Environmental and economic assessment of biodegradable and compostable alternatives for plastic materials in greenhouses.

Plastics and other materials commonly used in horticulture for plant support (e.g. raffia) and soil protection (e.g. mulching film) pose a challenge to achieving a circular economy. These materials contaminate plant residues, hampering their direct reuse due to the need for separation and cleaning. As a result, contaminated plant residues is often landfilled or incinerated. This study investigates the replacement of conventional plastic raffia and mulching film with biodegradable and compostable alternatives. Polypropylene raffia is compared with a biodegradable viscose polymer and compostable jute fibre, while polyethylene mulching film is compared with a biodegradable polylactic acid film. Conventional and novel alternatives are compared economically using Life-Cycle Costing and environmentally using Life-Cycle Assessment. The economic assessment is based on case studies with two horticultural companies in Almeria (south-eastern Spain), while the environmental analysis uses data from the Ecoinvent database. The use of biodegradable and compostable alternatives for raffia and mulching film proved to be 49% more expensive than conventional options. However, when conventional plastic waste is incinerated rather than landfilled, biodegradable and compostable alternatives have a lower carbon footprint. Although biodegradable and compostable options can be more expensive and have higher impacts in certain situations, proper waste management can lead to environmental benefits. With optimisation and incentives, these alternative options support the transition of horticulture to a sustainable circular economy.

Edad de menopausia, condición nutricional y componentes del síndrome metabólico en mujeres españolas / Menopausal age, nutritional status and components of the metabolic syndrome in Spanish women

La enfermedad cardiovascular es la primera causa de morbimortalidad en la mujer, situación que es modulada por los procesos de desarrollo ontogenético, especialmente los relacionados con la transición menopáusica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue asociar la edad de menopausia con la condición nutricional y la presencia de componentes del síndrome metabólico. Participaron 332 mujeres españolas (edad media: 58,17±6,31 años). Se midieron el peso, talla, perímetro de cintura, de cadera y pliegues adiposos subcutáneos, estimándose el Índice de Masa Corporal, cintura-talla, cintura cadera y las variables de composición corporal: porcentaje de grasa, masa grasa y masa libre de grasa total y relativa. Se tomó la presión arterial y los niveles de colesterol y glucosa, obteniéndose la puntuación de riesgo cardiovascular por protocolo Framingham. La edad media de menopausia (50,28±2,91 años) fue estimada por método retrospectivo, se establecieron categorías: temprana (<49,28 años), media (49,28 a 51,28 años) y tardía (>51,28 años). Además, se categorizó según criterio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, considerándose menopausia temprana (<45 años) o normal (≥45 años). Se aplicaron test T-Student, U Man-Whitney, ANOVA o Kruskal-Wallis para la comparación de medias y Chi-cuadrado para el contraste de proporciones. Las mujeres con menopausia temprana mostraron mayor adiposidad y patrón de acúmulo graso centralizado, mientras que su componente musculoesquelético relativo fue bajo. La presión arterial, los niveles séricos de colesterol y glucosa son superiores en las menopaúsicas tempranas; en consecuencia, estas presentan mayor riesgo cardiovascular. La prevalencia de hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia e hiperglucemia descienden progresivamente entre las menopaúsicas tempranas y tardías

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women, that situation is modulated by ontogenetic development processes, especially those related to the menopausal transition. The aim of this work was to associate the age of menopause with nutritional status and the presence of components of the metabolic syndrome. A total of 332 Spanish women participated (mean age: 58.17±6.31 years). Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and subcutaneous skinfold were measured, estimating Body Mass Index, waist-height, waist-hip and body composition variables: percentage of fat, fat mass and total and relative fat-free mass. Blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels were taken, obtaining the cardiovascular risk score by Framingham. The mean age of menopause (50.28±2.91 years) was estimated by retrospective method, categories were established: early (<49.28 years), middle (49.28 to 51.28 years) and late (>51.28 years). In addition, it was categorized according to the World Health Organization, considering early (<45 years) or normal menopause (≥45 years). T-Student, U Man-Whitney, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied for the comparison of means and Chi-square for the contrast of proportions. Women with early menopause showed higher adiposity and centralized fat accumulation pattern, while their relative musculoskeletal component was low. Blood pressure, serum cholesterol and glucose levels are all higher in early menopause; consequently, early menopause presents greater cardiovascular risk. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypergly cemia decrease progressively between early and late menopause

