The role of multiparametric magnetic resonance in active surveillance of a low-risk prostate cancer cohort from clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION: Active surveillance (AS) is considered a suitable management practice for those patients with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). At present, however, the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in AS protocols has not yet been clearly established. OUTCOMES: To determine the role of mpMRI and its ability to detect significant prostate cancer (SigPCa) in PCa patients enrolled in AS protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 229 patients enrolled in an AS protocol between 2011 and 2020 at Reina Sofía University Hospital. MRI interpretation was based on PIRADS v.1 or v.2/2.1 classification. Demographics, clinical, and analytical data were collected and analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for mpMRI in different scenarios. We defined SigPCa and reclassification/progression as a Gleason score (GS) ≥ 3 + 4, a clinical stage ≥T2b, or an increase in PCa volume. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to estimate progression-free survival time. RESULTS: Median age was 69.02 (±7.73) at diagnosis, with a 0.15 (±0.08) PSA density (PSAD). Eighty-six patients were reclassified after confirmatory biopsy, with a suspicious mpMRI an indication for a clear reclassification and risk-predictor factor in disease progression (p < 0.05). During follow-up, 46 patients were changed from AS to active treatment mainly due to disease progression. Ninety patients underwent ≥2mpMRI during follow-up, with a median follow-up of 29 (15-49) months. Thirty-four patients had a baseline suspicious mpMRI (at diagnostic or confirmatory biopsy): 14 patients with a PIRADS 3 and 20 patients with ≥PIRADS 4. From 14 patients with a PIRADS 3 baseline mpMRI, 29% progressed radiologically, with a 50% progression rate versus 10% (1/10 patients) for those with similar or decreased mpMRI risk. Of the 56 patients with a non-suspicious baseline mpMRI (PIRADS < 2), 14 patients (25%) had an increased degree of radiological suspicion, with a detection rate of SigPCa of 29%. The mpMRI NPV during follow-up was 0.91. CONCLUSION: A suspicious mpMRI increases the reclassification and disease progression risk during follow-up and plays an important role in monitoring biopsies. In addition, a high NPV at mpMRI follow-up can help to decrease the need to monitor biopsies during AS.

Atención sostenida en niños con hipotiroidismo congénito en edad escolar. Influencia de los episodios de sobretratamiento en los primeros 3 años de vida / Sustained attention in school-age children with congenital hypothyroidism: Influence of episodes of overtreatment in the first three years of life

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los niños con hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) están en riesgo de presentar déficit cognitivos sutiles, a pesar de tener un rendimiento intelectual global dentro de rangos normales. Estos déficits pueden ser consecuencia de condiciones inherentes a la enfermedad y a factores relacionados con el tratamiento. El presente estudio explora el efecto de las desviaciones del estado de eutiroidismo durante los primeros 3 años de vida en el rendimiento atencional durante la edad escolar. MÉTODOS: Fueron evaluados 49 niños con HC diagnosticado y bajo tratamiento, de ellos 14 fueron niños (9,5 ± 2,8 años de edad) y 35 niñas (9,6 ± 2,6 años de edad). Se calculó el total de episodios de sobre, infra y normotratamiento a partir de los valores de TSH durante los primeros 3 años de vida (medidos a los 12, 18, 24, 30 y 36 meses de edad). Los niños fueron evaluados mediante una versión computarizada del Test de atención sostenida. Se calcularon los modelos lineales generales usando el índice de atención como variable dependiente y el género, la etiología y los episodios de sobre, infra y normotratamiento como independientes. RESULTADOS: El número de episodios de sobretratamiento (TSH baja) se asoció a un peor rendimiento atencional en la edad escolar (p = 0,005, r = -0,45). CONCLUSIÓN: Debe realizarse un seguimiento estrecho en los 3 primeros años en pacientes con HC para evitar no solo el hipotiroidismo, sino también los efectos adversos de episodios de hipertratamiento que pueden comprometer el procesamiento atencional en edad escolar

