Online and Face-to-Face Social Networks and Dispositional Affectivity. How to Promote Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Environments to Achieve Disruptive Innovations?

Although entrepreneurial intention has been widely studied using cognitive models, we still lack entrepreneurial vocation and, therefore, lack disruptive innovations. Entrepreneurship scholars have some understanding of the reasons underlying this weakness, although there is much room for improvement in our learning concerning how to promote entrepreneurship among university students, especially in the transformed context of digital technologies. This paper focuses on the early stages of start-up, and in particular seeks to evaluate what role social and psychological factors play in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on network theory, we consider the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we analyze the influence of two types of social networks: face-to-face and online social networks, with the latter proving especially important in digital transformations. In addition, based on affective congruency theory, we relate affect with entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, we evaluate the influence of positive and negative dispositional affectivity on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, since affect and emotions can also be related with social relationships, we analyze whether dispositional affectivities influence entrepreneurial intention through the mediation effect of social networks. Using structural equation modeling, we confirm the impact of both online and face-to-face social networks, as well as positive dispositional affectivity on entrepreneurial intention for 589 higher education students in Spain. However, negative dispositional affectivity is not seen to influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, both face-to-face and online social networks are influenced by positive dispositional affectivity. Moreover, these two types of networks can even partially mediate the relationship between positive dispositional affectivity and entrepreneurial intention. Positive dispositional affectivity can thus influence entrepreneurial intention in two different ways: directly and indirectly through both face-to-face and online social networks. This study provides further insights and adds to the literature on affect, social networks, and entrepreneurial intention. From a broader perspective, we also contribute to the literature on disruptive innovations by explaining how the development of entrepreneurial intentions would have positive consequences for university students vis-à-vis achieving these disruptive innovations.

[Food habits and body composition of Spanish elite athletes in combat sports]. / Hábitos alimenticios y composición corporal de deportistas españoles de élite pertenecientes a disciplinas de combate.

INTRODUCTION: There is a scarcity of information about the dietary intake and food selection of combat sport people. Optimizing nutritional status, body weight, and body composition are key factors for their performance. AIM: The assessment of dietary intake, food habits, and body composition in elite combat sport people. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 22 sportsmen were recruited from the Spanish National Teams of Tae kwon do, Judo, and Boxing. Food intake (FFQ), food habits and body composition (DXA and Bioimpedance) were analyzed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Weight and body composition of the individuals assessed were similar to that previously described, although almost half of them were moderately over their desired competition weight. A lower than the recommended intake of vegetables (77% of individuals), cereals, bread, rice, potatoes, and pasta (73%), while red meat and derivatives intake exceeded the recommendations. Their main preferences were pasta, meat, and cereals. Legumes, vegetables, and fish were their main dislikes. A statistically significant relationship between food preferences and intakes was only observed for legumes, yogurt, and nuts. The athletes reported that reducing the intake of biscuits and confectionery (68% of individuals), high-fat foods (36%), and/or bread (27%) would be a good dietetic strategy for losing weight. None of them reported that voluntary dehydration would be a good strategy for this purpose. CONCLUSIONS: food offer to which this sport people have access and their choices are adequate, although the intake of some food groups (vegetables, red meat and derivatives) does not follow the recommendations. Their body weight slightly exceeds their competition weight, what it is frequently found in these sports. Nevertheless, their knowledge about nutrition and dietetics applied to exercise are acceptable.

Hábitos alimenticios y composición corporal de deportistas españoles de élite pertenecientes a disciplinas de combate / Food habits and body composition of Spanish elite athletes in combat sports

Introducción: La información disponible acerca de las prácticas dietéticas habituales y los factores que influyen en la selección de alimentos en deportistas de combate es escasa a pesar de su importancia para optimizar el estado nutricional. Objetivo: Evaluar la ingesta dietética, los hábitos alimenticios y la composición corporal de deportistas de combate de élite. Sujetos y métodos: Se analizaron el consumo de alimentos (CFCA), los hábitos alimenticios y la composición corporal (DXA y Bioimpedancia) de 22 deportistas varones pertenecientes a las Selecciones Nacionales Españolas de taekwondo, judo y boxeo. Resultados y discusión: El peso y la composición corporal fueron similares a los descritos previamente, aunque casi la mitad de los deportistas estaba moderadamente por encima de su peso de competición. Se observó un consumo bajo de verduras y hortalizas (77% de los individuos) y cereales, pan, arroz, patatas y pasta (73%) y elevado de carnes grasas, embutidos. Las principales preferencias fueron pasta, carne y cereales; las aversiones, legumbres, verduras y pescado. Las preferencias sólo se relacionaron estadísticamente con la ingesta de legumbres, yogur y frutos secos. Con respecto a las modificaciones dietéticas que consideraban más adecuadas para perder peso, el 68% indicó que habría que disminuir o eliminar los dulces y la bollería, el 36% los alimentos grasos y el 27% el pan. Ninguno declaróque utilizaría la deshidratación voluntaria con este fin. Conclusiones: la oferta alimentaria a la que tienen acceso estos deportistas y su selección dietética son adecuadas, aunque el consumo de algunos grupos de alimentos (verduras y hortalizas; carnes grasas, embutidos) no se ajusta a las recomendaciones. Presentan un peso ligeramente superior al de su categoría de competición, lo que es característico de este tipo de deportes. No obstante, muestran unos conocimientos aceptables sobre nutrición y dietética aplicada a su deporte (AU)

