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1.
Health Educ Behav ; 48(3): 260-264, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34080483

RESUMO

We tested if Latinx and Black individuals are more likely to somaticize depression compared with their White counterparts. We analyzed 14,745 depression ratings from 4,101 people living with HIV from 2007 to 2014. We calculated the percentage of each depression score accounted for by somatic symptom items (e.g., feeling tired). We analyzed depression scores using generalized estimation equations, which accounts for repeated measures within each person. Somatic symptoms accounted for 70% of depression scores for White patients, 66% for Latinx patients, and 68% for Black patients. Across the 14,745 assessments, adjusting for age and sex, and within-person correlation, the percentage of the depression scores made up of somatic items was lower for Latinx (b = -.03, p < .0001) and Black patients (b = -.02, p < .001), compared with White patients. The idea that Latinx and Black individuals are likely to somaticize depression may lead to underdiagnoses and perpetuate stereotypes and inequities that are not supported by empirical data.


Assuntos
Sintomas Inexplicáveis , Depressão/epidemiologia , Etnicidade , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Grupos Raciais
2.
Am Psychol ; 75(7): 909-918, 2020 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32584060

RESUMO

The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the norms, patterns, and power structures in the United States that privilege certain groups of people over others. This article describes COVID-19 as an unprecedented catalyst for social transformation that underscores the need for multilevel and cross-sectoral solutions to address systemic changes to improve health equity for all. The authors propose that the American Psychological Association (APA) and its membership can initiate systemic change, in part, by (a) supporting mutual aid organizations that prioritize the needs of vulnerable communities; (b) leveraging the efforts and strides APA psychologists have already made within the association, in the profession, and in policymaking to attend to the health equity and the needs of marginalized communities; (c) building capacity for collaboration between a broad coalition of health associations, health experts, and policymakers to address the physio-psycho-socioeconomic needs of disadvantaged communities; and (d) increasing the APA's participation in the formulation and implementation of an advocacy agenda that prioritizes the physical and psychological health of the communities whose lives are most endangered by COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Comportamento de Ajuda , Colaboração Intersetorial , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Sociedades Científicas , Populações Vulneráveis , COVID-19 , Defesa do Consumidor , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Liderança , Mudança Social , Estados Unidos
3.
Addict Behav ; 106: 106355, 2020 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32088422

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fear of victimization has been associated with poorer physical and mental health, yet is understudied in public health. Few studies have examined sex differences in the effects of fear of victimization on substance use. We examined associations between fear of victimization and hazardous alcohol drinking, tobacco, and marijuana use among female and male university students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students in an urban location (n = 1415). Socio-demographics, substance use, and fear related to various crimes were measured using online surveys. All fear types were summed into a total fear score and categorized into quartiles: no/little fear, moderate fear, high fear, and very high fear. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression models were used to examine associations between fear of victimization, hazardous alcohol drinking, tobacco and marijuana use, by sex. RESULTS: Females were more likely to report high and very high fear of victimization (26.6% and 33.1%) than male students (19.8% and 16.3%; p < 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models, associations differed by sex: moderate, high, and very high fear were all independently associated with hazardous drinking among females but not males. Female students with very high fear of victimization were more likely to report tobacco use. High and very high fear was also independently associated with marijuana use among female only. CONCLUSIONS: Higher fear of victimization was associated with substance use among females but not male students. Public health and health care professionals should acknowledge fear of victimization as a potential risk factor for substance use, particularly among women.


Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Uso da Maconha , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Medo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Uso da Maconha/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Nicotiana , Uso de Tabaco , Universidades
4.
Violence Against Women ; 24(8): 879-900, 2018 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29332490

RESUMO

Despite Latinos being the largest growing population in the United States, research has not examined the impact of social structures on the well-being of Latina immigrants; negative social discourse and restrictive laws exacerbate inequality and discrimination in this population. Through combined inductive/deductive analysis of in-depth semistructured interviews, we examined immigrant Mexican mothers' ( N = 32) descriptions of oppression in the United States. All five forms of oppression, described in Young's oppression framework are evident: exploitation, violence, marginalization, cultural imperialism, and powerlessness. Discrimination places a high burden on Latinas due to the intersection of forms of oppression and nondominant identities.


