Generalized and visual anosognosia, Anosodiaphoria after bifrontal injury: symptom length and cognitive outcomes after one year from first report documented.

IMPORTANCE: GAAB Syndrome was recently discovered and coined by Rodríguez, Azariah, Ritter, et al.. (2024). It is characterized by bifrontal brain injury, visual pathway damage involving bilateral enucleation, generalized and visual anosognosia and lack of emotional processing with visual anosognosia being more prominent in the clinical presentation of the patient given the context of bilateral enucleation. The syndrome was not explained by delirium nor by amnesia, not either by multiple shunt adjustments or psychological denial. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and syndrome length of the patient one year after injury. Results show that most of the syndrome symptoms are resolved after nine months, with just visual anosognosia not resolving completely. The patient improved cognitively as shown by the same tests one year later.

First identification of Angiostrongylus spp. in Lissachatina fulica and Cornu aspersum in Antioquia, Colombia / Identificación de Angiostrongylus spp. en Lissachatina fulica y Cornu aspersum en Antioquia, Colombia

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal and neural angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis and A. cantonensis, respectively, are zoonotic diseases involving snails as intermediate hosts. Colombia has already reported human cases, and the increasing distribution of Lissachatina fulica and Cornu aspersum raises public health concerns due to the potential risk of disease transmission in areas where parasites and hosts coexist. OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of Angiostrongylus spp. in snail species L. fulica and C. aspersum in Antioquia, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study had a population of 5,855 L. fulica and C. aspersum snails captured in the ten towns of the Valle de Aburrá (Antioquia, Colombia), 169 samples were collected in 28 sampling points. Lung tissues of the collected snails were dissected and analyzed to detect Angiostrongylus spp. through molecular techniques. RESULTS: Angiostrongylus spp. were identified in both L. fulica and C. aspersum. Angiostrongylus costaricensis was detected in 18 pooled prevalence of 30% (95% CI = 19.2-43.3), and Medellín was the municipality with the highest number of positive samples (33.3%). Seventy-two-point-two percent of the positive places reported the presence of rodents. None of the tests were positive for A. cantonensis. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide important insights into the epidemiology and distribution of Angiostrongylus spp. in Antioquia, Colombia. The identification of these parasitic nematodes in L. fulica and C. aspersum highlights the potential role of these snails as intermediate hosts in the transmission of Angiostrongylus spp. infections in the Valle de Aburrá, with implications for human and veterinary health.

Introducción: La angiostrongiliasis abdominal y neura ­causadas por Angiostrongylus costaricensis y A. cantonensis, respectivamente­ son zoonosis que involucran caracoles como huéspedes intermediarios. Colombia ya ha reportado casos en humanos y la ampliación de la distribución de Lissachatina fulica y Cornu aspersum aumenta la preocupación en salud pública debido al riesgo potencial de transmisión en áreas donde los parásitos y sus huéspedes coexisten. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de Angiostrongylus spp. en caracoles de las especies L. fulica y C. aspersum en Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal prospectivo con una población de 5.855 caracoles de L. fulica o C. aspersum, capturados en diez ciudades del valle de Aburrá; 169 muestras fueron recolectadas en 28 puntos de muestreo. Se disecaron los tejidos pulmonares de los caracoles y se emplearon técnicas moleculares para detectar la presencia de Angiostrongylus spp. Resultados: Angiostrongylus costaricensis fue detectado en 18 muestras agrupadas (30 %; IC95%: 19,2-43,3), tanto en L. fulica como en C. aspersum. Medellín fue el municipio con el mayor número de muestras positivas (33,3 %). El 72,2 % de los lugares positivos reportaron la presencia de roedores. Ninguna de las pruebas fue positiva para A. cantonensis. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos brindan información importante sobre la distribución de Angiostrongylus spp. en Antioquia (Colombia). La identificación de estos nemátodos en L. fulica y C. aspersum resalta el papel potencial de estos caracoles como huéspedes intermediarios en la transmisión de infecciones por Angiostrongylus en el valle de Aburrá, con implicaciones para la salud humana y veterinaria.

