Can the microcystic, elongated and fragmented pattern of invasion influence the evaluation of the depth of myometrial invasion in low-grade endometrioid endometrial cancer using imaging techniques?

Objectives: The microcystic, elongated and fragmented pattern of invasion can be associated with an underestimation of the depth of myometrial invasion by imaging techniques. We aimed to evaluate the influence of microcystic, elongated and fragmented pattern of invasion in the diagnostic performance of transvaginal ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of the depth of myometrial invasion in low-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Methods: Prospective and consecutive study including all low-grade (G1-G2) endometrioid endometrial carcinomas diagnosed between October 2013 and July 2018 in a tertiary hospital. Preoperative staging was performed with transvaginal ultrasound scan and/or magnetic resonance imaging followed by surgical staging. Final histology was considered as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of depth of myometrial invasion was calculated for both imaging techniques. The STARD 2015 guidelines were used. Results: A total of 136 patients were consecutively included. Transvaginal ultrasound scan was performed in 132 patients and magnetic resonance imaging in 119 patients. The diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound scan for the prediction of depth of myometrial invasion in the microcystic, elongated and fragmented negative group (82% (95% confidence interval = 73-88)) was higher compared to the microcystic, elongated and fragmented positive group (61% (95% confidence interval = 36-83)). The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging was also higher in the microcystic, elongated and fragmented negative group (80% (95% confidence interval = 71-87)) compared to the microcystic, elongated and fragmented positive (47% (95% confidence interval = 21-73)). Conclusions: In low-grade endometrioid endometrial carcinomas with a positive microcystic, elongated and fragmented pattern of invasion, the evaluation of the depth of myometrial invasion using transvaginal ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging may be underestimated.

Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcomes in Relation to HIV Infection Status.

OBJECTIVES: The data available on vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) and infection by HIV are scarce. We therefore aimed to review the clinical presentation, management, and survival outcomes of VAIN in this group of women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational cohort study of women diagnosed with VAIN for a 23-year period. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed according to women's HIV infection status. Disease-free and progression-free survival were compared between groups. RESULTS: Twenty-two of 87 women were HIV positive (25.3%) compared with the HIV-negative group, HIV-positive women were younger (median age = 39 vs 57 years, p < .001) and more frequently smokers (p < .001). They also presented with multifocal and multicentric disease more often (p = .004 and p = .033, respectively) in relation to infection by human papillomavirus. All HIV-positive women were receiving antiretroviral treatment. The median time from the diagnosis of HIV to the development of VAIN was 14 years (range = 1-22 years). There were no significant differences in survival outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive women are at an increased risk of developing VAIN and frequently present at a younger age with multifocal and multicentric disease. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia lesions can develop many years after the initial diagnosis of HIV infection reason why prolonged surveillance is essential to enable prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Hibernoma cardiaco embolizante y fallo respiratorio agudo / Embolizing cardiac hibernoma and acute respiratory failure

Los hibernomas cardiacos son muy infrecuentes, y generalmente son infra-diagnosticados pre-mortem debido a su similitud clínico-radiológica con otras lesiones intracardiacas ocupantes de espacio. Además, los hibernomas cardiacos pueden ser asintomáticos y pueden escapar a la detección en los estudios radiológicos. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 81 años quien falleció como consecuencia de embolismo tumoral pulmonar. Reportamos este caso con el fin de familiarizar a residentes y patólogos con las neoplasias intracardiacas. Se discute su dificultad diagnóstica, además de la embolia tumoral pulmonar como complicación de las neoplasias intracardiacas

Not only ae cardiac hibernomas rare, ante-mortem diagnosis is poor, due to the clinical and radiological similarity with other intracardiac masses. Furthermore, cardiac hibernomas can be asymptomatic and thus escape detection with imaging studies. We present a case of an 81-year-old woman who died as a result of pulmonary tumor embolism. This unusual case highlights the necessity for clinicians and pathologists to be familiar with intra-cardiac neoplasms. We discuss its diagnostic difficulty and the complication of pulmonary tumor embolism

[Embolizing cardiac hibernoma and acute respiratory failure]. / Hibernoma cardiaco embolizante y fallo respiratorio agudo.

Not only ae cardiac hibernomas rare, ante-mortem diagnosis is poor, due to the clinical and radiological similarity with other intracardiac masses. Furthermore, cardiac hibernomas can be asymptomatic and thus escape detection with imaging studies. We present a case of an 81-year-old woman who died as a result of pulmonary tumor embolism. This unusual case highlights the necessity for clinicians and pathologists to be familiar with intra-cardiac neoplasms. We discuss its diagnostic difficulty and the complication of pulmonary tumor embolism.

