed a murine model to investigate the in vivo properties of human iPSC-RBCs. iPSC lines were produced from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by transient expression of plasmids containing OCT4, SOX2, MYC, KLF4, and BCL-XL genes. Human iPSC-RBCs were generated in culture supplemented with human platelet lysate, and were CD34- CD235a+ CD233+ CD49dlow CD71low ; about 13% of iPSC-RBCs were enucleated before transfusion. Systemic administration of clodronate liposomes (CL) and cobra venom factor (CVF) to NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice markedly promoted the circulatory survival of human iPSC-RBCs following transfusion. While iPSC-RBCs progressively decreased with time, 90% of circulating iPSC-RBCs were enucleated 1 day after transfusion (CD235a+ CD233+ CD49d- CD71- ). Surprisingly, human iPSC-RBCs reappeared in the peripheral circulation at 3 weeks after transfusion at levels more than 8-fold higher than at 1 h after transfusion. Moreover, a substantial portion of the transfused nucleated iPSC-RBCs preferentially homed to the bone marrow, and were detectable at 24 days after transfusion. These results suggest that nucleated human iPSC-derived cells that homed to the bone marrow of NSG mice retained the capability to complete differentiation into enucleated erythrocytes and egress the bone marrow into peripheral blood. The results offer a new model using human peripheral blood-derived iPSC and CL/CVF-treated NSG mice to investigate the development and circulation of human erythroid cells in vivo.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Eritrócitos , Eritrócitos/citologia , Eritropoese , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCIDRESUMO
Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) from ABO-matched but genetically unrelated donors is commonly used for treating anemia and acute blood loss. Increasing demand and insufficient supply for donor RBCs, especially those of universal blood types or free of known and unknown pathogens, has called for ex vivo generation of functional RBCs by large-scale cell culture. However, generating physiological numbers of transfusable cultured RBCs (cRBCs) ex vivo remains challenging, due to our inability to either extensively expand primary RBC precursors (erythroblasts) or achieve efficient enucleation once erythroblasts have been expanded and induced to differentiation and maturation. Here, we report that ectopic expression of the human BMI1 gene confers extensive expansion of human erythroblasts, which can be derived readily from adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells of either healthy donors or sickle cell patients. These extensively expanded erythroblasts (E3s) are able to proliferate exponentially (>1 trillion-fold in 2 months) in a defined culture medium. Expanded E3 cells are karyotypically normal and capable of terminal maturation with approximately 50% enucleation. Additionally, E3-derived cRBCs can circulate in a mouse model following transfusion similar to primary human RBCs. Therefore, we provide a facile approach of generating physiological numbers of human functional erythroblasts ex vivo.
Assuntos
Eritroblastos/citologia , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/métodos , Eritrócitos/citologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 1/genética , Adulto , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Sangue Fetal , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos AnimaisRESUMO
Tissue resident mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) occupy perivascular spaces. Profiling human adipose perivascular mesenchyme with antibody arrays identified 16 novel surface antigens, including endolysosomal protein CD107a. Surface CD107a expression segregates MSCs into functionally distinct subsets. In culture, CD107alow cells demonstrate high colony formation, osteoprogenitor cell frequency, and osteogenic potential. Conversely, CD107ahigh cells include almost exclusively adipocyte progenitor cells. Accordingly, human CD107alow cells drove dramatic bone formation after intramuscular transplantation in mice, and induced spine fusion in rats, whereas CD107ahigh cells did not. CD107a protein trafficking to the cell surface is associated with exocytosis during early adipogenic differentiation. RNA sequencing also suggested that CD107alow cells are precursors of CD107ahigh cells. These results document the molecular and functional diversity of perivascular regenerative cells, and show that relocation to cell surface of a lysosomal protein marks the transition from osteo- to adipogenic potential in native human MSCs, a population of substantial therapeutic interest.
Assuntos
Adipogenia/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Proteína 1 de Membrana Associada ao Lisossomo/genética , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Osteogênese/genética , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Proteína 1 de Membrana Associada ao Lisossomo/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Ratos , Ratos Nus , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
Human osteogenic progenitors are not precisely defined, being primarily studied as heterogeneous multipotent cell populations and termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Notably, select human pericytes can develop into bone-forming osteoblasts. Here, we sought to define the differentiation potential of CD146+ human pericytes from skeletal and soft tissue sources, with the underlying goal of defining cell surface markers that typify an osteoblastogenic pericyte. CD146+CD31-CD45- pericytes were derived by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from human periosteum, adipose, or dermal tissue. Periosteal CD146+CD31-CD45- cells retained canonical features of pericytes/MSC. Periosteal pericytes demonstrated a striking tendency to undergo osteoblastogenesis in vitro and skeletogenesis in vivo, while soft tissue pericytes did not readily. Transcriptome analysis revealed higher CXCR4 signaling among periosteal pericytes in comparison to their soft tissue counterparts, and CXCR4 chemical inhibition abrogated ectopic ossification by periosteal pericytes. Conversely, enrichment of CXCR4+ pericytes or stromal cells identified an osteoblastic/non-adipocytic precursor cell. In sum, human skeletal and soft tissue pericytes differ in their basal abilities to form bone. Diversity exists in soft tissue pericytes, however, and CXCR4+ pericytes represent an osteoblastogenic, non-adipocytic cell precursor. Indeed, enrichment for CXCR4-expressing stromal cells is a potential new tactic for skeletal tissue engineering.
RESUMO
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results in variable severities of neurodegeneration. The understanding of MS has been limited by the inaccessibility of the affected cells and the lengthy timeframe of disease development. However, recent advances in stem cell technology have facilitated the bypassing of some of these challenges. Towards gaining a greater understanding of the innate potential of stem cells from people with varying degrees of disability, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from stable and progressive MS patients, and then further differentiated them into oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells. We analyzed differentiation under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions via sustained exposure to low-dose interferon gamma (IFNγ), a prominent cytokine in MS. We found that all iPSC lines differentiated into mature myelinating OLs, but chronic exposure to IFNγ dramatically inhibited differentiation in both MS groups, particularly if exposure was initiated during the pre-progenitor stage. Low-dose IFNγ was not toxic but led to an early upregulation of interferon response genes in OPCs followed by an apparent redirection in lineage commitment from OL to a neuron-like phenotype in a significant portion of the treated cells. Our results reveal that a chronic low-grade inflammatory environment may have profound effects on the efficacy of regenerative therapies.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Esclerose Múltipla Crônica Progressiva/patologia , Oligodendroglia/citologia , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Homeostase , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/fisiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , RegeneraçãoRESUMO
The flat bones of the skull are densely innervated during development, but little is known regarding their role during repair. We describe a neurotrophic mechanism that directs sensory nerve transit in the mouse calvaria. Patent cranial suture mesenchyme represents an NGF (nerve growth factor)-rich domain, in which sensory nerves transit. Experimental calvarial injury upregulates Ngf in an IL-1ß/TNF-α-rich defect niche, with consequent axonal ingrowth. In calvarial osteoblasts, IL-1ß and TNF-α stimulate Ngf and downstream NF-κB signaling. Locoregional deletion of Ngf delays defect site re-innervation and blunted repair. Genetic disruption of Ngf among LysM-expressing macrophages phenocopies these observations, whereas conditional knockout of Ngf among Pdgfra-expressing cells does not. Finally, inhibition of TrkA catalytic activity similarly delays re-innervation and repair. These results demonstrate an essential role of NGF-TrkA signaling in bone healing and implicate macrophage-derived NGF-induced ingrowth of skeletal sensory nerves as an important mediator of this repair.