Assuntos
Carência Cultural , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Arizona/etnologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Autonomia Pessoal , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Violência/etnologia , Violência/psicologia
5.
J Immigr Minor Health ; 19(3): 562-571, 2017 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27757694

RESUMO

This paper examined the prevalence of depressive symptomotology among women of Mexican ancestry (N = 205), over the age of 18, of diverse incomes and nativity. We examined differences in rates of diagnosis by Spanish/English preference and the sensitivity and specificity of three common measures: the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10), and depression questions from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Short Form (MDD CIDI-SF); PHQ9 was used as the "gold standard" measure. Results indicated 18-32 % of participants met criteria for depression with higher rates found among Spanish preference participants. The K-10 had significantly higher sensitivity (0.81) but lower specificity (0.79) than the MDD CIDI-SF items (0.57 and 0.89, respectively). This study suggests that the K-10 and MDD CIDI-SF measures are complementary to each other for screening of depressive symptomatology. Implications for cultural and linguistic assessment of depression are further discussed.


Assuntos
Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/etnologia , Americanos Mexicanos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
6.
Health Care Women Int ; 38(2): 144-158, 2017 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27485767

RESUMO

In Peru, HIV/AIDS is increasing among heterosexual women. In this qualitative study researchers examined HIV-related stigma among 14 women in Lima, Peru, who were HIV positive and at least 18 years of age. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and indicated that women experienced stigma from health care providers. Two broad themes emerged from the data: forms of stigma and response to stigma. Within these themes, subthemes included maltreatment during care, neglect of patients' rights to confidentiality and privacy, and the process of women speaking out. Stigma from health care providers had a long-term, negative impact on women's willingness to seek treatment. Future stigma reduction initiatives, on a global level, should include health care workers.


Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Discriminação Psicológica , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Estigma Social , Adulto , Feminino , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Direitos do Paciente , Peru , Pesquisa Qualitativa
7.
Am Psychol ; 68(4): 247-60, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23688092

RESUMO

This article articulates a contextualized understanding of gender and ethnicity as interacting social determinants of HIV risk and acquisition, with special focus on African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos--2 ethnic groups currently at most risk for HIV/AIDS acquisition in the United States. First, sex and gender are defined. Second, a conceptual model of gender, ethnicity, and HIV risk and resilience is presented. Third, a historical backdrop of gender and ethnic disparities is provided, with attention to key moments in history when notions of the intersections between gender, ethnicity, and HIV have taken important shifts. Finally, new frontiers in psychology are presented, with recommendations as to how psychology as a discipline can better incorporate considerations of gender and ethnicity as not only HIV risk factors but also as potential avenues of resilience in ethnic families and communities. Throughout the article, we promulgate the notion of a syndemic intersectional approach, which provides a critical framework for understanding and building the conditions that create and sustain overall community health by locating gendered lived experiences and expectations within the layered conceptual model ranging from the biological self to broader societal structures that define and constrain personal decisions, behaviors, actions, resources, and consequences. For ethnic individuals and populations, health disparities, stress and depression, substance abuse, and violence and trauma are of considerable concern, especially with regard to HIV risk, infection, and treatment. The conceptual model poses new frontiers for psychology in HIV policy, research, interventions, and training.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Psicológicos , Negro ou Afro-Americano/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Hispânico ou Latino/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Fatores Sexuais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/etnologia
8.
J Consult Clin Psychol ; 80(2): 177-85, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22329824

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether individual-level social capital-the intangible resources in a community available through membership in social networks or other social structures and perceived trust in the community-was associated with acculturation, depression and anxiety symptoms, and perceived access to services among women of Mexican ancestry. METHOD: Recruited through venue-based targeted sampling in King County, Washington, 205 women of Mexican descent ages 18 to 64 years who differed in socioeconomic status and nativity completed a cross-sectional survey. Half completed the survey in Spanish and half in English. Structural equation modeling was used for model testing. RESULTS: Social capital increased with level of acculturation and was negatively related to depression and anxiety; it had no direct association with perceived access to services. Social capital mediated the relation between acculturation and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Acculturation had no direct association with psychological distress but was directly associated with perceived access to services. This community sample of women reported high levels of psychological distress, with 20% to 26% of women meeting diagnostic criteria for depression or anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Social capital can be assessed at the individual level, increases with acculturation, and may be a potential target for interventions to improve mental health among Mexican American women residing in the United States.