Introduction: There is a scarcity of information about the dietary intake and food selection of combat sport people. Optimizing nutritional status, body weight, and body composition are key factors for their performance. Aim: The assessment of dietary intake, food habits, and body composition in elite combat sport people. Subjects and methods: 22 sportmen were recruited from the Spanish National Teams of Taekwondo, Judo, and Boxing. Food intake (FFQ), food habits and bodycomposition (DXA and Bioimpedance) were analyzed. Results and discussion: Weight and body composition of the individuals assessed were similar to that previously described, although almost half of them were moderately over their desired competition weight. A lower than the recommended intake of vegetables (77% of individuals), cereals, bread, rice, potatoes, and pasta (73%), while red meat and derivatives intake exceeded the recommendations. Their main preferences were pasta, meat, and cereals. Legumes, vegetables, and fish were their main dislikes. A statistically significant relationship between food preferences and intakes was only observed for legumes, yogurt, and nuts. The athletes reported that reducing the intake of biscuits and confectionery (68% of individuals), high-fat foods (36%), and/or bread (27%) would be a good dietetic strategy for losing weight. None of them reported that voluntary dehydration would be a good strategy for this purpose. Conclusions: food offer to which this sport people have access and their choices are adequate, although the intake of some food groups (vegetables, red meat and derivatives) does not follow the recommendations. Their body weight slightly exceeds their competition weight, what it is frequently found in these sports. Nevertheless, their knowledge about nutrition and dietetics applied to exercise are acceptable (AU)

Impact of a primary care intervention on smoking, drinking, diet, weight, sun exposure, and work risk in families with cancer experience.

BACKGROUND: Modifying multiple behavior risks is a promising approach to reduce cancer risk. Primary prevention advices of the European Code against Cancer were included in an educational intervention (EI) using social cognitive theories for motivating families with cancer experiences to adopt six cancer prevention behaviors. METHODS: A randomized clinical controlled trial recruited 3,031 patients from Primary Care among cancer patients' relatives. The experimental group (EG) received four EI, one EI every six months, focused on tobacco, alcohol, diet, weight, sun and work, and based on social cognitive models. The impact of the first three EI was calculated measuring at baseline and 18 months later: (a) The percentage of people with each risk behavior; (b) The score reached in a Total Cancer Behavioral Risk (TCBR) indicator; (c) The Odds Ratios at the post-test. RESULTS: Five risk behaviors decreased significantly more (p<0.01) in the EG than in the CG: Smoking (OR=0.662), drinking (OR=0.504), diet (OR=0.542), weight (OR=0.698), and sun (OR=0.389). The TCBR indicator also decreased an average of nearly 5 points (28.42 vs. 23.82), significantly more (p<0.001) in the EG. CONCLUSION: Families with cancer experiences changed five cancer risk behaviors when approached in Primary Care with interventions based on social cognitive models.

Attitude to primary prevention advice of the european code against cancer in relatives of cancer patients: implication for the development of preventive / Actitud hacia los consejos de prevención primaria del Código Europeo contra el cáncer, en parientes de pacientes con cáncer: implicaciones para el desarrollo de programas preventivos

Achieving a preventive attitude is the first step in eliminating cancer risk behaviours. This cross-sectional study evaluated the attitude towards the European Code against Cancer, in 3,031 relatives of cancer patients. The study looked for keys to improve attitude by means of educational interventions. Attitude was evaluated using a questionnaire with 63 items and a Likert’s scale. Measured from -2 to +2 , the mean score was 0.905 [0.894 - 0.971]. Five per cent had a mean score under 0.38 and another 5% over 1.46. A multivariate analysis found that age, sex and level of education were significantly associated with attitude: young men with a low cultural level were those with the lowest preventive attitude. The family history of cancer was not associated with attitude. Educational interventions should modify the perceived advantages of smoking and drinking, and the disadvantages related to preventive diet and sun and workplace protection

Conseguir una actitud preventiva es esencial para eliminar conductas de riesgo de cáncer. Se describe la actitud hacia el Código Europeo contra el Cáncer de 3.031 parientes de cancerosos. Se buscan claves para mejorar la actitud mediante intervenciones educativas. La actitud se evaluó con cuestionario de 63 ítems y escala de Likert: medida de -2 to +2, la puntuación media fue 0.905 [0.894 - 0.971]. Un 5% tuvo una media inferior a 0,38 y otro 5% superior a 1,46. En un análisis multivariante, edad, sexo y nivel de educación se asociaron significativamente con la actitud: los hombres jóvenes con bajo nivel cultural son los que tienen actitud preventiva menor. La historia familiar de cáncer no se asoció con la actitud. La clave de programas preventivos es modificar las ventajas percibidas por fumar y beber alcohol, y las desventajas de la prevención relacionada con la dieta, el sol y el trabajo

Attitude to primary prevention advice of the European Code against cancer in relatives of cancer patients: implications for the development of preventive programmes.

Achieving a preventive attitude is the first step in eliminating cancer risk behaviours. This cross-sectional study evaluated the attitude towards the European Code against Cancer, in 3,031 relatives of cancer patients. The study looked for keys to improve attitude by means of educational interventions. Attitude was evaluated using a questionnaire with 63 items and a Likert's scale. Measured from -2 to +2 , the mean score was 0.905 [0.894 - 0.971]. Five per cent had a mean score under 0.38 and another 5% over 1.46. A multivariate analysis found that age, sex and level of education were significantly associated with attitude: young men with a low cultural level were those with the lowest preventive attitude. The family history of cancer was not associated with attitude. Educational interventions should modify the perceived advantages of smoking and drinking, and the disadvantages related to preventive diet and sun and workplace protection.

[Potential benefits of living donor kidney transplantation]. / Potenciales beneficios del trasplante renal de donante vivo.

Living donor kidney transplantation is the best therapeutic option for endstage renal failure. In spite of being an underused option in our country, it acquires an important role reducing the waiting lists for transplantation because cadaver donation is not enough. Living donor kidney transplantation offers multiple advantages when compared with cadaver donor transplantation: longer graft and patient survival on the short, mid and long-term; the fact that a scheduled procedure allows us to optimize donor and receptor's conditions; and ischemia time between nephrectomy and transplantation can be shortened to a minimum. A good initial function without need of dialysis (up to 90%) and lower incidence of rejection, which diminishes the need of antirejection drugs, should also be emphasized.

[Surgical evaluation of candidates for donation. Selection of the kidney]. / Estudio del donante desde el punto de vista quirúrgico. Elección del riñón.

Living donation for kidney transplantation is being promoted due to the shortage of organs, the improved outcomes of living donor transplants and the evolution of immunosuppression regimens. The process of organ donation from a living donor affects not only medical-surgical features but also emotional, social and economic. Using kidneys from living donors involves a great responsibility in evaluation and selection. Candidates for donation undergo an extensive set of examinations in order to optimize selection and to plan surgery. Radiological evaluation is one of the most important features of the evaluation process and selection of the kidney; it shows precisely the renal vascular anatomy, which is decisive in the choice of the kidney and helps to optimize the process and diminish risks and complications during extraction and/or tronsplantation. The advantages on imaging tests allow to evaluate potential donors in a safely, fast and almost noninvasive matter. The aim of the process is to select the kidney with less likelihood of failure due to technical reasons, and always leave the best kidney for the donor.

Potenciales beneficios del trasplante renal de donante vivo / Potential benefits of living donor kidney transplantation

El trasplante renal de donante vivo es lamejor opción terapeútica en la insuficiencia renal terminal,y aunque en nuestro país ha sido una opcióninfrautilizada, adquiere un papel importante en lareducción de las listas de espera para trasplante, puestoque la donación de cadáver es insuficiente. El trasplanterenal de donante vivo ofrece múltiples ventajasrespecto al de cadáver: mayor supervivencia del injertoy receptor a corto, medio y largo plazo, el hecho deser un procedimiento programado permite optimizar lascondiciones del donante y receptor, así como disminuiral mínimo el tiempo de isquemia entre la nefrectomía yel implante. Además, destaca la buena función inicial (hasta un 90% ) sin necesidad de diálisis y la menorincidencia de rechazo, lo cual disminuye la necesidadde fármacos para prevenir el rechazo

