Enhancement of phonemic verbal fluency in multilingual young adults by transcranial random noise stimulation.

Several studies have analyzed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on verbal fluency tasks in non-clinical populations. Nevertheless, the reported effects on verbal fluency are inconsistent. In addition, the effect of other techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on verbal fluency enhancement has yet to be studied in healthy multilingual populations. This study aims to explore the effects of tRNS on verbal fluency in healthy multilingual individuals. Fifty healthy multilingual (Spanish, English and Basque) adults were randomly assigned to a tRNS or sham group. Electrodes were placed on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. All participants performed phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks before, during (online assessment) and immediately after (offline assessment) stimulation in three different languages. The results showed significantly better performance by participants who received tRNS in the phonemic verbal fluency tasks in Spanish (in the online and offline assessment) and English (in the offline assessment). No differences between conditions were found in Basque nor semantic verbal fluency. These findings suggests that tRNS on the left prefrontal cortex could help improve phonemic, yet not semantic, fluency in healthy multilingual adults.

Amygdala structure and function and its associations with social-emotional outcomes in a low-risk preterm sample.

Amygdala atypical volume development and functional connectivity (FC) at small gestational ages (GA) have been found across childhood. This adult-oriented study assesses whether altered amygdala structure and function is present following low-risk preterm birth. T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI images of 33 low-risk preterm (30-36 weeks' GA) and 29 full-term (37-42 weeks' GA) young adults of both sexes, aged between 20 and 32 years old, were analyzed using FreeSurfer (v6.0.0) and Coon Toolbox (v21.a). The social-emotional assessment included Happé's Strange Stories Test, the Moral Judgment Test, Delay-Discounting Test, Adult Self Report, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. No differences were found in social-emotional outcomes or amygdala volumes between the groups. Low-risk preterm young adults showed increased FC between the left amygdala, right amygdala and medial frontal cortex (MedFC) (F = 9.89, p-FWE = 0.009) at cluster level compared to their full-term peers. However, significant results at connection level were not observed between left and right amygdala. Lastly, increased FC at cluster level between the right amygdala and MedFC, and left amygdala and MedFC, was related to better social-emotional outcomes only in low-risk preterm young adults (F = 6.60, p-FWE = 0.036) at cluster level. At connection level, in contrast, only right amygdala-MedFC increased FC was significantly associated with better social-emotional outcomes. This study reveals that low-risk prematurity does not have an effect on social-emotional outcomes or structural amygdala volumes during young adulthood. However, individuals who were considered to be at a lower risk of exhibiting neurodevelopmental alterations following preterm birth demonstrated increased FC between the left and right amygdala and MedFC.

Preterm birth and early life environmental factors: neuropsychological profiles at adolescence and young adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: To establish neuropsychological profiles after high- and low-risk preterm birth (i.e., with and without neonatal brain injury) during adolescence and young adulthood and to assess the potential role of early life environmental factors in cognition. STUDY DESIGN: Participants (N = 177; Mage = 20.11 years) of both sexes were evaluated when adolescent or in young adulthood. They were grouped according to their birth status: 30 high-risk preterm, 83 low-risk preterm and 64 born at full term. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in several cognitive domains between groups. Furthermore, familial socioeconomic status (SES) moderated the relation between the degree of maturity/immaturity at birth and cognition (F(5,171) = 11.94, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.26). DISCUSSION: The findings showed different neuropsychological profiles during adolescence and young adulthood, with the high-risk preterm sample evidencing lower cognitive values. In addition, higher scores in the familial SES score in this study seem to have a protective effect on cognition.

Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation techniques on foreign vocabulary learning.

