Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: experience in clinical practice.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to describe our clinical experience with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and to evaluate their efficacy and tolerability in patients with iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). METHODS: There were 17 patients (47.1% women, mean age: 65.7) with DTC iodine-refractory (9 papillary, 2 follicular and 3 Hürthle cell), treated with TKIs: 16 with sorafenib and 1 with lenvatinib as first-line treatment; 7 required second-line treatment (4 lenvatinib and 3 axitinib). Primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and radiographic response (determinate at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the initiation of treatment) and second endpoints were determining differences in baseline characteristics depending on clinical course and describing toxicities and tolerability. RESULTS: Median PFS was 18 months. During the first 24 months of treatment with TKIs PR rate was 35.3% (only 5.8% ≥ 6 months) and SD ≥ 6 months was observed in 58.8%. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between patients with good and poor evolution. Adverse events (AEs) were present in 100% of patients, but most of them were grade 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: In our population of patients with iodine-refractory DTC, treatment with sorafenib, lenvatinib, and axitinib allows the stabilization of the disease in a high percentage of cases, with acceptable tolerability.

[A current and global review of sweeteners. Regulatory aspects]. / Una visión global y actual de los edulcorantes. Aspectos de regulación.

In this chapter we review the role and potential benefits of non-caloric sweeteners, as part of the diet. After appearing and interest in the beneficial effects attributed to them, face different situations and conditions (obesity, diabetes...), more and more numerous studies, show their ineffective use. In conclusion, further research and results are needed to provide convincing evidence of their long-term effectiveness and the absence of negative effects from their use. The interest of the chapter lies in examining the distinctive aspects of sweeteners compared with sugar, measured as the standard of comparison. We will focus then on the other substances that are commonly used to sweeten foods instead of sugar.

En este capítulo revisamos el papel y los posibles riesgos/ beneficios de los edulcorantes como parte de la alimentación. Tras su aparición e interés por los efectos beneficiosos atribuidos a los mismos, frente a diferentes situaciones y patologías (obesidad, diabetes, caries, etc.), cada vez son más numerosos, sin embargo, los estudios que parecen constatar la ineficacia de su uso. Por tanto, se requieren más investigaciones que aporten datos convincentes de su efectividad a largo plazo, así como de la ausencia de efectos negativos, derivados de su uso. El interés del capítulo reside en examinar los aspectos distintivos de los edulcorantes frente al azúcar, considerándose ésta como patrón de comparación. Nos centraremos pues, en las otras sustancias que habitualmente se utilizan para edulcorar los alimentos en lugar del azúcar.

Una visión global y actual de los edulcorantes. Aspectos de regulación / A current and global review of sweeteners. Regulatory aspects

En este capítulo revisamos el papel y los posibles riesgos/beneficios de los edulcorantes como parte de la alimentación. Tras su aparición e interés por los efectos beneficiosos atribuidos a los mismos, frente a diferentes situaciones y patologías (obesidad, diabetes, caries, etc.),cada vez son más numerosos, sin embargo, los estudios que parecen constatar la ineficacia de su uso. Por tanto, se requieren más investigaciones que aporten datos convincentes de su efectividad a largo plazo, así como de la ausencia de efectos negativos, derivados de su uso. El interés del capítulo reside en examinar los aspectos distintivos de los edulcorantes frente al azúcar, considerándose ésta como patrón de comparación. Nos centraremos pues, en las otras sustancias que habitualmente se utilizan para edulcorar los alimentos en lugar del azúcar (AU)

In this chapter we review the role and potential benefits of non-caloric sweeteners, as part of the diet. After appearing and interest in the beneficial effects attributed to them, face different situations and conditions (obesity, diabetes...), more and more numerous studies, show their ineffective use. In conclusion, further research and results are needed to provide convincing evidence of their long-term effectiveness and the absence of negative effects from their use. The interest of the chapter lies in examining the distinctive aspects of sweeteners compared with sugar, measured as the standard of comparison. We will focus then on the other substances that are commonly used to sweeten foods instead of sugar (AU)

Thin healthy women have a similar low bone mass to women with anorexia nervosa.

An association between anorexia nerviosa (AN) and low bone mass has been demonstrated. Bone loss associated with AN involves hormonal and nutritional impairments, though their exact contribution is not clearly established. We compared bone mass in AN patients with women of similar weight with no criteria for AN, and a third group of healthy, normal-weight, age-matched women. The study included forty-eight patients with AN, twenty-two healthy eumenorrhoeic women with low weight (LW group; BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and twenty healthy women with BMI >18.5 kg/m2 (control group), all of similar age. We measured lean body mass, percentage fat mass, total bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density in lumbar spine (BMD LS) and in total (tBMD). We measured anthropometric parameters, leptin and growth hormone. The control group had greater tBMD and BMD LS than the other groups, with no differences between the AN and LW groups. No differences were found in tBMD, BMD LS and total BMC between the restrictive (n 25) and binge-purge type (n 23) in AN patients. In AN, minimum weight (P = 0.002) and percentage fat mass (P = 0.02) explained BMD LS variation (r2 0.48) and minimum weight (r2 0.42; P = 0.002) for tBMD in stepwise regression analyses. In the LW group, BMI explained BMD LS (r2 0.72; P = 0.01) and tBMD (r2 0.57; P = 0.04). We concluded that patients with AN had similar BMD to healthy thin women. Anthropometric parameters could contribute more significantly than oestrogen deficiency in the achievement of peak bone mass in AN patients.