The kinetics of cardiac troponin T release during and after 1- and 6-h maximal cycling trials.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effects of short-duration high-intensity exercise and long-duration exercise on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) levels were compared. METHODS: Twelve male amateur cyclists performed 1- and 6-h cycling trials. In both exercise trials, hs-cTnT was assessed at rest, immediately postexercise and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h postexercise. Additionally, hs-cTnT levels were assessed every hour during the 6-h trial. RESULTS: Exercise resulted in an increase in hs-cTnT levels in all subjects. Circulating hs-cTnT levels increased in both exercise trials (p < 0.001), with higher peak values occurring after the 1-h trial compared with those of the 6-h trial (p = 0.023). The upper reference limit (URL) exceeded 83 % of the participants in the 1-h trial and 42 % of the participants in the 6-h trial. There was substantial individual variability in peak hs-cTnT in both trials. Values of hs-cTnT were greater after exercise than during exercise for the 6-h trial. For both exercise trials, the maximum postexercise hs-cTnT values correlated with the %HRMAX (r = 0.906 for the 1-h trial, r = 0.735 for the 6-h trial). For the 1-h trial, the maximum postexercise hs-cTnT values were observed at 3 h in all subjects. No significant difference in the hs-cTnT values was observed for the 6-h trial during the first 12 h postexercise. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated greater hs-cTnT levels in young male participants after a 1-h cycling trial than after a 6-h cycling trial, despite a substantially greater energy expenditure and total external work completed in the 6-h trial. Postexercise hs-cTnT values are associated with relative exercise intensity.

Discovery and Optimization of Aryl Piperidinone Ureas as Selective Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Agonists.

We report the discovery and optimization of aryl piperidinone urea formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonists from a weakly active high-throughput screening (HTS) hit to potent and selective agonists with favorable efficacy in acute in vivo models. A basis for the selectivity for FPR2 over FPR1 is proposed based on docking molecules into recently reported FPR2 and FPR1 cryoEM structures. Compounds from the new scaffold reported in this study exhibited superior potency and selectivity and favorable ADME profiles. Furthermore, select compounds were evaluated in an acute rat lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammation model and demonstrated robust dose-dependent induction of IL10, a marker for inflammation resolution, providing a valuable proof of concept for this class of FPR2 agonists.

Intraspecific encounters can lead to reduced range overlap.

Direct encounters, in which two or more individuals are physically close to one another, are a topic of increasing interest as more and better movement data become available. Recent progress, including the development of statistical tools for estimating robust measures of changes in animals' space use over time, facilitates opportunities to link direct encounters between individuals with the long-term consequences of those encounters. Working with movement data for coyotes (Canis latrans) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), we investigate whether close intraspecific encounters were associated with spatial shifts in the animals' range distributions, as might be expected if one or both of the individuals involved in an encounter were seeking to reduce or avoid conflict over space. We analyze the movement data of a pair of coyotes in detail, identifying how a change in home range overlap resulting from altered movement behavior was apparently a consequence of a close intraspecific encounter. With grizzly bear movement data, we approach the problem as population-level hypothesis tests of the spatial consequences of encounters. We find support for the hypotheses that (1) close intraspecific encounters between bears are, under certain circumstances, associated with subsequent changes in overlap between range distributions and (2) encounters defined at finer spatial scales are followed by greater changes in space use. Our results suggest that animals can undertake long-term, large-scale spatial changes in response to close intraspecific encounters that have the potential for conflict. Overall, we find that analyses of movement data in a pairwise context can (1) identify distances at which individuals' proximity to one another may alter behavior and (2) facilitate testing of population-level hypotheses concerning the potential for direct encounters to alter individuals' space use.

Swift Onset, Swift Recovery: Unusual Nonrheumatic Myocarditis in a Young Adult Post Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis.