Salpingitis y ooforitis xantogranulomatosa: presentación de 2 casos / Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis and oophoritis: a report of 2 cases

La salpingitis xantogranulomatosa es un proceso inflamatorio poco frecuente, caracterizado por un infiltrado de la mucosa por tejido inflamatorio de granulación conteniendo histiocitos de citoplasma espumoso. Este tipo de inflamación es excepcional a nivel del tracto genital femenino y clásicamente se ha asociado a infecciones bacterianas crónicas, inmunosupresión u otras causas de inflamación crónica. Pero también se ha visto en relación con el carcinoma endometrial, la endometriosis, cuerpos extraños y enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica crónica. El hecho de que acompañe o no a endometriosis genital ha llevado a la diferenciación de 2 tipos de entidades: la salpingitis xantogranulomatosa, sin endometriosis acompañante, y la salpingiosis pseudoxantomatosa. Presentamos 2 casos con su histología e inmunohistoquímica, y se ha revisado la literatura sobre este tipo de inflamaciones crónicas (AU)

Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis is an uncommon inflammatory process, characterized by an infiltration of the mucous by inflammatory granulation tissue with foamy histiocytes. This kind of inflammation is exceptional in the female genital tract; classically, it has been associated with chronic bacterial infections, immunosuppression and other causes of chronic inflammation. However, it has also been found associated with endometrial carcinoma, endometriosis, foreign bodies and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease. As this inflammation may or may not be accompanied by genital endometriosis, 2 entities have been differentiated: xanthogranulomatous salpingitis without endometriosis and pseudoxanthomatous salpingitis. We present 2 cases of this type of chronic inflammation, including immunohistochemistry findings, and we review the pertinent literature (AU)

Potential Targets' Analysis Reveals Dual PI3K/mTOR Pathway Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Uterine Leiomyosarcomas-an ENITEC Group Initiative.

Purpose: Uterine sarcomas are rare and heterogeneous tumors characterized by an aggressive clinical behavior. Their high rates of recurrence and mortality point to the urgent need for novel targeted therapies and alternative treatment strategies. However, no molecular prognostic or predictive biomarkers are available so far to guide choice and modality of treatment.Experimental Design: We investigated the expression of several druggable targets (phospho-S6S240 ribosomal protein, PTEN, PDGFR-α, ERBB2, and EGFR) in a large cohort of human uterine sarcoma samples (288), including leiomyosarcomas, low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, undifferentiated uterine sarcomas, and adenosarcomas, together with 15 smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP), 52 benign uterine stromal tumors, and 41 normal uterine tissues. The potential therapeutic value of the most promising target, p-S6S240, was tested in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) leiomyosarcoma models.Results: In uterine sarcomas and STUMPs, S6S240 phosphorylation (reflecting mTOR pathway activation) was associated with higher grade (P = 0.001) and recurrence (P = 0.019), as shown by logistic regression. In addition, p-S6S240 correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.034). Treatment with a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor significantly reduced tumor growth in 4 of 5 leiomyosarcoma PDX models (with tumor shrinkage in 2 models). Remarkably, the 4 responding models showed basal p-S6S240 expression, whereas the nonresponding model was scored as negative, suggesting a role for p-S6S240 in response prediction to PI3K/mTOR inhibition.Conclusions: Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition represents an effective therapeutic strategy in uterine leiomyosarcoma, and p-S6S240 expression is a potential predictive biomarker for response to treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(5); 1274-85. ©2017 AACR.

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: clinical presentation, management and outcomes in women infected with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing preinvasive lesions of the lower genital tract. There are a limited number of studies on vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) in HIV-positive women. We aimed to review the clinical presentation of VIN, management and survival outcomes in this group of patients. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. METHODS: Data was collected from women diagnosed with VIN at the Hospital Vall d'Hebron between September 1994 and October 2011. The main outcome measures were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Risk factors for recurrence and progression were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Thirty-seven out of 107 women were HIV positive (34.6%). The median follow-up time was 32 (range 12-179) months. Compared with the HIV-negative group, HIV-positive women were younger (median age 37 vs. 44 years, P = 0.003) and presented with multifocal and multicentric disease more frequently (63.6 vs. 22.2% and 84.8 vs. 43.3%, respectively, P < 0.0001). RFS and PFS were lower in the HIV-positive group (42.4 vs. 71.4% P = 0.043 and 69.7 vs. 95.2% P = 0.006, respectively). RFS was significantly associated to multicentric and multifocal disease on multivariate analysis. PFS was associated to HIV infection on univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive women are at increased risk of developing VIN and frequently present at a younger age with multifocal and multicentric disease. They have shorter RFS and PFS compared with HIV-negative women. Close surveillance of the lower genital tract is mandatory to enable early recognition and treatment of any suspicious lesions. Close follow-up after treatment of VIN is essential to exclude early recurrence or progression.