Differential Length and Overlap with the Stem in Multiple-Choice Item Options: A Pilot Experiment / La longitud diferencial y el solapamiento con el enunciado en las opciones de ítems de opción múltiple: un experimento piloto

Multiple-choice items are extensively used across different assessment contexts. A crucial ment for ensuring their validity is their correct development, and a number of item-writing guidelines have been proposed that support item developers. This experimental pilot study aimed to investigate the effect of violating two item-writing guidelines: the differential length of the correct option compared to distractors and its lexical overlap with the stem. Standard and flawed items, respectively adhering to and deviating from guidelines, were randomly assigned to 55 college students and compared in their psychometric ing. Results indicated that, in general, flawed items tended to be easier and less subject to random answers than standard ones, but significant differences were few. Discrepancies between standard and flawed subtests approached statistical significance with medium effect sizes. Although of interest, findings must be cautiously interpreted due to the small sample size. Implications for future research are discussed

Los ítems de opción múltiple son ampliamente utilizados en contextos de evaluación muy variados. Un requisito muy importante para garantizar su validez es su correcta redacción, y para ayudar a conseguirlo se han desarrollado una serie de directrices. El objetivo de este estudio piloto experimental fue investigar el efecto del incumplimiento de dos de estas reglas, más concretamente, la longitud diferencial de la opción correcta comparada con los distractores y su solapamiento léxico con el enunciado. Para ello, se asignó aleatoriamente a 55 estudiantes a las condiciones de responder a ítems que respetaban o que incumplían las mencionadas directrices y se compararon las propiedades psicométricas conseguidas por los ítems. Los resultados indican que, en general, los ítems con incumplimientos tendían a ser más fáciles y a recibir menos respuestas aleatorias; no obstante, había pocas diferencias significativas y el tamaño del efecto era medio. Aunque de interés, estos resultados deben ser interpretados con cautela debido al escaso tamaño muestral. Se comentan las implicaciones para futuras investigaciones

Estudio de la situación nutricional y hábitos alimentarios de escolares de diferentes comunidades indígenas del municipio de Ixhuatlán de madero, estado de veracruz (méxico) / A study of nutritional status and dietary habits among schoolchildren from different indigenous communities within the municipality of Ixhuatlán de madero, state of veracruz (mexico)

México está inmerso en una situación de transición social y nutricional con consecuencias para la población general. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el estado nutricional de escolares indígenas mexicanos, dependiendo de su género, edad y comunidad indígena y analizar sus hábitos alimenticios. Estudio transversal realizado en 230 escolares (7-12 años de edad), reclutados de seis comunidades indígenas en México. Se evaluó el peso, la talla, talla sentado y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de los sujetos. Para conocer sus hábitos alimentarios, los sujetos también participaron en una entrevista semi-estructurada y se les pidió que respondieran a un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos. Existieron diferencias significativas en la talla y talla sentado por edad (p < 0.05) y no por sexo. El 17.8% presentó exceso de peso (sobrepeso + obesidad), con diferencias por edad (p < 0.05), siendo superior en chicos (20.3%) frente a chicas (14.8%). Existió asociación (p = 0.005) entre estado nutricional y comunidad de pertenencia. Existió una elevada ingesta diaria de carbohidratos (refrescos) 70.8% y de grasa mediante frituras (78.7% de casos). Existe una creciente prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad entre la población infantil perteneciente a las comunidades más aisladas y cuyo abastecimiento dependía del acceso a la tienda de cada comunidad(AU)