This case report highlights the unusual presentation and management of nonrheumatic myocarditis in a 24-year-old male, an age demographic not commonly associated with myocardial complications following Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. The patient, devoid of any prior medical history, manifested symptoms one day after being diagnosed with Group A streptococcal pharyngitis, a stark contrast to the typical progression of myocardial complications. The swift onset of symptoms and the patient's subsequent clinical presentation necessitated a comprehensive diagnostic approach. The patient's symptoms were successfully alleviated with amoxicillin and anti-inflammatory therapy, underscoring its potential efficacy in managing nonrheumatic myocarditis. This case serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis, especially in atypical presentations, and the pivotal role of timely clinical intervention. The insights from this report contribute to the broader understanding of nonrheumatic myocarditis, emphasizing the significance of tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Plant antagonistic facilitation across environmental gradients: a soil-resource ecosystem engineering model.

Theory questions the persistence of nonreciprocal interactions in which one plant has a positive net effect on a neighbor that, in return, has a negative net impact on its benefactor - a phenomenon known as antagonistic facilitation. We develop a spatially explicit consumer-resource model for belowground plant competition between ecosystem engineers, plants able to mine resources and make them available for any other plant in the community, and exploiters. We use the model to determine in what environmental conditions antagonistic facilitation via soil-resource engineering emerges as an optimal strategy. Antagonistic facilitation emerges in stressful environments where ecosystem engineers' self-benefits from mining resources outweigh the competition with opportunistic neighbors. Among all potential causes of stress considered in the model, the key environmental parameter driving changes in the interaction between plants is the proportion of the resource that becomes readily available for plant consumption in the absence of any mining activity. Our results align with theories of primary succession and the stress gradient hypothesis. However, we find that the total root biomass and its spatial allocation through the root system, often used to measure the sign of the interaction between plants, do not predict facilitation reliably.

Interfacial Water Is Separated from a Hydrophobic Silica Surface by a Gap of 1.2 nm.

The interaction of liquid water with hydrophobic surfaces is ubiquitous in life and technology. Yet, the molecular structure of interfacial liquid water on these surfaces is not known. By using a 3D atomic force microscope, we characterize with angstrom resolution the structure of interfacial liquid water on hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica surfaces. The combination of 3D AFM images and molecular dynamics simulations reveals that next to a hydrophobic silica surface, there is a 1.2 nm region characterized by a very low density of water. In contrast, the 3D AFM images obtained of a hydrophilic silica surface reveal the presence of hydration layers next to the surface. The gap observed on hydrophobic silica surfaces is filled with two-to-three layers of straight-chain alkanes. We developed a 2D Ising model that explains the formation of a continuous hydrocarbon layer on hydrophobic silica surfaces.

Artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease: Early detection and diagnostic advancements.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, globally affecting men and women at an exponentially growing rate, with currently no cure. Disease progression starts when dopaminergic neurons begin to die. In PD, the loss of neurotransmitter, dopamine is responsible for the overall communication of neural cells throughout the body. Clinical symptoms of PD are slowness of movement, involuntary muscular contractions, speech & writing changes, lessened automatic movement, and chronic tremors in the body. PD occurs in both familial and sporadic forms and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and socioeconomic conditions cause PD. Early detectable diagnostics and treatments have been developed in the last several decades. However, we still do not have precise early detectable biomarkers and therapeutic agents/drugs that prevent and/or delay the disease process. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) science and machine learning tools have been promising in identifying early detectable markers with a greater rate of accuracy compared to past forms of treatment and diagnostic processes. Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, distinct from the intelligence observed in humans that is based on neural networks in a form and can be used to diagnose the longevity and disease severity of disease. The term Machine Learning or Neural Networks is a blanket term used to identify an emerging technology that is created to work in the way of a "human brain" using many intertwined neurons to achieve the same level of raw intelligence as that of a brain. These processes have been used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, to assess the severity of the patient's condition. In the current article, we discuss the prevalence and incidence of PD, and currently available diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. We also highlighted currently available artificial intelligence science and machine learning tools and their applications to detect disease and develop therapeutic interventions.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for the detection and management of Colorectal Cancer Treatment.