INTRODUCTION: Children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are at risk of developing mild cognitive impairment despite normal overall intellectual performance. These deficits may be caused by disease-related and treatment-related factors. This study explores the impact of abnormal thyroid function during the first 3 years of life on attention performance at school age. METHODS: We included 49 children diagnosed with CH and receiving treatment for the condition: 14 boys (mean age 9.5 ± 2.8 years) and 35 girls (9.6 ± 2.6 years). The number of episodes of normal, under-, and overtreatment were estimated based on TSH levels during their first 3 years of life (at 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months). Children were assessed using a computerised version of a Sustained attention test. General linear models were calculated with the attention index as the dependent variable and sex, aetiology, and number of episodes of normal, under-, and overtreatment as independent variables. RESULTS: Higher numbers of episodes of overtreatment (low TSH level) were associated with poorer attention performance at school age (P = .005, r = -0.45). CONCLUSIONS: Children with CH should be monitored closely during the first 3 years of life in order to prevent not only hypothyroidism but also any adverse effects of overtreatment that may affect attentional function at school age

Sustained attention in school-age children with congenital hypothyroidism: Influence of episodes of overtreatment in the first three years of life. / Atención sostenida en niños con hipotiroidismo congénito en edad escolar. Influencia de los episodios de sobretratamiento en los primeros 3 años de vida.

INTRODUCTION: Children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are at risk of developing mild cognitive impairment despite normal overall intellectual performance. These deficits may be caused by disease-related and treatment-related factors. This study explores the impact of abnormal thyroid function during the first 3 years of life on attention performance at school age. METHODS: We included 49 children diagnosed with CH and receiving treatment for the condition: 14 boys (mean age 9.5±2.8 years) and 35 girls (9.6±2.6 years). The number of episodes of normal, under-, and overtreatment were estimated based on TSH levels during their first 3 years of life (at 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months). Children were assessed using a computerised version of a Sustained attention test. General linear models were calculated with the attention index as the dependent variable and sex, aetiology, and number of episodes of normal, under-, and overtreatment as independent variables. RESULTS: Higher numbers of episodes of overtreatment (low TSH level) were associated with poorer attention performance at school age (P=.005, r=-0.45). CONCLUSIONS: Children with CH should be monitored closely during the first 3 years of life in order to prevent not only hypothyroidism but also any adverse effects of overtreatment that may affect attentional function at school age.

Active tuberculosis patients have high levels of IgA anti-alpha-crystallin and isocitrate lyase proteins.

SETTING: Mexico City, Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To identify proteins synthetised by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in hypoxic culture, which resemble more closely a granuloma environment than aerobic culture, and to determine if they are recognised by antibodies from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). DESIGN: Soluble extracts from M. tuberculosis H37Rv cultured under aerobic or hypoxic conditions were analysed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and proteins over-expressed under hypoxia were identified by mass spectrometry. The presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgM antibodies against these proteins was determined in the serum of 42 patients with active PTB and 42 healthy controls. RESULTS: We selected three M. tuberculosis H37Rv proteins (alpha-crystallin protein [Acr, Rv2031c], universal stress protein Rv2623 and isocitrate lyase [ICL, RV0467]) that were over-expressed under hypoxia. Titres of anti-Acr and anti-ICL IgA antibodies were higher in patients than in healthy controls, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.71 for anti-ICL IgA antibodies. CONCLUSION: ICL could be used in combination with other M. tuberculosis antigens to improve the sensitivity and specificity of current serological TB diagnostic methods.

[Effects of clonidine++ administration in children with familial short stature and retarded body growth]. / Efectos de la administración de clonidina en niños con talla baja familiar y retardo constitucional del crecimiento.

The effect of chronic clonidine administration on the height velocity of two groups of children with short stature either familial (FSS) or with constitutional growth delay (CGD) is presented. The patients whose age ranged between 5 to 12 years had a height below the third percentile; otherwise they were healthy. Both groups received 100 micrograms/m2 of clonidine orally during 12 months. In the group with FSS there was an increase in height velocity from 3.6 +/- 0.6 cm/years pretreatment values to 5.1 +/- 0.9 cm/years. The group with CGD showed an increase from 3.6 +/- 0.7 cm/years to 6.5 +/- 3.4. No secondary reactions were observed. The possible impact of this treatment on final height is discussed.