Mexico is currently immersed in a context of social and nutritional transition with important consequences for the general population. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional status of indigenous Mexican school children, depending on their gender, age and indigenous community. We also wished to analyze their eating habits. A cross-sectional study performed on 230 school children (7-12 years of age), recruited from six indigenous communities in Mexico. Weight, standing height, sitting height, and body mass index (BMI) of the subjects were evaluated. To assess their eating habits, the subjects also participated in a semi-structured interview and were asked to respond to a food frequency questionnaire. There were significant differences in standing height and sitting height in regard to age (p<0.05) though not in regard to gender. The 17.8% of the subjects had excess weight (overweight + obesity) with significant differences for age (p < 0.05). There was a higher percentage of excess weight among boys (20.3%) than among girls (14.8%). Our study also detected an association (p = 0.005) between nutritional status and indigenous community. The eating habits of the children were characterized by a high daily ingestion of carbohydrates in the form of soft drinks (70.8%) and fat from fried foods (78.7%). There is a growing prevalence of overweight and obesity in the child population in the more isolated indigenous communities, whose food supply directly depends on access to grocery stores at each location(AU)

Influence of Biochemical and Anthropometric Factors on the Presence of Insulin Resistance in Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance plays a determinant role in the development of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of factors commonly associated with insulin resistance in a sample of adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 976 adolescents from southeast Spain. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed, and insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Subjects with abnormal HOMA-IR values had significantly higher body mass index (BMI), body fat content, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure (BP) than those with normal values. Furthermore, levels of glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, homocysteine, nonesterified fatty acids, and ceruloplasmin were higher in subjects with abnormal HOMA-IR values. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the highest odds ratio (OR) for BMI and that combinations of BMI with body fat content or systolic BP can increase the risk of insulin resistance 7-fold. DISCUSSION: Anthropometric indicators have different levels of influence on the risk of insulin resistance in adolescents, and a combination of two of these indicators is enough to increase the risk 7-fold. Since the highest OR was observed for BMI, the greatest effort should be directed to reducing this parameter in adolescents. An adequate understanding by nursing personnel of factors associated with insulin resistance is a key factor in the prevention of this pathophysiological condition and its complications in adolescents.

Eccrine porocarcinoma with extensive cutaneous metastases.

BACKGROUND: Eccrine porocarcinoma (EPC) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm that originates in the intraepidermal portion of the eccrine sweat duct. Although porocarcinoma is a slow-growing tumor, up to 20% of cases can metastasize to regional lymph nodes, thus increasing mortality. METHODS: We describe the clinical and histopathological features and clinical course of three cases of extensive metastatic EPC diagnosed in our department over the last 10 years. RESULTS: All three patients were women aged 89-96 years. They had numerous skin tumors on the left leg that were histologically and immunohistochemically diagnosed as metastatic EPC. Only one patient had a history of primary porocarcinoma, which had been excised 6 years earlier. The remaining two patients had a previous lesion diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. We treated the patients with palliative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Only one patient is currently alive. CONCLUSIONS: The cases of cutaneous and regional metastatic EPC we present occurred in elderly women with major involvement of the left leg. The third case is noteworthy, as the patient presented a long latency period before metastases appeared. Difficulties in the clinical diagnosis--and occasionally histological diagnosis--of primary EPC could delay more aggressive treatment, although optimal treatment does not always guarantee a good prognosis.

Occupational pesticide exposure and adverse health effects at the clinical, hematological and biochemical level.

