Alteración de la función pulmonar en vendedores informales de gasolina expuestos a sus vapores en Maicao, Colombia

Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la exposición a vapores de gasolina sobre la función pulmonar en vendedores informales. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en expendedores informales de gasolina expuestos a sus vapores en el municipio de Maicao, Colombia. Se registraron datos sociodemográficos, se evaluó la función pulmonar por medio de espirometría, oximetría de pulso y, evaluación de la exposición a biomasa. Resultados: Se evaluaron 74 pacientes. El 87,8% eran de sexo masculino, encontrándose principalmente entre los 18 - 40 años (71,6%). El 21,6% (n=16) de la población reportó tener afecciones respiratorias, el 59,4% obtuvo un VEF1 <80% predicho, el 68,9% un FVC <80% predicho y, el 32,4% un VEF1/FVC <70% predicho. De aquellos que tuvieron espirometría anormal (n=45), el 62,2% reportó tener un tiempo de labor ≥ 5 años. Los síntomas reportados con mayor frecuencia fueron disfonía (14,8%), conjuntivitis (14,8%), epigastralgia (10,8%) y cefalea (9,45%). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la alteración de la espirometría y antecedentes, saturación de oxígeno medida y presencia de afección respiratoria. Conclusión: Este estudio encontró que un porcentaje representativo de vendedores informales de gasolina expuestos a vapores de combustibles en la frontera colombo-venezolana, presentaron alteración en la función pulmonar comprobado por espirometría anormal y, algunos reportaron sintomatología y afección respiratoria. Estos, son principalmente hombres, adultos jóvenes, con nivel socioeconómico y educacional bajo y, expuestos a diario de forma prolongada y por varios años, a gases derivados del manejo de combustibles fósiles.

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the effects of fuel vapor exposure on pulmonary function among informal sellers. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried-out among informal fuel sellers in Maicao, Colombia. Sociodemographic data were gathered as well as pulmonary function by spirometry, pulse oximetry and evaluation of biomass exposure. Results: 74 patients were evaluated; 87.8% were males, 71.6% of them had between 18 to 40 years of age; 21.6% (n=16) reported pulmonary diseases; 59.4% had a predicted FEV1 <80%; 68.9% had a predicted FVC <80% and 32.4% had a predicted FEV1/FVC < 70%. Among those who had abnormal spirometry, (n=45) 62.2% reported to had worked ≥5 years. The most common reported symptoms were dysphonia (14.8%), conjunctivitis (14.8), epigastric pain (10.8) and headache (9.45%). No statistically significant differences were found between spirometry alterations and history of p pulmonary diseases, mean oxygen saturations and presence of a respiratory disease. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a significant proportion of informal fuel sellers exposed to fuel vapors in the Colombian-Venezuelan border had derangement of the pulmonary function measured by spirometry and that some of them reported symptoms and respiratory disease. Young male adults of low socioeconomic and educational levels with prolonged exposure to fuel vapors are mostly affected.

Vaccines platforms and COVID-19: what you need to know.

BACKGROUND: The novel SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the third zoonotic coronavirus since the beginning of the 21 first century, and it has taken more than 6 million human lives because of the lack of immunity causing global economic losses. Consequently, developing a vaccine against the virus represents the fastest way to finish the threat and regain some "normality." OBJECTIVE: Here, we provide information about the main features of the most important vaccine platforms, some of them already approved, to clear common doubts fostered by widespread misinformation and to reassure the public of the safety of the vaccination process and the different alternatives presented. METHODS: Articles published in open access databases until January 2022 were identified using the search terms "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "Coronavirus," "COVID-19 Vaccines," "Pandemic," COVID-19, and LMICs or their combinations. DISCUSSION: Traditional first-generation vaccine platforms, such as whole virus vaccines (live attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines), as well as second-generation vaccines, like protein-based vaccines (subunit and viral vector vaccines), and third-generation vaccines, such as nanoparticle and genetic vaccines (mRNA vaccines), are described. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 sequence information obtained in a record time provided the basis for the fast development of a COVID-19 vaccine. The adaptability characteristic of the new generation of vaccines is changing our capability to react to emerging threats to future pandemics. Nevertheless, the slow and unfair distribution of vaccines to low- and middle-income countries and the spread of misinformation are a menace to global health since the unvaccinated will increase the chances for resurgences and the surge of new variants that can escape the current vaccines.