Assuntos
Remodelação Óssea/genética , Osso e Ossos/lesões , Crânio/inervação , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , CamundongosRESUMO
The perivascular niche within adipose tissue is known to house multipotent cells, including osteoblast precursors. However, the identity of perivascular subpopulations that may mineralize or ossify most readily is not known. Here, we utilize inducible PDGFRα (platelet-derived growth factor alpha) reporter animals to identify subpopulations of perivascular progenitor cells. Results showed that PDGFRα-expressing cells are present in four histologic niches within inguinal fat, including two perivascular locations. PDGFRα+ cells are most frequent within the tunica adventitia of arteries and veins, where PDGFRα+ cells populate the inner aspects of the adventitial layer. Although both PDGFRα+ and PDGFRα- fractions are multipotent progenitor cells, adipose tissue-derived PDGFRα+ stromal cells proliferate faster and mineralize to a greater degree than their PDGFRα- counterparts. Likewise, PDGFRα+ ectopic implants reconstitute the perivascular niche and ossify to a greater degree than PDGFRα- cell fractions. Adventicytes can be further grouped into three distinct groups based on expression of PDGFRα and/or CD34. When further partitioned, adventicytes co-expressing PDGFRα and CD34 represented a cell fraction with the highest mineralization potential. Long-term tracing studies showed that PDGFRα-expressing adventicytes give rise to adipocytes, but not to other cells within the vessel wall under homeostatic conditions. However, upon bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced ossicle formation, descendants of PDGFRα+ cells gave rise to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and "pericyte-like" cells within the ossicle. In sum, PDGFRα marks distinct perivascular osteoprogenitor cell subpopulations within adipose tissue. The identification of perivascular osteoprogenitors may contribute to our improved understanding of pathologic mineralization/ossification.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Osteogênese/genética , Receptor alfa de Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Humanos , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
The vascular wall is a source of progenitor cells that are able to induce skeletal repair, primarily by paracrine mechanisms. Here, the paracrine role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bone healing was investigated. First, purified human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) were observed to induce mitogenic, pro-migratory, and pro-osteogenic effects on osteoprogenitor cells while in non-contact co-culture via elaboration of EVs. PSC-derived EVs shared mitogenic, pro-migratory, and pro-osteogenic properties of their parent cell. PSC-EV effects were dependent on surface-associated tetraspanins, as demonstrated by EV trypsinization, or neutralizing antibodies for CD9 or CD81. Moreover, shRNA knockdown in recipient cells demonstrated requirement for the CD9/CD81 binding partners IGSF8 and PTGFRN for EV bioactivity. Finally, PSC-EVs stimulated bone repair, and did so via stimulation of skeletal cell proliferation, migration, and osteodifferentiation. In sum, PSC-EVs mediate the same tissue repair effects of perivascular stem cells, and represent an 'off-the-shelf' alternative for bone tissue regeneration.
Assuntos
Vasos Sanguíneos/citologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Osteócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteócitos/fisiologia , Osteogênese , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , HumanosRESUMO
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major cause of anovulatory sterility in women, and most PCOS patients exhibit hyperandrogenism (HA). Liver kinase b1 (LKB1) is a tumor suppressor that has recently been reported to be involved in PCOS. However, the mechanism by which LKB1 affects HA has not previously been elucidated. We report here that ovarian LKB1 levels are significantly decreased in a female mouse model of HA. Moreover, we report that LKB1 expression is inhibited by elevated androgens via activation of androgen receptors. In addition, LKB1 treatment was observed to suppress androgen synthesis in theca cells and promote estrogen production in granulosa cells by regulating steroidogenic enzyme expression. As expected, LKB1 knockdown inhibited estrogen levels and enhanced androgen levels, and LKB1-transgenic mice were protected against HA. The effect of LKB1 appears to be mediated via IGF-1 signaling. In summary, we describe here a key role for LKB1 in controlling sex hormone levels.
Assuntos
Androgênios/biossíntese , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hiperandrogenismo/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Activation of the p16Ink4a-associated senescence pathway during aging breaks muscle homeostasis and causes degenerative muscle disease by irreversibly dampening satellite cell (SC) self-renewal capacity. Here, we report that the zinc-finger transcription factor Slug is highly expressed in quiescent SCs of mice and functions as a direct transcriptional repressor of p16Ink4a. Loss of Slug promotes derepression of p16Ink4a in SCs and accelerates the entry of SCs into a fully senescent state upon damage-induced stress. p16Ink4a depletion partially rescues defects in Slug-deficient SCs. Furthermore, reduced Slug expression is accompanied by p16Ink4a accumulation in aged SCs. Slug overexpression ameliorates aged muscle regeneration by enhancing SC self-renewal through active repression of p16Ink4a transcription. Our results identify a cell-autonomous mechanism underlying functional defects of SCs at advanced age. As p16Ink4a dysregulation is the chief cause for regenerative defects of human geriatric SCs, these findings highlight Slug as a potential therapeutic target for aging-associated degenerative muscle disease.