AIMS: Although epidemiological studies have investigated associations between occupational pesticide exposures and different adverse health outcomes, they have rarely assessed individuals at two time-points of a same crop season with different pesticide use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical symptoms, physical examination signs, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured in 189 intensive agriculture workers and 91 healthy control subjects from Almeria coastline (Southeastern Spain) to evaluate potential effects of pesticide exposure. KEY FINDINGS: Greenhouse workers showed an increased risk of ocular and skin signs relative to controls at the period of high pesticide exposure (OR: 4.80 and 2.87, respectively); however, no differences were observed for clinical symptoms. A greater risk for ECG changes (OR: 3.35) and altered spirometry (OR: 5.02) was found at the period of low exposure. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was significantly decreased in greenhouse workers relative to controls in both periods. Assessment of hematological parameters revealed increased counts of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin in greenhouse workers relative to controls, and also in the period of high versus low pesticide exposure. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters included decreased levels of glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase in greenhouse workers relative to controls; however, these parameters were raised in the period of high versus low pesticide exposure. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that chronic occupational exposure to pesticides of lower toxicity than former compounds under integrated production systems elicit mild toxic effects, particularly targeting the skin and eyes, as well as subtle subclinical (biochemical) changes of unknown long-term consequences.

Metabolic syndrome in Spanish adolescents and its association with birth weight, breastfeeding duration, maternal smoking, and maternal obesity: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents is a growing problem. The objectives were to verify the association among early predictors such as birth weight, breastfeeding, maternal weight status, smoking during pregnancy, and the development of MetS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed of 976 children and adolescents, 10-15 years of age, at schools in the provinces of Granada and Almeria (Spain). For this purpose, we analyzed the physical characteristics as well as the biochemical markers of the participants with a view to ascertaining the prevalence of the MetS. Relevant data were also extracted from the clinical histories of their mothers. RESULTS: It was found that 3.85% of the female subjects and 5.38% of the male subjects in the sample population suffered from MetS. In both sexes, there was an association between birth weight and positive MetS diagnosis (OR 1.27). For both males and females, there was an inverse association between the length of time that they had been breastfed and positive MetS diagnosis (OR1-3 months 3.16; OR4-6 months 1.70; OR(>6 months) 0.13). There was also a significant association between maternal weight (OR(overweight )30.79; OR(obesity) 49.36) and cigarette consumption during pregnancy (OR 1.47) and the subsequent development of MetS in the children of these mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Those subjects born with a higher than average birth weight had a greater risk of developing MetS in childhood and adolescence. Breastfeeding children for longer than 6 months protected them from MetS in their early years as well as in their teens. Other risk factors for MetS were maternal smoking during pregnancy as well as maternal overweight and obesity.

Utilidad de la tiroglobulina en lavado de aguja del aspirado de 16 lesiones cervicales en pacientes con cáncer de tiroides / The value of thyroglobulin in washout of fine needle aspirate from 16 cervical lesions in patients with thyroid cancer

Antecedentes y objetivo La tiroglobulina del lavado de aguja (Tg-PAAF) junto con la citología de la punción-aspiración con aguja fina (cito-PAAF) son procedimientos recomendados para el diagnóstico de metástasis ganglionares cervicales y recurrencias del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la utilidad de estas técnicas en 16 lesiones cervicales de pacientes con cáncer de tiroides del epitelio folicular (CT).Pacientes y método Se incluyeron 6 pacientes con CT y adenopatías laterocervicales evaluadas antes de la cirugía tiroidea inicial y 10 pacientes en seguimiento por CT ya operado y lesiones cervicales ecográficamente sospechosas y/o persistentes. Las 16 lesiones fueron sometidas a PAAF. Los resultados de la Tg-PAAF, cito-PAAF y de la combinación de ambas se compararon con el diagnóstico definitivo asignado a cada lesión. Resultados En 10 lesiones comprobadamente malignas tras extirpación quirúrgica (9 metástasis ganglionares y una recurrencia en lecho), la cito-PAAF, la Tg-PAAF y la combinación de ambas técnicas permitieron llegar al diagnóstico correcto en 7, 9 y 10 casos respectivamente. En 6 lesiones consideradas benignas, la cito-PAAF pudo confirmar la benignidad de la lesión en 4, resultó no diagnóstica en una y falsamente positiva en otra, mientras que la Tg-PAAF se halló por debajo del valor de corte establecido (para considerar malignidad) en todos los casos. Conclusiones En pacientes con CT y lesiones cervicales sospechosas, la Tg-PAAF mejora la rentabilidad diagnóstica de la cito-PAAF aislada justificándose así su recomendación sistemática al realizar la PAAF. Quedan sin embargo por definir una estandarización universal de la técnica y unos valores de corte válidos de Tg-PAAF (de acuerdo al inmunoanálisis empleado) por encima de los cuales considerar la lesión maligna (AU)