Although the use of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques on healthy population has been linked to facilitating language learning, studies on their effects on foreign language learning processes are scarce and results remain unclear. The objective of this study was to analyze whether tES enhances foreign language learning processes. Sixty-four healthy native Spanish-speaking participants were randomly assigned to four groups (transcranial direct current, transcranial random noise, tDCS-tRNS stimulation, or sham). They completed two intervention sessions with a two-week gap in between. During the first session the participants received stimulation (1.5 mA) while learning new English words and then performed recall and recognition tasks. Learning was assessed at follow-up, two weeks later. No differences in learning between groups were observed in the first session (F(1,61)= .86; p = .36). At follow-up, significantly higher learning accuracy was observed after tRNS compared to sham (p = .037). These results suggest that tRNS could be helpful in improving the processes involved in foreign language vocabulary learning.

Comparing transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial random noise stimulation over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus: Effects on divergent and convergent thinking.

The essential role of creativity has been highlighted in several human knowledge areas. Regarding the neural underpinnings of creativity, there is evidence about the role of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) on divergent thinking (DT) and convergent thinking (CT). Transcranial stimulation studies suggest that the left DLPFC is associated with both DT and CT, whereas left IFG is more related to DT. However, none of the previous studies have targeted both hubs simultaneously and compared transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and random noise stimulation (tRNS). Additionally, given the relationship between cognitive flexibility and creativity, we included it in order to check if the improvement in creativity may be mediated by cognitive flexibility. In this double-blind, between-subjects study, 66 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (N = 22) that received a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), or sham for 20 min. The tDCS group received 1.5 mA with the anode over the left DLPFC and cathode over the left IFG. Locations in tRNS group were the same and they received 1.5 mA of high frequency tRNS (100-500 Hz). Divergent thinking was assessed before (baseline) and during stimulation with unusual uses (UU) and picture completion (PC) subtests from Torrance Creative thinking Test, whereas convergent thinking was evaluated with the remote association test (RAT). Stroop test was included to assess cognitive flexibility. ANCOVA results of performance under stimulation (controlling for baseline performance) showed that there were significant differences in PC (F = 3.35, p = 0.042, n p 2 = 0.10) but not in UU (F = 0.61, p = 0.546) and RAT (F = 2.65, p = 0.079) scores. Post-hoc analyses showed that tRNS group had significantly higher scores compared to sham (p = 0.004) in PC. More specifically, tRNS showed higher performance in fluency (p = 0.012) and originality (p = 0.021) dimensions of PC compared to sham. Regarding cognitive flexibility, we did not find any significant effect of any of the stimulation groups (F = 0.34, p = 0.711). Therefore, no further mediation analyses were performed. Finally, the group that received tDCS reported more adverse effects than sham group (F = 3.46, p = 0.035). Altogether, these results suggest that tRNS may have some advantages over tDCS in DT.

Voice, Body Cues and Facial Expression in Emotion Recognition of Spanish Children and Adolescents: The Validation of Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Test.

Emotion recognition has been traditionally measured trough the recognition of emotional expressions of static faces. Studies suggest that emotion recognition is progressively acquired from early stages in our infancy. However, the literature regarding other emotional domains such as voice or body movements is scarce. Additionally, the number of tools that integrate several domains is limited, especially in children and adolescents, and none of them tested in Spanish samples. Therefore, this study aimed to define the psychometric properties of the Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task (BLERT) and a new-designed alternate version providing normative data in Spanish children and adolescents (from 8 to 15 years old corresponding to 3th). Moreover, we aim to describe the emotional acquisition trajectory of children and adolescents with a tool that integrates voice, face expressions and body movements. For that purpose, BLERT was translated into Spanish (BLERT-SI) and an alternate version was created (BLERT-SII). A total of 545 children and adolescents from 8 to 15 year-old participated in the study (250 male/295 female). All participants fulfilled BLERT-SI and BLERT-SII within two weeks of difference. Order of presentation was counterbalanced. Results showed that BLERT-SI and SII have good internal consistency (α = .70 and 71 respectively). Test-retest reliability showed a moderate correlation (r = .45; p < .001). Percentages equivalences per age are provided. Age correlated with BLERT-SI (r = .31; p < .001) and BLERT-SII (r = .21; p < .001), showing a progressive acquisition and development of emotion recognition during this period. BLERT-SI and SII are useful tools when studying the follow-up of children and adolescents.