Efecto de disrupción endocrina de la genisteína sobre caenorhabditis elegans

La genisteína es una isoflavona presente en la soya, de alto consumo en la población infantil por su uso como sucedáneo de la leche materna, sin embargo, poco se conoce acerca de los efectos a nivel endocrino. En este trabajo, Caenorhabditis elegans se utilizó como modelo para evaluar el efecto de disrupción endocrina de la genisteína a través de letalidad, crecimiento, reproducción, almacenamiento de lípidos y cambios en la expresión de genes de respuesta al estrés (hsp-3, sod-4 y gpx-4). Los resultados indicaron que, aunque la genisteína no indujo letalidad, sí promovió la reproducción, el aumento de la longitud del cuerpo, el incremento en la expresión de genes relacionados con estrés celular y estrés oxidativo y la acumulación lipídica. En conclusión, la genisteína generó efectos relacionados con el efecto de disrupción endocrina en C. elegans, muy probablemente a través de mecanismos de estrés oxidativo.

Genistein is an isoflavone present in soy, which children highly consume as a substitute for breast milk; however, little is known about its effects at the endocrine level. This paper used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to evaluate the endocrine disrupting effect of genistein through lethality, growth, reproduction, lipid storage, and changes in the expression of stress response genes (hsp-3, sod- 4, and gpx-4). The results indicated that, although genistein did not induce lethality, it did promote reproduction and increased body length, expression of genes related to cellular stress and oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation. In conclusion, genistein produced effects related to endocrine disruption on C. elegans, most likely through oxidative stress mechanisms.

Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A, Propyl Paraben, and Triclosan on Caenorhabditis elegans.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous plasticizer which is absorbed by ingestion and dermal contact; propyl paraben (PPB) inhibits the microbiome and extends the shelf life of many personal care products, whereas triclosan (TCS) is commonly found in antiseptics, disinfectants, or additives. In this work, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a biological model to assess the toxic effects of BPA, PPB, and TCS. The wild type strain, Bristol N2, was used in bioassays with the endpoints of lethality, growth, and reproduction; green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic strains with the hsp-3, hsp-4, hsp-16.2, hsp-70, sod-1, sod-4, cyp-35A4, cyp-29A2, and skn-1 genes were evaluated for their mRNA expression through fluorescence measurement; and quick Oil Red O (q ORO) was utilized to stain lipid deposits. Lethality was concentration-dependent, while TCS and PPB showed more toxicity than BPA. BPA augmented worm length, while PPB reduced it. All toxicants moderately increased the width and the width-length ratio. BPA and PPB promoted reproduction, in contrast to TCS, which diminished it. All toxicants affected the mRNA expression of genes related to cellular stress, control of reactive oxygen species, and nuclear receptor activation. Lipid accumulation occurred in exposed worms. In conclusion, BPA, PPB, and TCS alter the physiology of growth, lipid accumulation, and reproduction in C. elegans, most likely through oxidative stress mechanisms.

Toxicity of atrazine- and glyphosate-based formulations on Caenorhabditis elegans.

Atrazine and Glyphosate are herbicides massively used in agriculture for crop protection. Upon application, they are available to the biota in different ecosystems. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity of Glyphosate and Atrazine based formulations (GBF and ABF, respectively). Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed to different concentrations of each single formulation, and to the mixture. Lethality, locomotion, growth, and fertility were measured as endpoints. Effects on gene expression were monitored utilizing green fluorescence protein transgenic strains. ABF caused lethality of 12%, 15%, and 18% for 6, 60, and 600 µM, respectively, displaying a dose dependence trend. GBF produced lethality of 20%, 50%, and 100% at 0.01, 10, and 100 µM, respectively. Locomotion inhibition ranged from 21% to 89% at the lowest and maximum tested concentrations for Atrazine; whereas for Glyphosate, exposure to 10 µM inhibited 87%. Brood size was decreased by 67% and 93% after treatment to 0.06 and 6 µM Atrazine, respectively; and by 23% and 93% after exposure to 0.01 and 10 µM Glyphosate, respectively. There were no significant differences in growth. Changes in gene expression occurred in all genes, highlighting the expression of sod-1, sod-4, and gpx-4 that increased more than two-fold after exposure to 600 µM ABF and 10 µM GBF. The effects observed for the mixture of these formulations were additive for lethality, locomotion and fertility. In short, GBF, ABF, and their mixture induced several toxic responses related to oxidative stress on C. elegans.