Background and objective Thyroglobulin in the needle washout (Tg-FNA) and cytology of fine needle aspiration (cyto-FNA) are recommended for diagnosis of metastatic lymphadenopathies and recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the value of these procedures in 16 cervical masses from patients with thyroid cancer of the follicular epithelium (TC).Patients and methods The study included six patients with TC and cervical lymphadenopathies evaluated before initial thyroid surgery and 10 patients followed up after TC surgery with cervical lumps discovered. FNA was performed in all 16 masses. Results of cyto-FNA, Tg-FNA and of the combined tests were compared to the final diagnosis of each lesion. Results Among 10 lesions proven to be malignant at surgery, cyto-FNA, Tg-FNA and the combination of both allowed for adequate diagnosis in 7, 9, and 10 cases respectively. Among 6 lesions considered to be benign, cyto-FNA was able to confirm diagnosis in 4, was non-diagnostic in one, and was falsely negative in the remaining case, while Tg-FNA was below the established cut-off value (to consider malignancy) in all cases. ConclusionsIn patients with TC and suspect cervical masses, Tg-FNA improved the diagnostic yield of cyto-FNA alone, thus warranting its routine recommendation when FNA is performed. However, universal standardization of the technique and definition of valid cut-off thyroglobulin values (depending on the immunoassay used) above which the lesion should be considered to be malignant are still pending (AU)

The value of thyroglobulin in washout of fine needle aspirate from 16 cervical lesions in patients with thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thyroglobulin in the needle washout (Tg-FNA) and cytology of fine needle aspiration (cyto-FNA) are recommended for diagnosis of metastatic lymphadenopathies and recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the value of these procedures in 16 cervical masses from patients with thyroid cancer of the follicular epithelium (TC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included six patients with TC and cervical lymphadenopathies evaluated before initial thyroid surgery and 10 patients followed up after TC surgery with cervical lumps discovered. FNA was performed in all 16 masses. Results of cyto-FNA, Tg-FNA and of the combined tests were compared to the final diagnosis of each lesion. RESULTS: Among 10 lesions proven to be malignant at surgery, cyto-FNA, Tg-FNA and the combination of both allowed for adequate diagnosis in 7, 9, and 10 cases respectively. Among 6 lesions considered to be benign, cyto-FNA was able to confirm diagnosis in 4, was non-diagnostic in one, and was falsely negative in the remaining case, while Tg-FNA was below the established cut-off value (to consider malignancy) in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with TC and suspect cervical masses, Tg-FNA improved the diagnostic yield of cyto-FNA alone, thus warranting its routine recommendation when FNA is performed. However, universal standardization of the technique and definition of valid cut-off thyroglobulin values (depending on the immunoassay used) above which the lesion should be considered to be malignant are still pending.

[Analysis of food intake and dietary habits in a population of adolescents in the city of Granada (Spain)]. / Análisis de la ingesta alimentaria y hábitos nutricionales en una población de adolescentes de la ciudad de Granada.