Aggressive Angiomyxoma: Imaging Findings in 3 Cases With Clinicopathological Correlation and Review of the Literature.

Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare mesenchymal tumor with a typical presentation as a slowly growing perineal soft tissue mass in paravulvar and pararectal region in young adult women. We present 3 cases of aggressive angiomyxoma with clinicopathological correlation and describe their main imaging features with emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging, adding useful information about their behavior on dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences and diffusion-weighted imaging and including a comprehensive review of the existing literature.

Change in clinical management of sentinel lymph node location in early stage cervical cancer: the role of SPECT/CT.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification with SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy imaging in the early stage invasive cervical cancer in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Between March 2007 and June 2009, a prospective consecutive study was designed for SLN mapping. Twenty-two patients with cervical cancer FIGO stage IB1 (n=20) or stage IIA1 (n=2) underwent SLN identification with preoperative SPECT/CT and planar images (technetium-99m colloid albumin injection around the tumor) and posterior intraoperative detection with both blue dye and a handheld or laparoscopic gamma probe. Complete pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in all cases by open (n=2) or laparoscopic (n=20) surgery. RESULTS: In the present series, a total of 35 SLN were detected with planar images and 40 SLN were identified and well located by SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy (median 2.0 nodes per patient). In 5/22 patients (22.7%) SPECT/CT procedure improves the number of localized SLN. Intraoperatively, 57 SLNs were identified, with a median of 3 SLNs per patient by gamma probe (a total of 53 hot nodes) and a median of 2 nodes per patient after blue dye injection (a total of 42 blue nodes). Microscopic nodal metastases (eight nodes, corresponding to four patients) were confirmed in 18.18% of cases; all these lymph nodes were previously detected as SLN. The remaining 450 nodes, including SLNs, following complete pelvic lymphadenectomy, were histologically negative. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node detection is improved by SPECT/CT imaging because of the increased number of SLN detected and the better tridimensional anatomic location, allowing easier intra-operative detection with gamma probe and showing, in this series, a 100% negative predictive value.

Ovarian Fibrosarcoma: Clinicopathologic Considerations about the Intraoperative and Post-Surgical Procedures.

Primary ovarian fibrosarcomas are very uncommon neoplasms. Since the diagnostic criteria were established in 1981, less than one hundred cases have been reported. This diagnosis can be difficult to establish and other similar appearing mesenchymal processes must be ruled out. In every case this diagnosis is under consideration. Multiple sections of the specimen and immunohistochemical stains will be necessary to support this diagnosis. The difficulty of recognition in frozen section in the majority of the situations implies that the diagnosis should be deferred to the definitive study of the permanent sections with immunohistochemical studies. There exists a histological resemblance between a primary ovarian fibrosarcoma and actively mitotic fibroma. In some cases, it can be impossible to separate exactly these two entities. We report a well-differentiated ovarian fibrosarcoma, with less than 1-2 mitosis x10 HPF and low-grade cytological atypia, similar to active mitotic fibromas, developing liver metastasis one year later. Despite having distant metastasis, some cases with long survival rates have been reported in patients who received chemotherapy after surgery; so that the adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered, especially in young females.

Comparison of recurrence after vulvectomy and lymphadenectomy with and without sentinel node biopsy in early stage vulvar cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early stage vulvar cancer and to assess recurrences after surgical treatment with sentinel node identification or surgical treatment without sentinel node identification. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 55 patients with early stage vulvar cancer operated on between 1995 and 2005. A prospective series of 28 patients who underwent vulvectomy and lymphadenectomy with intraoperative sentinel lymph node identification between 2000 and 2005 (SLN group) was compared with a retrospective series of 27 patients who underwent vulvectomy and lymphadenectomy without sentinel node procedure between 1995 and 2000 (non-SLN group). Patients in the sentinel node identification group underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy (technetium-99 colloid albumin injection around the tumor) and intraoperative mapping with isosulfan blue dye. RESULTS: In the SLN group, 9 tumors were T1 and 19 were T2, with a total of 40 groins dissected and 9 positive nodes in 7 patients. Sixty-two sentinel lymph nodes were detected with a mean of 2.2 sentinel nodes per patient (range 0-4). A false negative case was found. In the non-SLN group, 7 tumors were T1 and 20 were T2, with a total of 49 groins dissected and 9 positive nodes in 6 patients. Recurrence occurred in 8 patients (28.6%) in the SLN group and in 6 (26.9%) in the non-SLN group (P=0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node identification in early stage vulvar cancer is a feasible. Analysis of recurrence may allow considering this procedure as a possible alternative to inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy.