Selective Digestive Decontamination Attenuates Organ Dysfunction in Critically Ill Burn Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) attenuates organ dysfunction in critically ill burn patients. BACKGROUND: The effect of SDD on the development and progression of organ dysfunction, as an important determinant of mortality in burned patients, is still unknown. We asked whether organ dysfunction is mitigated by treatment with SDD. METHODS: Patients with burns >20% of total body surface or suspected inhalation injury from a randomized placebo-controlled trial were analyzed to determine the relationship between treatment received (placebo or SDD) and the severity of organ dysfunction as measured by the area under the curve of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (and its individual components) from day 1 to day 7 of admission. RESULTS: One hundred seven patients (53 in the SDD group and 54 in the placebo group) were included. Survival was significantly higher in SDD-treated patients (48 of 53, 90.6%) than in placebo-treated patients (39 of 54, 72.2%, P = 0.013). Total (P < 0.01) and respiratory (P < 0.01), cardiovascular (P = 0.04) and hematological (not reaching statistical significance, P = 0.07) organ dysfunction was associated with mortality after adjusting for predicted mortality. In multivariate logistic regression, SDD treatment was independently associated with total (P < 0.01), respiratory (P = 0.02), and hematological (P < 0.01) dysfunction over the first week postinjury. CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effect of SDD on mortality in critically ill burned patients is accompanied by a reduction in the degree of organ dysfunction. SDD seems to be a valuable therapeutic strategy to prevent organ dysfunction and, more specifically, respiratory and hematological dysfunction in severely ill burn patients.

Sepsis neonatal tardía por Estreptococo del grupo B. Transmisión a través de lactancia materna

Objetivo: El estreptococo del grupo B (SGB) o Streptococcus agalactiae es una causa importante de infección bacteriana en el recién nacido, con dos formas clínicas de afectación precoz y tardía. De esta última , se conocen diferentes mecanismos de transmisión horizontal, nosocomial o adquirida en la comunidad. Existen pocos casos descritos en la literatura en los que la ingestión de la leche materna colonizada por SGB fuera causa de infección tardía en el recién nacido. En el presente artículo describimos un caso de sepsis-meningitis tardía por SGB transmitido por leche materna en una madre sin mastitis. Revisaremos además la patogénica de esta enfermedad y la controversia existente acerca del tratamiento materno o la retirada de la lactancia materna en estos casos.

Objective: Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is a major cause of bacterial infection in the newborn, with two clinical forms: early and late-onset infection. Of the latter we know different transmission mechanisms: horizontal, nosocomial or community acquired. There are few cases reported in the literature in which the ingestion of breast milk colonized by GBS was the cause of late infection in the newborn. In this paper, we report a case of late-onset sepsis and meningitis due to GBS transmitted through breast milk in a mother without mastitis. We will also review the pathogenesis of this disease and the controversy about treatment or withdrawal of maternal breastfeeding in these cases.

Long-term use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract does not increase antibiotic resistance: a 5-year prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Despite the evidence, the use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) remains controversial, largely because of concerns that it may promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term incidence of carriage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), its clinical impact on developing infections and to explore risk factors of acquiring resistance. METHODS: This study was conducted in one 18-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU). All consecutive patients admitted to the ICU who were expected to require tracheal intubation for longer than 48 h were given a 4-day course of intravenous cefotaxime, and enteral polymyxin E, tobramycin, amphotericin B in an oropharyngeal paste and digestive solution. Oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were obtained on admission and once a week. Diagnostic samples were obtained on clinical indication. RESULTS: During 5 years 1,588 patients were included in the study. The incidence density of ARB was stable: 18.91 carriers per 1,000 patient-days. The incidence of resistant Enterobacteriaceae was stable; the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tobramycin, amikacin and ciprofloxacin was strongly reduced; there was an increase of P. aeruginosa resistant to ceftazidime and imipenem, associated with the increase in imipenem consumption; the incidence of other nonfermenter bacilli and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was close to zero. Ninety-seven patients developed 101 infections caused by ARB: 23 pneumonias, 20 bloodstream infections and 58 urinary tract infections. Abdominal surgery was the only risk factor associated with ARB acquisition [risk ratio 1.56 (1.10-2.19)]. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term use of SDD is not associated with an increase in acquisition of resistant flora.