OBJECTIVES: The main research objective was to analyze the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in a population of adolescents. The purpose of the study was to verify a significant correlation between the habit of breafasting at home each morning and the nutritional status of the sample population. SAMPLE AND METHODOLOGY: The sample population was composed of 100 adolescents, 12-15 years of age, who attended two public secondary schools in the city of Granada. The study conducted was descriptive, cross-sectional, and multi-centered, and involved a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional status of the subjects by using anthropometry. The analysis of food intake and dietary habits was based on a 72-hour record of the subjects' food intake. The protocol used had previously been elaborated and validated by the research team. RESULTS: For all subjects, the energy intake was found to be higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The female subjects had a mean protein intake of 16% in regards to total calorific value (TCV). In the case of the male subjects, the mean protein intake was 15%. The mean consumption of fats was 106.1 for the male subjects, whereas for the females, it was 110.4 grams. The females were found to ingest more carbohydrates at a rate of 297.4 grams per day in comparison to the male subjects, whose rate of carbohydrate ingestion was 251 grams per day. The ingestion of minerals varied in both sexes though in all cases it was lower than the RDA. However, the male subjects had a calcium and zinc intake higher than the RDA for these minerals. The vitamin intake was varied and balanced in both male and female subjects, and covered the requirements for both age and sex. Regarding the variable, breakfast, a significant relation was found (p < 0.0001) between the dietary habit of breakfasting at home before going to school and the nutritional status of the students. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that an optimal nutritional and health status requires a balanced food intake and healthy dietary habits.

Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron realizar un análisis de la ingesta de macronutrientes y micronutrientes en una población de adolescentes. En segundo lugar, verificar una correlación significativa entre el hábito de desayunar a diario en casa y el estado nutricional de dicha población. Muestra y metodología: La población de estudio estaba compuesta por 100 adolescentes de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, pertenecientes a 2 centros educativos públicos de la ciudad de Granada. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico en el que se llevó a cabo una valoración completa del estado nutricional de los alumnos mediante antropometría. Para el análisis de la ingesta alimentaria y hábitos nutricionales se utilizó un registro alimentario de 72 horas, específicamente elaborado y validado por el equipo investigador. Resultados: La ingesta energética fue superior en ambos sexos a la recomendada por la RDA. Se encontró una ingesta proteica media en chicas del 16% respecto del valor calórico total (VCT) y de un 15% del VCT en varones. Se evidenció un consumo medio de grasas de (106,1 gramos) en chicos, frente a los 100,4 gramos en chicas. Éstas ingerían más carbohidratos, destacando una ingesta media de 279,4 gramos/día frente a los 251 gramos/día ingeridos en varones. La ingesta de minerales fue variable en ambos sexos, siendo inferior a las recomendaciones de la RDA en chicas. En los varones resaltó una ingesta de calcio y zinc por encima de dichas recomendaciones. El aporte vitamínico fue variado y equilibrado en ambos sexos, cubriendo los requerimientos para edad y sexo. Respecto de la variable desayuno, se encontró una relación significativa (p < 0,0001) entre el hábito de desayunar en casa, antes de ir al instituto y el estado nutricional de los alumnos. Conclusiones: Un óptimo estado nutricional y de salud implica necesariamente mantener una alimentación equilibrada en sus nutrientes y unos hábitos nutricionales saludables.

Análisis de la ingesta alimentaria y hábitos nutricionales en una población de adolescentes de la ciudad de Granada / Analysis of food intake and dietary habits in a population of adolescents in the city of Granada (Spain)

Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron realizar un análisis de la ingesta de macronutrientes y micronutrientes en una población de adolescentes. En segundo lugar, verificar una correlación significativa entre el hábito de desayunar a diario en casa y el estado nutricional de dicha población. Muestra y metodología: La población de estudio estaba compuesta por 100 adolescentes de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, pertenecientes a 2 centros educativos públicos de la ciudad de Granada. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico en el que se llevó a cabo una valoración completa del estado nutricional de los alumnos mediante antropometría. Para el análisis de la ingesta alimentaria y hábitos nutricionales se utilizó un registro alimentario de 72 horas, específicamente elaborado y validado por el equipo investigador. Resultados: La ingesta energética fue superior en ambos sexos a la recomendada por la RDA. Se encontró una ingesta proteica media en chicas del 16% respecto del valor calórico total (VCT) y de un 15% del VCT en varones. Se evidenció un consumo medio de grasas de (106,1 gramos) en chicos, frente a los 100,4 gramos en chicas. Éstas ingerían más carbohidratos, destacando una ingesta media de 279,4 gramos/día frente a los 251 gramos/día ingeridos en varones. La ingesta de minerales fue variable en ambos sexos, siendo inferior a las recomendaciones de la RDA en chicas. En los varones resaltó una ingesta de calcio y zinc por encima de dichas recomendaciones. El aporte vitamínico fue variado y equilibrado en ambos sexos, cubriendo los requerimientos para edad y sexo. Respecto de la variable desayuno, se encontró una relación significativa (p < 0,0001) entre el hábito de desayunar en casa, antes de ir al instituto y el estado nutricional de los alumnos. Conclusiones: Un óptimo estado nutricional y de salud implica necesariamente mantener una alimentación equilibrada en sus nutrientes y unos hábitos nutricionales saludables. (AU)

Objectives: The main research objective was to analyze the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients in a population of adolescents. The purpose of the study was to verify a significant correlation between the habit of breafasting at home each morning and the nutritional status of the sample population. Sample and methodology: The sample population was composed of 100 adolescents, 12-15 years of age, who attended two public secondary schools in the city of Granada. The study conducted was descriptive, cross-sectional, and multi-centered, and involved a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional status of the subjects by using anthropometry. The analysis of food intake and dietary habits was based on a 72-hour record of the subjects' food intake. The protocol used had previously been elaborated and validated by the research team. Results: For all subjects, the energy intake was found to be higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The female subjects had a mean protein intake of 16% in regards to total calorific value (TCV). In the case of the male subjects, the mean protein intake was 15%. The mean consumption of fats was 106.1 for the male subjects, whereas for the females, it was 110.4 grams. The females were found to ingest more carbohydrates at a rate of 297.4 grams per day in comparison to the male subjects, whose rate of carbohydrate ingestion was 251 grams per day. The ingestion of minerals varied in both sexes though in all cases it was lower than the RDA. However, the male subjects had a calcium and zinc intake higher than the RDA for these minerals. The vitamin intake was varied and balanced in both male and female subjects, and covered the requirements for both age and sex. Regarding the variable, breakfast, a significant relation was found (p < 0.0001) between the dietary habit of breakfasting at home before going to school and the nutritional status of the students. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that an optimal nutritional and health status requires a balanced food intake and healthy dietary habits (AU)

Leptina: un péptido con potencial terapéutico en sujetos obesos / Leptin: A peptide with therapeutic potential in the obese

La obesidad es el resultado de un balance positivo entre la cantidad total de energía ingerida y el catabolismo de esta. Aun siendo muchos los factores implicados en la regulación del metabolismo energético será con el descubrimiento de la leptina cuando se investigue más profundamente sobre la homeostasis energética. Desde su descubrimiento, la leptina ha sido considerada importante en el desarrollo de la obesidad, dado su efecto anorexígeno e influencia sobre la ingesta y gasto energético. La leptina interviene en diversos procesos fisiológicos, como el balance energético, el control del apetito y del peso corporal, el metabolismo de grasas y glúcidos, y en la reproducción. Si bien para su funcionamiento esta hormona cuenta con numerosos receptores específicos a nivel central (hipotálamo) y periféricamente en el músculo esquelético, el pulmón y los riñones. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido revisar los principales aspectos que llevan a la leptina a ser considerada como un factor relacionado con el desarrollo de la obesidad, así como sobre sus potencialidades como agente anorexígeno (AU)