Assuntos
Autorrenovação Celular/genética , Senescência Celular/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Células Satélites de Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Animais , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Animais , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/genéticaRESUMO
Precise genome editing in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) significantly enhances our capability to use human iPSCs for disease modeling, drug testing and screening as well as investigation of human cell biology. In this study, we seek to achieve conditional expression of the CD55 gene in order to interrogate its functions. We used two human iPSC lines that have unique genotypes, and constructed an inducible Cas9 gene expression system that is integrated at the AAVS1 safe harbor site in the human genome. Using paired guide RNAs, we observed efficient knock-out with an intended deletion in the coding region of several genes including CD55 and ETV6 genes. This paired guide RNA approach enabled us to efficiently identify homozygous iPSC clones with an intended deletion. Once an iPSC clone lacking CD55 expression was identified and characterized, we were able to use the same doxycycline system to induce expression of a CD55 transgene from a piggyBac vector, in both undifferentiated and differentiated iPSCs. This single cell line of gene knock-out complemented with an inducible transgene is sufficient to achieve conditional expression of the CD55 gene. The methodology described here is broadly applicable to other genes in order to interrogate their functions.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes/métodos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologiaRESUMO
Megakaryocytes (MKs) in adult marrow produce platelets that play important roles in blood coagulation and hemostasis. Monoallelic mutations of the master transcription factor gene RUNX1 lead to familial platelet disorder (FPD) characterized by defective MK and platelet development. However, the molecular mechanisms of FPD remain unclear. Previously, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with FPD containing a RUNX1 nonsense mutation. Production of MKs from the FPD-iPSCs was reduced, and targeted correction of the RUNX1 mutation restored MK production. In this study, we used isogenic pairs of FPD-iPSCs and the MK differentiation system to identify RUNX1 target genes. Using integrative genomic analysis of hematopoietic progenitor cells generated from FPD-iPSCs, and mutation-corrected isogenic controls, we identified 2 gene sets the transcription of which is either up- or downregulated by RUNX1 in mutation-corrected iPSCs. Notably, NOTCH4 expression was negatively controlled by RUNX1 via a novel regulatory DNA element within the locus, and we examined its involvement in MK generation. Specific inactivation of NOTCH4 by an improved CRISPR-Cas9 system in human iPSCs enhanced megakaryopoiesis. Moreover, small molecules known to inhibit Notch signaling promoted MK generation from both normal human iPSCs and postnatal CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Our study newly identified NOTCH4 as a RUNX1 target gene and revealed a previously unappreciated role of NOTCH4 signaling in promoting human megakaryopoiesis. Our work suggests that human iPSCs with monogenic mutations have the potential to serve as an invaluable resource for discovery of novel druggable targets.
Assuntos
Subunidade alfa 2 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Megacariócitos/citologia , Receptor Notch4/genética , Trombopoese , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células , Subunidade alfa 2 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Megacariócitos/metabolismo , Mutação Puntual , Receptor Notch4/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Beta-thalassemia is one of the most common recessive genetic diseases, caused by mutations in the HBB gene. Over 200 different types of mutations in the HBB gene containing three exons have been identified in patients with ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) whereas a homozygous mutation in exon 1 causes sickle cell disease (SCD). Novel therapeutic strategies to permanently correct the HBB mutation in stem cells that are able to expand and differentiate into erythrocytes producing corrected HBB proteins are highly desirable. Genome editing aided by CRISPR/Cas9 and other site-specific engineered nucleases offers promise to precisely correct a genetic mutation in the native genome without alterations in other parts of the human genome. Although making a sequence-specific nuclease to enhance correction of a specific HBB mutation by homology-directed repair (HDR) is becoming straightforward, targeting various HBB mutations of ß-thal is still challenging because individual guide RNA as well as a donor DNA template for HDR of each type of HBB gene mutation have to be selected and validated. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two ß-thal patients with different HBB gene mutations, we devised and tested a universal strategy to achieve targeted insertion of the HBB cDNA in exon 1 of HBB gene using Cas9 and two validated guide RNAs. We observed that HBB protein production was restored in erythrocytes derived from iPSCs of two patients. This strategy of restoring functional HBB gene expression will be able to correct most types of HBB gene mutations in ß-thal and SCD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:87-97.
Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/genética , Anemia Falciforme/terapia , Edição de Genes/métodos , Terapia Genética/métodos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Globinas beta/genética , Talassemia beta/genética , Talassemia beta/terapia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Reprogramação Celular , Eritrócitos/citologia , Feminino , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/transplante , Masculino , Mutação/genéticaRESUMO
Activating point mutations in the MPL gene encoding the thrombopoietin receptor are found in 3%-10% of essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myelofibrosis patients. Here, we report the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an ET patient with a heterozygous MPL V501L mutation. Peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells were reprogrammed by transient plasmid expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC plus BCL2L1 (BCL-xL) genes. The derived line M494 carries a MPL V501L mutation, displays typical iPSC morphology and characteristics, are pluripotent and karyotypically normal. Upon differentiation, the iPSCs are able to differentiate into cells derived from three germ layers.
Assuntos
Reprogramação Celular , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Receptores de Trombopoetina/genética , Trombocitemia Essencial/patologia , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Corpos Embrioides/metabolismo , Corpos Embrioides/patologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/transplante , Cariótipo , Fator 4 Semelhante a Kruppel , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Teratoma/metabolismo , Teratoma/patologia , Trombocitemia Essencial/genética , Trombocitemia Essencial/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Transplantation of vascular cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers an attractive noninvasive method for repairing the ischemic tissues and for preventing the progression of vascular diseases. Here, we found that in a serum-free condition, the proliferation rate of hPSC-derived endothelial cells is quickly decreased, accompanied with an increased cellular senescence, resulting in impaired gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and impaired vessel forming capability in vitro and in vivo. To overcome the limited expansion of hPSC-derived endothelial cells, we screened small molecules for specific signaling pathways and found that inhibition of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) signaling significantly retarded cellular senescence and increased a proliferative index of hPSC-derived endothelial cells. Inhibition of TGF-ß signaling extended the life span of hPSC-derived endothelial and improved endothelial functions, including vascular network formation on Matrigel, acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, and eNOS expression. Exogenous transforming growth factor-ß1 increased the gene expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p15Ink4b , p16Ink4a , and p21CIP1 , in endothelial cells. Conversely, inhibition of TGF-ß reduced the gene expression of p15Ink4b , p16Ink4a , and p21CIP1 . Our findings demonstrate that the senescence of newly generated endothelial cells from hPSCs is mediated by TGF-ß signaling, and manipulation of TGF-ß signaling offers a potential target to prevent vascular aging. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:589-600.
Assuntos
Benzamidas/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dioxóis/farmacologia , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta Tipo I/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Meios de Cultura Livres de Soro/metabolismo , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p15/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p15/metabolismo , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/genética , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/transplante , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/transplante , Humanos , Isquemia/genética , Isquemia/metabolismo , Isquemia/fisiopatologia , Isquemia/cirurgia , Lipoproteínas LDL/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta Tipo I/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/farmacologiaRESUMO
Previously, we have described our feeder-free, xeno-free approach to generate megakaryocytes (MKs) in culture from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we focus specifically on the integrity of these MKs using: (1) genotype discordance between parent cell DNA to iPSC cell DNA and onward to the differentiated MK DNA; (2) genomic structural integrity using copy number variation (CNV); and (3) transcriptomic signatures of the derived MK lines compared to the iPSC lines. We detected a very low rate of genotype discordance; estimates were 0.0001%-0.01%, well below the genotyping error rate for our assay (0.37%). No CNVs were generated in the iPSCs that were subsequently passed on to the MKs. Finally, we observed highly biologically relevant gene sets as being upregulated in MKs relative to the iPSCs: platelet activation, blood coagulation, megakaryocyte development, platelet formation, platelet degranulation, and platelet aggregation. These data strongly support the integrity of the derived MK lines.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Megacariócitos/citologia , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Megacariócitos/metabolismoRESUMO
Peripheral blood was obtained from a 12-year old male carrying bialleleic inactivating mutations at the ATM locus, causing Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T). Blood erythroid cells were briefly expanded in vitro and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated via transfection with episomal vectors carrying hOCT4, hSOX2, hKLF4, hMYC and hBCL2L1. SF-003 iPSCs were free of genomically integrated reprogramming genes, had the specific compound heterozygous mutations, stable karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers and formed teratomas in immunodeficient (NOD scid gamma; NGS) mice. The SF-003 iPSC line may be a useful resource for in vitro modeling of A-T.