Spanish adaptation and validation of the Social Attribution Task-Multiple choice (SAT-MC) versions I and II for children and adolescents.

Social cognition is progressively acquired from childhood to early adulthood. Nevertheless there is a shortage of social cognition scales with normative data for Spanish children and adolescents. Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) and its alternate version SAT-MC-II are social cognition instruments that measure mentalization skills in adults with psychosis. This study aimed to report psycho- metric characteristics and normative data of the Spanish version of SAT-MC and SAT-MC-II in a sample of minors.

Adaptación y validación de la SocialAttribution Task-Multiple choice(SAT-MC) versiones I y II en niños yadolescentes / Spanish adaptation and validation of the Social Attribution Task-Multiple choice (SAT-MC) versions I and II for children and adolescents

Introducción: La cognición social (CS) se adquiere progresivamente desde la infancia. Sin embargo, hay escasas medidas de CS con datos normativos para niños y adolescentesen España. La escala Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice(SAT-MC) y su versión paralela SAT-MC-II son instrumentosde CS que miden mentalización en adultos con psicosis. Elpropósito de este estudio es mostrar las características psicométricas y datos normativos de la versión española del SATMC y SAT-MC-II en una muestra de menores.Metodología. Un total de 511 estudiantes de 8 a 15 añosparticiparon voluntariamente en el estudio. Las escalas SATMC y SAT-MC-II fueron traducidas al castellano, resultandoen la Tarea de Atribución Social-Elección Múltiple I y II (TASEM-I y TAS-EM-II). Los participantes realizaron la tarea endos sesiones con dos semanas de diferencia. El orden de lasescalas se contrabalanceó entre las sesiones.Resultados. La consistencia interna obtenida fue aceptable para TAS-EM (Alfa de Cronbach=0,75) y buena paraTAS-EM-II (Alfa de Cronbach =0,80). La fiabilidad test-retestmostró una correlación moderada (r=0,49; p<,001). La edadcorrelacionó positivamente con TAS-EM-I (r=0,40; p<,001)y TAS-EM-II (r=0,54; p<,001). Se reportan percentiles paracada grupo de edad desde los 8 a los 15 años.Discusión. Estos datos normativos permiten el estudio del desarrollo de la CS en niños y adolescentes españoles. Acorde conla literatura previa, nuestros resultados mostraron que el desempeño en CS mejora desde la infancia a la adolescencia. Además,las propiedades psicométricas de las TAS-EM son similares a lasobtenidas en estudios previos en estudiantes universitarios. (AU)

Introduction: Social cognition is progressively acquiredfrom childhood to early adulthood. Nevertheless there is ashortage of social cognition scales with normative data forSpanish children and adolescents. Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) and its alternate version SAT-MC-II aresocial cognition instruments that measure mentalization skillsin adults with psychosis. This study aimed to report psychometric characteristics and normative data of the Spanish version of SAT-MC and SAT-MC-II in a sample of minors.Methods. The sample included 511 children and adolescents,from 8 to 15 years old, that volunteered to participate in thestudy. SAT-MC and SAT-MC-II were translated into Spanishversions, resulting in Tarea de Atribución Social-Elección Múltiple I and II (TAS-EM-I and TAS-EM-II). Participants completedboth scales in two different sessions in a two-week longitudinalstudy. The order of scales was counterbalanced across visits.Results. The internal consistency obtained was acceptable for TAS-EM (Cronbach’s alpha=0.75) and good for TASEM-II (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.80). Test-retest reliability showeda moderate correlation (r = 0.49; p< .001). Age positivelycorrelated with TAS-EM-I (r = 0.40; p< .001) and TAS-EMII (r = 0.54; p< .001). Percentiles are reported for each agegroup from 8 to 15 years old.Discussion. The current normative data allow the studyof social cognition development in Spanish children and adolescents. In accordance with previous literature, our resultsshowed that social cognition performance improved fromchildhood to adolescence. Moreover, psychometric propertiesof SAT-MC resulted similar to the previous studies publishedin adults with schizophrenia and undergraduate students. (AU)

Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after Moderate and Late Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review and perform meta-analyses on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of adults born moderate and late preterm (MLPT) in relation to cognitive functioning and psychiatric disorders. STUDY DESIGN: A search was conducted to identify any studies that involved prematurity in adulthood. From these studies, reports that included a group of MLPT adults and included description of cognitive and/or mental health domains (including specific long-term outcomes) were selected. RESULTS: In total, 155 publications were identified, but only 16 papers met the inclusion criteria. A small effect size (g = 0.38) was found in MLPT to demonstrate poorer intellectual performance compared with those born at term. Moreover, MLPT adults exhibited greater odds for any psychiatric (OR 1.14), substance use (OR 1.16), mood (OR 1.06), and psychotic disorders (OR 1.40). CONCLUSIONS: Despite inconsistency due to the methodologic differences between the selected studies, MLPT showed minor long-term effects into adulthood. However, more studies are needed, because prematurity seems to confer some vulnerability to biological and environmental factors that enhance susceptibility to adverse neurodevelopment outcomes.

Efecto de los síntomas psiquiátricos y calidad de vida sobre el desempeño cognitivo en el VHC / Effect of psychiatric symptoms and quality of life on cognitive performance in HCV patients

OBJETIVO: El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) se ha relacionado repetidamente con un peor rendimiento de las funciones cognitivas. Sin embargo, no existe consenso acerca de la gravedad o del tipo de afectación cognitiva. Además, rara vez se controlan las variables que puedan influir en ello. El objetivo del presente estudio es definir el perfil cognitivo de los pacientes con VHC tras controlar el efecto de posibles covariables. MÉTODOS: Se dividió a 42 pacientes con VHC en 2 grupos según la existencia de coinfección con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y se incluyó a un tercer grupo de 22 controles sanos. La evaluación neuropsicológica incluyó medidas de velocidad de procesamiento, funciones ejecutivas, memoria verbal, memoria visual y memoria de trabajo. Para explorar diferencias e identificar posibles covariables se tomaron medidas de depresión (BDI), ansiedad (HAM-A), fatiga (MAF), anhedonia (PAS), insomnio (ISI), calidad de vida (SF-36) y antecedentes de consumo de drogas (DAST-20). RESULTADOS: Los pacientes con VHC (incluyendo coinfectados por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana) tuvieron un rendimiento peor que el grupo control en todos los dominios cognitivos. Sin embargo, tras controlar el efecto de BDI, HAM-A, MAF, ISI, SF-36 y DAST-20, solo la memoria verbal de los pacientes con VHC mostró diferencias entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: En consonancia con estudios previos, nuestros resultados muestran una relación entre la memoria verbal y el efecto del VHC en el cerebro, aunque el presente estudio no ha podido relacionar la afectación frontoestriatal de los pacientes con VHC con su rendimiento cognitivo

OBJECTIVE: Reduced performance in several cognitive domains has been repeatedly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nevertheless, there is no consensus about the severity or cognitive profile. Moreover, other possible influential variables are scarcely controlled. The aim of this study is to define the specific cognitive profile in HCV after controlling for confounding variables. METHODS: Forty-two HCV patients were distributed in 2groups according to the presence of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus; a third group with 22 healthy controls was also included. The neuropsychological assessment included tests that assess processing speed, executive functioning, verbal memory, visual memory and working memory. Measures of depression (BDI), anxiety (HAM-A), fatigue (MAF), anhedonia (PAS), insomnia (ISI), quality of life (SF-36) and history of drug abuse (DAST-20) were taken in order to explore differences among groups and to control for their possible influence on cognitive performance. RESULTS: HCV patients (including human immunodeficiency virus-coinfection) performed significantly worse in all cognitive measures. However, when the effect of BDI, HAM-A, MAF, ISI, SF-36 & DAST-20 was controlled, only verbal memory of HCV patients differed among groups. Coinfected patients performed worse in verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS: According to previous studies verbal memory is the unique cognitive domain related to the effect of HCV. The present study does not support that the neurovirulence effect of HCV is decreasing cognitive performance in HCV patients. Nevertheless, the present study cannot relate the fronto-striatal disruption with the cognitive performance in HCV patients

Effect of psychiatric symptoms and quality of life on cognitive performance in HCV patients. / Efecto de los síntomas psiquiátricos y calidad de vida sobre el desempeño cognitivo en el VHC.

