Could clinical scores guide the surgical treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis?

PURPOSE: Test the diagnostic reliability of the score for neonatal acute physiology-perinatal extension-II (SNAPPE-II) and the metabolic derangement acuity score (MDAS) as predictors of surgery in patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). METHODS: The SNAPPE-II and the MDAS were applied to 99 patients with NEC. Both the scores were calculated at the moment of diagnosis (T(0)) and when surgical assessment was required (T(1)). The main outcome was the need of surgical revision. Comparison between models was made through their receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients required surgical treatment (group A) and 64 responded to medical therapy (group B). Median SNAPPE-II was 22 versus 5 for group A (U test 621, p = 0.002) at T(0); and 22 versus 10 for group A (U test 487, p = 0.01) at T(1). Measuring the value of the SNAPPE-II as a predictor of surgery, the ROC curve was 0.69 (CI 95%, 0.57-0.80) at T(0) and 0.67 (CI 95%, 0.55-0.80) at T(1). Median MDAS were 2 for both groups A and B at T(0) (U test 890.5, p = 0.113) and 2 versus 1.5 for group A at T(1) (U test 570, p = 0.043). The ROC curve for MDAS was 0.59 (CI 95%, 0.47-0.71) at T(0) and 0.64 (CI 95%, 0.52-0.77) at T(1). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic performance of the SNAPPE-II offers mild results in the moment of the diagnosis of NEC, and at T(1). The MDAS is non significant at T(0) and obtains moderate results at T(1). These results do not encourage using the SNAPPE-II and the MDAS as definite tools to decide for surgical treatment of the patients affected by NEC.

Diaphragmatic avulsion with chance fracture: a rare association in the seat belt syndrome.

Traumatic diaphragmatic injuries are uncommon in children. Chance fractures are typical in adults who had motor vehicle accidents but infrequent in children. The seat belt syndrome is characterized by a spectrum of injuries caused by the compression of the abdomen by the seat belt. It can affect the abdominal wall, hollow or solid organs, and the spine, but the association between diaphragmatic rupture and Chance fracture is extremely rare. We describe the case of a child who was involved in a car accident and who presented with multiple traumas; liver and lung injuries were first detected, and the patient was managed accordingly. During the hospital stay, a right diaphragmatic avulsion and a Chance fracture, which were initially missed, were diagnosed and treated successfully. The relevance of this case lies in the low incidence of the diaphragmatic rupture and the Chance fracture in children along with their exceptional association and in the diagnosis, which might be especially difficult in the acute setting.

Long-term assessment of the treatment of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula with fibrin glue associated with diathermy.

PURPOSE: Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula (RTF) is a serious common complication of the surgical treatment of esophageal atresia. We report the results of our technique of bronchoscopic treatment of RTF with fibrin glue (Tissucol), with a follow-up of over 1 decade. METHODS: A retrospective review between 1993 and 2004 was conducted, including all patients diagnosed with RTF and treated bronchoscopically with Tissucol, with over 1 year of follow-up. The procedure was implemented under general anesthesia using a rigid neonatal bronchoscope. A magnification chamber and previous diathermia using a urethral catheter were used in the latter 4 patients. The fibrin glue was injected through a clear catheter. The number of endoscopic sessions per patient was limited to 3. RESULTS: Seven patients were treated, with evidence of fistular closure in 6 (85%). One patient with satisfactory results, but a follow-up of 4 months, was not included. The age at bronchoscopy ranged from 14 to 20 days (mean, 16.7 days), and a total of 12 sessions were required (mean, 1.7). In the latter 4 patients, diathermia was associated with good results in all and a lower number of sessions (mean, 1.5). All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically, and a control endoscopy was performed in 4 patients. The follow-up lasted from 2 to 11 years (mean, 7.4 years). CONCLUSIONS: Because we started to use Tissucol (1994), other authors have reported successful isolated cases, but a relatively large series and a long-term follow-up were lacking. We consider that the success of the procedure depends on several technical factors such as an early diagnosis, before epithelium is formed in the fistula, and the use of initial diathermia, associated in the latter 4 patients. The results obtained with 85% success with a follow-up over 1 year show that the fibrin adhesive is the reference substance for the treatment of RTF; we recommend its endoscopic application associated with diathermia as initial measure.