Assuntos
Ataxia Telangiectasia/patologia , Reprogramação Celular , Eritroblastos/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Animais , Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Sequência de Bases , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Criança , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Eritroblastos/metabolismo , Éxons , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/transplante , Cariótipo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Teratoma/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transplante HeterólogoRESUMO
Biallelic mutations in ATM result in the neurodegenerative syndrome Ataxia-Telangiectasia, while ATM haploinsufficiency increases the risk of cancer and other diseases. Previous studies revealed low reprogramming efficiency from A-T and carrier fibroblasts, a barrier to iPS cell-based modeling and regeneration. Here, we tested the feasibility of employing circulating erythroid cells, a compartment no or minimally affected in A-T, for the generation of A-T and carrier iPS cells. Our results indicate that episomal expression of Yamanaka factors plus BCL-xL in erythroid cells results in highly efficient iPS cell production in feeder-free, xeno-free conditions. Moreover, A-T iPS cells generated with this protocol maintain long-term replicative potential, stable karyotypes, re-elongated telomeres and capability to differentiate along the neural lineage in vitro and to form teratomas in vivo. Finally, we find that haploinsufficiency for ATM does not limit reprogramming from human erythroid cells or in vivo teratoma formation in the mouse.
Assuntos
Ataxia Telangiectasia/patologia , Reprogramação Celular , Células Eritroides/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Adolescente , Animais , Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Sequência de Bases , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Células Eritroides/metabolismo , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/transplante , Cariótipo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Telômero/metabolismo , Encurtamento do Telômero , Teratoma/metabolismo , Teratoma/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Reprogramming human adult blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) cells by transient plasmid expression is becoming increasingly popular as an attractive method for generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells without the genomic alteration caused by genome-inserting vectors. However, its efficiency is relatively low with adult MNCs compared with cord blood MNCs and other fetal cells and is highly variable among different adult individuals. We report highly efficient iPS cell derivation under clinically compliant conditions via three major improvements. First, we revised a combination of three EBNA1/OriP episomal vectors expressing five transgenes, which increased reprogramming efficiency by ≥10-50-fold from our previous vectors. Second, human recombinant vitronectin proteins were used as cell culture substrates, alleviating the need for feeder cells or animal-sourced proteins. Finally, we eliminated the previously critical step of manually picking individual iPS cell clones by pooling newly emerged iPS cell colonies. Pooled cultures were then purified based on the presence of the TRA-1-60 pluripotency surface antigen, resulting in the ability to rapidly expand iPS cells for subsequent applications. These new improvements permit a consistent and reliable method to generate human iPS cells with minimal clonal variations from blood MNCs, including previously difficult samples such as those from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In addition, this method of efficiently generating iPS cells under feeder-free and xeno-free conditions allows for the establishment of clinically compliant iPS cell lines for future therapeutic applications.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Reprogramação Celular/genética , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Adulto , Células Sanguíneas/citologia , Meios de Cultura Livres de Soro , Células Alimentadoras/citologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Vetores Genéticos , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/transplante , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Vitronectina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are rare hematopoietic cells in the adult bone marrow and produce platelets that are critical to vascular hemostasis and wound healing. Ex vivo generation of MKs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides a renewable cell source of platelets for treating thrombocytopenic patients and allows a better understanding of MK/platelet biology. The key requirements in this approach include developing a robust and consistent method to produce functional progeny cells, such as MKs from hiPSCs, and minimizing the risk and variation from the animal-derived products in cell cultures. In this study, we developed an efficient system to generate MKs from hiPSCs under a feeder-free and xeno-free condition, in which all animal-derived products were eliminated. Several crucial reagents were evaluated and replaced with Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacological reagents, including romiplostim (Nplate, a thrombopoietin analog), oprelvekin (recombinant interleukin-11), and Plasbumin (human albumin). We used this method to induce MK generation from hiPSCs derived from 23 individuals in two steps: generation of CD34(+)CD45(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for 14 days; and generation and expansion of CD41(+)CD42a(+) MKs from HPCs for an additional 5 days. After 19 days, we observed abundant CD41(+)CD42a(+) MKs that also expressed the MK markers CD42b and CD61 and displayed polyploidy (≥16% of derived cells with DNA contents >4N). Transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that megakaryocytic-related genes were highly expressed. Additional maturation and investigation of hiPSC-derived MKs should provide insights into MK biology and lead to the generation of large numbers of platelets ex vivo.