Un nuevo ensayo clínico con descontaminación digestiva selectiva / A new clinical trial with selective digestive decontamination

No disponible

Vancomycin MICs did not creep in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 2002 to 2006 in a setting with low vancomycin usage.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate MIC trends for clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin over a 5 year period (2002-06) in a hospital in Spain. METHODS: All clinical isolates of S. aureus (one per patient) from clinical samples of patients at Hospital Universitario de Getafe from January 2002 to December 2006 were used. MICs of vancomycin were determined by the CLSI broth microdilution procedure. For analysis of MIC trends over the 5 years, we grouped the isolates into those with MIC < or =1 mg/L [2428 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 518 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)] and those with MIC > or =2 mg/L (MIC = 2 mg/L: 141 MSSA and 47 MRSA; MIC = 4 mg/L: 5 MSSA and 1 MRSA). MICs for the different groups in the different years were compared with the linear-trend chi(2) test. RESULTS: A total of 3141 strains of S. aureus collected over the 5 year period was included in this analysis. Of these, 2574 (82%) strains were MSSA and 566 (18%) strains were MRSA. One of the 566 MRSA strains (0.18%) and 5 of the 2574 MSSA strains (0.19%) were vancomycin-intermediate (not significant). The rest were susceptible. The overall percentage of MRSA isolates with a vancomycin MIC of > or =2 mg/L was much higher than that of MSSA during the 5 year period [8.5% (48/566) versus 5.7% (146/2574); P = 0.012]. No statistically significant change in the percentage of isolates with a vancomycin MIC of > or =2 mg/L was observed over the years for MRSA (chi(2) = 0.01; P = 0.91) or MSSA (chi(2) = 0.08; P = 0.78). Annual consumption of parenteral vancomycin in our hospital in daily defined doses/100 stays was: 2002 (1.91), 2003 (1.63), 2004 (1.74), 2005 (2.06) and 2006 (1.64). CONCLUSIONS: In a setting of low consumption of vancomycin and with a large collection of S. aureus clinical isolates, we have demonstrated the stability of vancomycin MICs over time.

Enteral vancomycin controls methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endemicity in an intensive care burn unit: a 9-year prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of enteral vancomycin in controlling MRSA endemicity in an intensive care burn unit. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: MRSA is a serious clinical and epidemiologic problem. It is not uncommon that the traditional maneuvers, detection and isolation of carriers, fail to control endemicity due to MRSA. METHODS: All patients admitted to an Intensive Care Burn unit from January 1995 to February 2004 have been included in this prospective cohort study comprised 2 different periods. During period 1 (January 1995 to January 2000), barrier and isolation measures were enforced. During period 2 (February 2000 to February 2004), patients received enteral vancomycin 4 times daily in addition to selective digestive decontamination. RESULTS: A total of 777 patients were enrolled into the study: 402 in period 1, and 375 in period 2. There were no significant differences in the characteristics of patients between the 2 periods, except for the total body surface burned area, 30.3% in period 1 and 25.61% in period 2 (P = 0.009). There was a significant reduction in the incidence of patients who acquired MRSA from 115 in period 1 to 25 in period 2 (RR, 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.34). Similar reductions were observed in the number of patients with wound (RR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.12-0.32), blood (RR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04-0.35), and tracheal aspirate (RR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03-0.19), samples positive for MRSA. There was no emergence of either vancomycin-resistant enterococci or Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate sensitivity to glycopeptides in period 2. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral vancomycin is an effective and safe method to control MRSA in intensive care burn units without VRE.

Survival benefit in critically ill burned patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether selective digestive decontamination (SDD) reduces mortality from any cause, and the incidence of pneumonia among patients with severe burns. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: SDD is a prophylactic strategy to reduce infectious morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Two meta-analyses and a recent randomized controlled trial demonstrated a mortality reduction varying between 20% and 40%. But this technique has never been properly evaluated in severely burned patients. METHODS: The design of this single-center trial was randomized, double blind, placebo controlled. Patients with burns > or =20% of total body surface and/or suspected inhalation injury were enrolled and assigned to receive SDD or placebo for the total duration of treatment in the burn intensive care unit (ICU). RESULTS: One hundred seventeen patients were randomized and 107 were analyzed (53 in the SDD group and 54 in the placebo group). The ICU mortality was 27.8% in the placebo group and 9.4% in the SDD group in the burn ICU. Treatment with SDD was associated with a significant reduction in mortality both in the burn ICU (risk ratio 0.25; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.76) and in the hospital (risk ratio 0.28; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.80), following adjustment for predicted mortality. The incidence of pneumonia was significantly higher in the placebo group: 30.8 and 17.0 pneumonias per 1000 ventilation days (P = 0.03) in placebo and SDD group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with SDD reduces mortality and pneumonia incidence in patients with severe burns.