Currently, eight million people in the United States suffer from cancer, and is a major global health concern. Early detection and interventions are urgently needed for all cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is the third most common type of cancer worldwide; From diagnostic efforts to general awareness and lifestyle choices, it is understandable why CRC is so prevalent today. There is a notable lack of awareness concerning the impact of this cancer and its connection to lifestyle elements, as well as people sometimes mistaking symptoms for a different gastrointestinal condition. Artificial Intelligence (AI) may assist in the early detection of all cancers, including CRC. The usage of AI has exponentially grown within healthcare through extensive research and since clinical implementation, has succeeded in improving patient lifestyles, modernizing diagnostic processes, and innovating current treatment strategies. Numerous challenges arise for CRC patients and Oncologists alike during treatment. For initial screening phases, conventional methods oftentimes result in misdiagnosis. Moreover, after detection, determining the course of which CRC can sometimes contribute to treatment delays. This article touches on recent advancements in AI and its clinical application while shedding light on why this disease is so common today.

Obtention and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Industrial Melon Residues Following a Biorefinery Approach.

Residual melon by-products were explored for the first time as a bioresource of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtention. Two alkaline extraction methods were employed, the traditional (4.5% NaOH, 2 h, 80 °C) and a thermo-alkaline in the autoclave (2% NaOH, 1 h, 100 °C), obtaining a yield of MCC ranging from 4.76 to 9.15% and 2.32 to 3.29%, respectively. The final MCCs were characterized for their chemical groups by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), crystallinity with X-ray diffraction, and morphology analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). FTIR spectra showed that the traditional protocol allows for a more effective hemicellulose and lignin removal from the melon residues than the thermo-alkaline process. The degree of crystallinity of MCC ranged from 51.51 to 61.94% and 54.80 to 55.07% for the thermo-alkaline and traditional processes, respectively. The peaks detected in X-ray diffraction patterns indicated the presence of Type I cellulose. SEM analysis revealed microcrystals with rough surfaces and great porosity, which could remark their high-water absorption capacity and drug-carrier capacities. Thus, these findings could respond to the need to valorize industrial melon by-products as raw materials for MCC obtention with potential applications as biodegradable materials.

Technological and Nutritional Aspects of Bread Production: An Overview of Current Status and Future Challenges.

Bakery products, especially bread, exist in many homes worldwide. One of the main reasons for its high consumption is that the main raw material is wheat, a cereal that can adapt to a wide variety of soils and climates. However, the nutritional quality of this raw material decreases during its industrial processing, decreasing the value of fibers, proteins, and minerals. Therefore, bread has become a product of high interest to increase its nutritional value. Due to the high consumption of bread, this paper provides a general description of the physicochemical and rheological changes of the dough, as well as the sensory properties of bread by incorporating alternative flours such as beans, lentils, and soy (among others). The reviewed data show that alternative flours can improve fiber, macro, and micronutrient content. The high fiber content reduces the quality of the texture of the products. However, new processing steps or cooking protocols, namely flour proportions, temperature, cooking, and fermentation time, can allow adjusting production variables and optimization to potentially overcome the decrease in sensory quality and preserve consumer acceptance.

In Operando Imaging Electrostatic-Driven Disassembly and Reassembly of Collagen Nanostructures.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in tissue scaffolds in live organisms. Collagen can self-assemble in vitro, which has led to a number of biotechnological and biomedical applications. To understand the dominant factors that participate in the formation of collagen nanostructures, here we study in real time and with nanoscale resolution the disassembly and reassembly of collagens. We implement a high-speed force microscope, which provides in situ high spatiotemporal resolution images of collagen nanostructures under changing pH conditions. The disassembly and reassembly are dominated by the electrostatic interactions among amino-acid residues of different molecules. Acidic conditions favor disassembly by neutralizing negatively charged residues. The process sets a net repulsive force between collagen molecules. A neutral pH favors the presence of negative and positively charged residues along the collagen molecules, which promotes their electrostatic attraction. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the experimental behavior and validate the electrostatic-based model of the disassembly and reassembly processes.