Living donor kidney transplantation is the best therapeutic option for endstage renal failure. In spite of being an underused option in our country, it acquires an important role reducing the waiting lists for transplantation because cadaver donation is not enough. Living donor kidney transplantation offers multiple advantages when compared with cadaver donor transplantation: longer graft and patient survival on the short, mid and long-term; the fact that a scheduled procedure allows us to optimize donor and receptor´s conditions; and ischemia time between nephrectomy and transplantation can be shortened to a minimum. A good initial function without need of dialysis (up to 90%) and lower incidence of rejection, which diminishes the need of antirejection drugs, should also be emphasized

Estudio del donante desde el punto de vista quirúrgico. Elección del riñón / Surgical evaluation of candidates for donation. Selection of the kidney

Debido a la escasez de órganos paratrasplantar, el aumento del éxito en el resultado del trasplante(Tx) de donante vivo renal, junto a la evoluciónen las pautas de inmunosupresión, se intenta potenciarla obtención de riñones a partir de este tipo de donantesvivos. El proceso de obtención de un órgano a partirde un donante vivo repercute sobre múltiples aspectosno sólo médico-quirúrgicos, sino también emocionales,sociales y económicos. La utilización de riñonesprocedentes de donante vivo implica una gran responsabilidaden el evaluación y selección Los candidatospara la donación son sometidos a una extensa bateríade exploraciones de cara a optimizar la posible seleccióny planificación prequirúrgica. Uno de los aspectosmás importantes en la evaluación y elección del riñónreside en la realización de pruebas radiológicas, a suvez básicas para delimitar e informar, de la forma másprecisa y detallada posible, de la anatomía renovascular,determinante en la elección del riñón y así optimizary disminuir los riesgos y complicaciones que se puedanproducir en la extracción o en el implante. Losavances en la tecnología de la imagen permiten evaluarde forma segura, rápida y practicamente no invasivaal donante potencial. De esta forma se pretendeseleccionar el riñón con menor probabilidad de fallopor causas técnicas, y que siempre se conserve elmejor riñón en el donante

Living donation for kidney transplantation ;;is being promoted due to the shortage of organs, the ;;improved outcomes of living donor transplants and the ;;evolution of immunosuppression regimens. The process ;;of organ donation from a living donor affects not only ;;medical-surgical features but also emotional, social and ;;economic. Using kidneys from living donors involves a ;;great responsibility in evaluation and selection. ;;Candidates for donation undergo an extensive set of ;;examinations in order to optimize selection and to plan ;;surgery. Radiological evaluation is one of the most ;;important features of the evaluation process and selection ;;of the kidney; it shows precisely the renal vascular ;;anatomy, which is decisive in the choice of the kidney ;;and helps to optimize the process and diminish risks and ;;complications during extraction and/or transplantation. ;;The advantages on imaging tests allow to evaluate ;;potential donors in a safely, fast and almost noninvasive ;;matter. The aim of the process is to select the kidney ;;with less likelihood of failure due to technical reasons, ;;and always leave the best kidney for the donor

A method for the selection of production media for actinomycete strains based on their metabolite HPLC profiles.

The manipulation of growth conditions of microorganisms is a common strategy used by pharmaceutical companies to improve the quantities and spectra of secondary metabolites with potential therapeutic interest. In this work, the effects of fermentation media on secondary metabolite production from a set of Actinomycetes was statistically compared. For this purpose, we created an automated method for comparing the ability of microorganisms to produce different secondary metabolites. HPLC analyses guided the selection of those media in which a wider chemical diversity was obtained from microorganisms inoculated in a wide spectrum of production media. Fermented media yielding a better secondary metabolite profile were included in subsequent drug discovery screening.

Litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque en la litiasis ureteral mayor de 10 mm / Extracorporeal shock waves lithotricia in ureteral lithiases greater than 10 mm

En el presente trabajo se evalúa el resultado de la litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque (LEOC) como monoterapia inicial de la litiasis ureteral mayor de 10 mm. Se analizan 4331 casos correspondientes al período 1990-1994, de los cuales 448 eran por litiasis ureterales mayores de 10 mm.Se encontró concomitancia de este tipo de litiasis con patologías del aparato urinario y cirugías previas en 3,5 por ciento de los pacientes. Se realizó narcoanalgesia en 10,9 por ciento de los casos, observandose que 95,9 por ciento de los pacientes presentó buena tolerancia al tratamiento. Puede concluirse que en virtud del alto índice de éxito (96,6 por ciento libres de litiasis), el bajo número de sesiones promedio por tratamiento y la ausencia de complicaciones importantes, la LEOC tiene indicaciones como monoterapia inicial en la litiasis ureteral mayor de 10 mm