Obesity is the result of a positive balance between total energy intake and its catabolism. Although many factors are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, the discovery of leptin led to energy homeostasis being investigated in greater depth. Since its identification, leptin has been considered important in the development of obesity, given its anorexigenic effect and influence on food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin is involved in diverse physiological processes such as energy balance, appetite and body weight control, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and reproduction. However, to be able to function, this hormone has many specific receptors both centrally (hypothalamus) and peripherally in the skeletal muscle, lungs and kidneys. This study aims to review the key aspects relating leptin to the development of obesity and discusses its potential as an anorectic agent (AU)

Estudio epidemiológico de enfermería sobre la prevalenciade sobrepeso, obesidad y su asociación con hipertensión arterial en una población de estudiantes en la ciudad de Granada y su provincia / Epidemiological study of nursing on the prevalence of over weight, obesity and their association with hypertension in a population of students in the city of Granada and its province

Objetivos: Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron analizar la prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en la población de escolares valorada y verificar la existencia de una correlación significativa entre ciertos indicadores antropométricos y los niveles de presión arterial sistólica. Material: la población valorada estaba compuesta por 976 escolares de entre 9 y 17 años de edad, pertenecientes a 13 centros educativos públicos de la ciudad de Granada y su provincia. Metodología: estudio experimental basado en la valoración del estado nutricional mediante técnicas antropométricas, determinando peso, talla e índice de masa corporal, seis pliegues cutáneos, los perímetros de la cintura y de la cadera así como la presión arterial en hasta tres ocasiones. Resultados: Se encontró una mayor prevalencia de obesidad en chicas de entre 12 y 13 años(15,1%). En chicos, la prevalencia de obesidad fue inferior hasta la edad de 13 años, después de lo cual los chicos mostraron un creciente incremento en prevalencia de obesidad (12,6%). Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los niveles de presión arterial sistólica y variables antropométricas como el peso y la circunferencia del muslo, el índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cadera, aunque con mayor nivel de significación para los chicos. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran un incremento alarmante en la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad entre la población valorada, superando los datos reportados en sudía por el estudio en kid. El índice de masa corporal y el perímetro de cintura constituyen los indicadores más precisos para predecir situaciones de riesgo cardiovascular en la infancia y adolescencia, entre ellas la hipertensión arterial (AU)

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to analyze the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the population of students assessed and verified the existence of a significant correlation between certain anthropometric indicators and levels of systolic bloodpressure. Material: valued population consisted of 976 schoolchildren between 9 and 17 years old, belonging to 13 government schools in the city of Granada and its province. Methodology: experimental study based on the assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric techniques, weight, height and body mass index,six skinfold and waist and hip circumferences and bloodpressure on three occasions. Results: We found a higher prevalence of obesity in girls between 12 and 13years (15.1%). In boys, the prevalence of obesity was lower until the age of 13 years, after which the boys showed a recent increase in prevalence of obesity(12.6%). There was a significant correlation between systolic blood pressure levels and anthropometric variables as weight and thigh circumference, body mass index and hip circumference, but with a higher level of significance for boys. Conclusions: The results show an alarming increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the population assessed, surpassing the data reported in its day by study en Kid. The bodymass index and waist circumference are the most accurate indicators for predicting cardiovascular risk situations during childhood and adolescence, including highblood pressure (AU)

[Leptin: a peptide with therapeutic potential in the obese]. / Leptina: un péptido con potencial terapéutico en sujetos obesos.

Obesity is the result of a positive balance between total energy intake and its catabolism. Although many factors are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, the discovery of leptin led to energy homeostasis being investigated in greater depth. Since its identification, leptin has been considered important in the development of obesity, given its anorexigenic effect and influence on food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin is involved in diverse physiological processes such as energy balance, appetite and body weight control, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and reproduction. However, to be able to function, this hormone has many specific receptors both centrally (hypothalamus) and peripherally in the skeletal muscle, lungs and kidneys. This study aims to review the key aspects relating leptin to the development of obesity and discusses its potential as an anorectic agent.