Demographic effects of aggregation in the presence of a component Allee effect.

The component Allee effect (AE) is the positive correlation between an organism's fitness component and population density. Depending on the population spatial structure, which determines the interactions between organisms, a component AE might lead to positive density dependence in the population per-capita growth rate and establish a demographic AE. However, existing spatial models impose a fixed population spatial structure, which limits the understanding of how a component AE and spatial dynamics jointly determine the existence of demographic AEs. We introduce a spatially explicit theoretical framework where spatial structure and population dynamics are emergent properties of the individual-level demographic and movement rates. This framework predicts various spatial patterns depending on its specific parametrization, including evenly spaced aggregates of organisms, which determine the demographic-level by-products of the component AE. We find that aggregation increases population abundance and allows population survival in harsher environments and at lower global population densities when compared with uniformly distributed organisms. Moreover, aggregation can prevent the component AE from manifesting at the population level or restrict it to the level of each independent aggregate. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how component AEs might operate for different spatial structures and manifest at larger scales.

Autotrophic adaptive laboratory evolution of the acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum delivers the gas-fermenting strain LAbrini with superior growth, products, and robustness.

Microbes able to convert gaseous one-carbon (C1) waste feedstocks are increasingly important to transition to the sustainable production of renewable chemicals and fuels. Acetogens are interesting biocatalysts since gas fermentation using Clostridium autoethanogenum has been commercialised. However, most acetogen strains need complex nutrients, display slow growth, and are not robust for bioreactor fermentations. In this work, we used three different and independent adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategies to evolve the wild-type C. autoethanogenum to grow faster, without yeast extract and to be robust in operating continuous bioreactor cultures. Multiple evolved strains with improved phenotypes were isolated on minimal media with one strain, named "LAbrini", exhibiting superior performance regarding the maximum specific growth rate, product profile, and robustness in continuous cultures. Whole-genome sequencing of the evolved strains identified 25 mutations. Of particular interest are two genes that acquired seven different mutations across the three ALE strategies, potentially as a result of convergent evolution. Reverse genetic engineering of mutations in potentially sporulation-related genes CLAU_3129 (spo0A) and CLAU_1957 recovered all three superior features of our ALE strains through triggering significant proteomic rearrangements. This work provides a robust C. autoethanogenum strain "LAbrini" to accelerate phenotyping and genetic engineering and to better understand acetogen metabolism.

Caring for Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease: A Spotlight on Hispanic Caregivers.

 A caregiver is a constantly evolving role that an individual most likely undertakes at some point in their lifetime. With discoveries and research in increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of neurological-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, is certainly likely to require more caregivers. The demand for AD caregivers is escalating as the prevalence of the disease continues to rise. The projected rise in AD within the Hispanic population in the United States over the next few decades is expected to be the most significant among all ethnic groups. The Hispanic population faces unique dementia risks due to cultural factors like language barriers, lower education, and limited healthcare access. Higher rates of conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease further elevate dementia risk. Family dynamics and caregiving responsibilities also differ, affecting dementia management within Hispanic households. Addressing these distinct challenges requires culturally sensitive approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and support for Hispanic individuals and their family's facing dementia. With AD and other dementia becoming more prevalent, this article will attempt to expand upon the status of caregivers concerning their economic, health, and cultural statuses. We will attempt to focus on the Hispanic caregivers that live in Texas and more specifically, West Texas due to the lack of current literature that applies to this area of Texas. Lastly, we discuss the ramifications of a multitude of factors that affect caregivers in Texas and attempt to provide tools that can be readily available for Hispanics and others alike.

Yearlong Near-Syncope: Presentation of a Rare Right Atrial Myxoma.