[Effect of selective digestive decontamination on the nosocomial infection and multiresistant microorganisms incidence in critically ill patients]. / Descontaminación selectiva del tubo digestivo: efecto sobre la incidencia de la infección nosocomial y de los microorganismos multirresistentes en enfermos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication in mechanically ventilated patients. Other infections related to the use of invasive devices, such urinary tract infections (UTI) and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections are found in patients admitted in intensive care units (ICU). Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) is a set of manoeuvres (hygiene, topic digestive antimicrobials and short course of systemic antibiotics) aimed at decreasing the incidence of nosocomial infections, mainly VAP, in ICU. The objective of this study was to describe the impact of SDD in the rates of nosocomial infections in an 18-bed medical-surgical ICU. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All patients admitted in the ICU from October 1998 to September 1999 with expected mechanical ventilation for at least 72 h or with an illness where SDD has proven to be efficacious. The infection rates during this period were compared with the infection rates of the period without SDD (October 1997 to September 1998). RESULTS: VAP rates decreased from 12.38 to 3.64 per 1000 days of mechanical ventilation (RR 0.3; CI 95%: 0.16 to 0.53). Urinary tract infection rates decreased form 7.70 to 4.51 per 1000 bladder-catheter days (RR 0.6. CI 95%: 0.37 to 0.93). Central venous catheter related bloodstream infections decreased from 5.92 to 2.73 per 1000 catheter days (RR: 0.5. CI 95%: 0.24 to 0.90). There was no emergence of resistant microorganims when SDD was used. CONCLUSIONS: SDD reduces infection rates in ICU without any significant adverse events.

Descontaminación selectiva del tubo digestivo: efecto sobre la incidencia de la infección nosocomial y de los microorganismos multirresistentes en enfermos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos / Effect of selective digestive decontamination on the nosocomial infection and multiresistant microorganisms incidence in critically ill patients

FUNDAMENTO: La neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es una complicación frecuente en pacientes en ventilación mecánica. Asimismo, los pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) pueden presentar otras infecciones relacionadas con el uso de dispositivos invasivos: infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) y bacteriemias asociadas a catéteres venosos centrales (BACVC). La descontaminación digestiva selectiva (DDS) es un conjunto de maniobras (higiene, administración de antimicrobianos no absorbibles y un tratamiento corto de antibióticos sistémicos) cuyo objetivo es reducir la incidencia de infecciones nosocomiales, principalmente la NAVM. El objetivo del estudio es describir el impacto de la DDS en las tasas de infecciones nosocomiales en una unidad medicoquirúrgica de 18 camas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Todos los pacientes ingresados en la UCI desde octubre de 1998 a septiembre de 1999, con un tiempo de ventilación mecánica de al menos 72 h o con enfermedad en que ha sido demostrada su eficacia, fueron tratados con DDS. Las tasas de infección durante este período fueron comparadas con las del período sin DDS (octubre de 1997 a septiembre de 1998). RESULTADOS: Las tasas de NAVM disminuyeron de 12,38 a 3,64 por 1.000 días de ventilación mecánica (riesgo relativo [RR] = 0,3; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 por ciento, 0,16-0,53); las tasas de ITU disminuyeron de 7,70 a 4,51 por 1.000 días de sondaje urinario (RR = 0,6; IC del 95 por ciento, 0,37-0,93), las BACVC de 5,92 a 2,73 episodios por 1.000 días de CVC (RR = 0,5; IC del 95 por ciento, 0,24-0,90). No hubo aparición de microorganismos resistentes a los antimicrobianos asociados a la DDS. CONCLUSIONES: La DDS reduce las tasas de infección en la UCI sin efectos secundarios significativos. (AU)