OBJECTIVE: Reduced performance in several cognitive domains has been repeatedly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nevertheless, there is no consensus about the severity or cognitive profile. Moreover, other possible influential variables are scarcely controlled. The aim of this study is to define the specific cognitive profile in HCV after controlling for confounding variables. METHODS: Forty-two HCV patients were distributed in 2groups according to the presence of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus; a third group with 22 healthy controls was also included. The neuropsychological assessment included tests that assess processing speed, executive functioning, verbal memory, visual memory and working memory. Measures of depression (BDI), anxiety (HAM-A), fatigue (MAF), anhedonia (PAS), insomnia (ISI), quality of life (SF-36) and history of drug abuse (DAST-20) were taken in order to explore differences among groups and to control for their possible influence on cognitive performance. RESULTS: HCV patients (including human immunodeficiency virus-coinfection) performed significantly worse in all cognitive measures. However, when the effect of BDI, HAM-A, MAF, ISI, SF-36 & DAST-20 was controlled, only verbal memory of HCV patients differed among groups. Coinfected patients performed worse in verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS: According to previous studies verbal memory is the unique cognitive domain related to the effect of HCV. The present study does not support that the neurovirulence effect of HCV is decreasing cognitive performance in HCV patients. Nevertheless, the present study cannot relate the fronto-striatal disruption with the cognitive performance in HCV patients.

[Hypoglycemia. First manifestation of diabetes mellitus in children (author's transl)]. / Hipoglucemia. Primera manifestación de diabetes "mellitus" en el niño

Nine children were sent to the authors for hypoglycemia and familial history of diabetes mellitus. After oral glucose load abnormal responses in insulin secretion were obtained in all of them, and in one patient blood glucose curve was consistent with probable chemical diabetes.

[Plasmatic levels of glucose and insulin in siblings of diabetic children (author's transl)]. / Valoración de glucosa e insulina plasmáticas en hermanos de diabéticos juveniles

Observation of glucose and plasmatic insulin curve after oral administration of glucose in 16 brothers of juvenile diabetics. The findings were: slight curve alterations that would be compatible with chemical diabetes.

[HGH response to dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) (author's transl)]. / Respuesta de la hormona del crecimiento (HGH) a la dihidroxifenilalanina (L-dopa)

L-dopa, administered at dose levels of 250 mg., was used to assess HGH release in 36 children. In five cases of hypopituitary dwarfs no response was obtained and in the remaining 31 cases affected by short stature not of endocrine origin, the highest peak was produced 30' after the test (12.71 +/- 11.61 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005). Significant responses were also obtained at 60' (11.81 +/- 10.47 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005), 90' (7.25 +/- 7.49 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005) and 120' (4.8 +/- 4.86 ng/ml; p less than 0.005).

[Plasma levels of HGH, insulin and NEFA in diabetic children (author's transl)]. / Valoración plasmática de hormona de crecimiento (H.G.H.), insulina y ácidos grasos libres (N.E.F.A.) en niños diabéticos

Plasmatic levels of HGH, insulin and NEFA are measured after oral glucose loading in 14 diabetic children and are compared with those obtained in 7 normal children. The average values of HGH are higher in the diabetics at 0', 30', 60', and 190', and on the contrary the release of HGH which is produced at 90' and 120' with a glucose load is increased in the normal controls. None of these differences are significant. The insulin and NEFA response observed in the normal cases is not observed in the diabetics where the obtained values do not show variation with the administration of glucose.