Atrial myxomas are the most common form of primary benign cardiac tumors. The left atrium is typically the most common location while right atrial myxomas are much rarer and only occur in about 15%-25% of all myxoma patients. Typically, left atrial myxomas have the ability to cause symptoms such as syncope. We report a case of a 67-year-old female who presented with complaints of palpitations, dizziness, and near-syncope that had been ongoing for about a year. Other causes of syncope were investigated and ruled out. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) found a large 4.3 x 4.0 cm spherical mass in the right atrium which was confirmed by surgical resection and immunohistochemistry to be a myxoma. The patient's condition of syncope-like symptoms warrants elevating atrial myxomas to a higher position in the diagnostic differential.

Dual-Mode Solidly Mounted Resonator-Based Sensor for Temperature and Humidity Detection and Discrimination.

Sensors based on solidly mounted resonators (SMRs) exhibit a good set of properties, such as high sensitivity, fast response, low resolution limit and low production cost, which makes them an appealing technology for sensing applications. However, they can suffer from cross-sensitivity issues, as their response can be altered by undesirable ambient factors, such as temperature and humidity variations. In this work we propose a method to discriminate humidity variations from the general frequency response using an SMR specifically manufactured to operate in a dual-mode (displaying two close resonances). The two modes behave similarly towards humidity changes (-1.94 kHZ/(%RH)) for resonance one and -1.62 kHZ/(%RH) for resonance two), whereas their performance under temperature changes is significantly different, displaying 2.64 kHZ/°C for resonance one and 34.21 kHZ/°C for resonance two. This allows for the decoupling process to be carried out in a straightforward manner. Frequency response is tracked under different humidity conditions, in the -20 °C to room temperature region, proving that this behavior is reproducible in any given environment.

[Clinico-pathological evaluation of tumor budding in the oncological progression of colorectal cancer]. / Evaluación clínico-patológica del tumorbudding en la progresión oncológica del cáncer colorrectal.

INTRODUCTION: Tumor budding (TB), defined as the presence of individual neoplastic cells or isolated groups of up to 4 cells at the front of tumor invasion, has become an adverse prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC) in recent decades. The prognostic impact of TB in CRC remains not clearly defined and histological methods for its evaluation vary depending on the center. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between TB and CRC, in terms of oncological evolution and pathological stage. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted, including patients undergoing curative oncological surgery for CRC between January 2017 and December 2022. The effects of TB on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated according to the Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: In 78 cases TB was described in the pathology report. TB was present in 56 patients (71.8%), divided into the following categories: low grade in 22 (39.3%), intermediate grade in 17 (30.4%) and high grade in 17 (30.4%). The proportion of patients who presented lymph node metastases, lympho-vascular and perineural invasion was significantly higher in patients with TB (26.8% vs 0%, P=.008; 41.1% vs 4.5%, P=.002; 16.1% vs 0% P=.054; respectively). DFS was 86.3% in low-grade TB, 75.3% in intermediate-grade TB, and 70.3% in high-grade TB. Cases with intermediate and high grade were associated with a shorter OS compared to the low grade group (93.7% and 75.4% vs 100% P=.012, respectively). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that TB expression may be a useful risk factor as a prognostic factor for the detection of lymph node metastasis, local recurrence, and distant metastasis in CRC.

Treating Alzheimer's disease using nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery strategies/systems.

The administration of promising medications for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is significantly hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotechnology has recently come to light as a viable strategy for overcoming this obstacle and improving drug delivery to the brain. With a focus on current developments and prospects, this review article examines the use of nanoparticles to overcome the BBB constraints to improve drug therapy for AD The potential for several nanoparticle-based approaches, such as those utilizing lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic nanoparticles, to enhance drug transport across the BBB are highlighted. To shed insight on their involvement in aiding effective drug transport to the brain, methods of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, such as surface modifications, functionalization, and particular targeting ligands, are also investigated. The article also discusses the most recent findings on innovative medication formulations encapsulated within nanoparticles and the therapeutic effects they have shown in both preclinical and clinical testing. This sector has difficulties and restrictions, such as the need for increased safety, scalability, and translation to clinical applications. However, the major emphasis of this review aims to provide insight and contribute to the knowledge of how nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize the worldwide treatment of NDDs, particularly AD, to enhance clinical outcomes.