Assuntos
Aculturação , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Saúde Mental , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Mulheres/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Ansiedade/etnologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/etnologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Classe Social , Estresse Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia
9.
Cult Health Sex ; 10(7): 739-52, 2008 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18821355

RESUMO

Despite increasing rates of HIV infection among heterosexual women in Peru, married women remain virtually invisible as a group at risk of HIV or requiring treatment. This study analyzed the intersections of HIV with machismo and marianismo, the dominant discourses in Latin America that prescribe gender roles for men and women. Data sources include recent literature on machismo and marianismo and interviews conducted with 14 HIV-positive women in Lima, Peru. Findings indicate how the stigma associated with HIV constructs a discourse that restricts the identities of HIV-positive women to those of 'fallen women' whether or not they adhere to social codes that shape and inform their identities as faithful wives and devoted mothers. Lack of public discourse concerning HIV-positive marianas silences women as wives and disenfranchises them as mothers, leaving them little room to negotiate identities that allow them to maintain their respected social positions. Efforts must be aimed at expanding the discourse of acceptable gender roles and behaviour for both men and women within the context of machismo and marianismo so that there can be better recognition of all persons at risk of, and living with, HIV infection.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Casamento/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Cônjuges/psicologia , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto , Anedotas como Assunto , Características Culturais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru , Pobreza , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Predomínio Social , Percepção Social , Direitos da Mulher
10.
AIDS Behav ; 8(3): 251-61, 2004 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15475674

RESUMO

Safe sex skills training often teach women to be assertive in condom use negotiations. However, it has been suggested that assertiveness training may be inappropriate for women who lack power in their sexual relationship. Our qualitative study of 62 women attending a family planning clinic explored various communication styles they used to introduce and negotiate female condom use in their sexual relationships. We further examined how different introduction and negotiation styles were related to actual use of the device. The device was introduced using a direct, semidirect, indirect, or nonverbal communication approach. Use of the female condom was negotiated by avoiding sex, using humor, discussing the possibility of using the condom, or being argumentative with partners. The outcome of introducing and negotiating female condom use was often mediated by other factors including partner characteristics, relationship power dynamics, situational context, and use of additional discourse strategies (e.g., describing the female condom as a sexual toy or taking the opportunity to educated partners about the female condom). Less direct approaches appeared to be as effective in facilitating use of the female condom as more direct approaches. Female condom introduction and negotiation styles that continued to engage their partners by using additional discourse strategies led to more frequent use of the device. Implications of our findings for HIV risk reduction program development are discussed.


Assuntos
Preservativos Femininos , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Negociação , Adulto , Assertividade , Comunicação , Etnicidade/educação , Etnicidade/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Sexo Seguro/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia
11.
AIDS Educ Prev ; 15(2): 172-83, 2003 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12739793

RESUMO

Since 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has required its 65 public health department grantees to develop and implement a collaborative planning process with their state and local communities as a condition of continued HIV prevention funding. The HIV prevention community planning process offers an unprecedented opportunity for important changes in HIV prevention policy and governmental systems change through local citizen action. We examined the perceptions and experiences of members of community planning groups (CPGs) with respect to systems change and policy making in HIV prevention and identified a series of factors that either promote or inhibit systems and policy change by CPGs. Although there is reportedly substantial support from public health departments for policy making by CPGs, no official guidance supports these activities. CPGs in California have made profound changes in government systems and these experiences position them for policy making in HIV prevention.


Assuntos
Planejamento em Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Administração em Saúde Pública , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , California , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Comportamento Cooperativo , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interinstitucionais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Formulação de Políticas , População Rural , Estados Unidos , População Urbana
12.
Rev. méd. domin ; 56(3): 91-3, sept.-dic. 1995. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-269182

RESUMO

Con el objetivo de determinar la respuesta cutánea al BCG, realizamos un estudio transversal seleccionando 50 niños vacunados en la unidad de vacunación de la Clínica Infantil Dr. Robert Read Cabral, durante el período septiembre-diciembre 1993; de éstos 33 casos (66//) fueron msculinos y 17 casos (34//) fueron femeninos; 27 casos (54//) presentaron reacción cutánea a la vacuna BCG. La reacción fue más frecuente en la tercera semana, 13 casos (48.1//). Los niños eutróficos tuvieron mayor respuesta positiva 25 casos (85.77//), solo 10 casos (20//) presentó complicación


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Vacina BCG/farmacologia
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