RESUMO
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly developed into one of the most attractive photovoltaic technologies, exceeding power conversion efficiencies of 25% and as the most promising technology to complement silicon-based solar cells. Among different types of PSCs, carbon-based, hole-conductor-free PSCs (C-PSCs), in particular, are seen as a viable candidate for commercialization due to the high stability, ease of fabrication, and low cost. This review examines strategies to increase charge separation, extraction, and transport properties in C-PSCs to improve the power conversion efficiency. These strategies include the use of new or modified electron transport materials, hole transport layers, and carbon electrodes. Additionally, the working principles of various printing techniques for the fabrication of C-PSCs are presented, as well as the most remarkable results obtained from each technique for small-scale devices. Finally, the manufacture of perovskite solar modules using scalable deposition techniques is discussed.
RESUMO
Since the elucidation of the leaching process by Mizoroki in the 1970s, the research focused on this problem has increased. As a result, it has been discovered that the leached metals can not only hinder product yield, but they can also remain as contaminants of the final products. Thus, it can be concluded that metal leaching needs to be diminished or avoided more efficiently. This problem is important for the industry and the environment because of the increases in costs and pollution. In 2014, we reported a brief review related to this important feature; now we would like to report on the latest findings on this important phenomenon, including an update on the mechanisms used to explain leaching and the reactions that support those mechanisms and including patents related to leaching in catalysis that have appeared in recent years.
