Comprehensive analysis of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutation and tumor characterization: a portrait of early-onset breast cancer in Brazil.

Germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 genes have been identified as one of the most important disease-causing issues in young breast cancer patients worldwide. The specific defective biological processes that trigger germline mutation-associated and -negative tumors remain unclear. To delineate an initial portrait of Brazilian early-onset breast cancer, we performed an investigation combining both germline and tumor analysis. Germline screening of the BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 (c.1100delC) and TP53 genes was performed in 54 unrelated patients <35 y; their tumors were investigated with respect to transcriptional and genomic profiles as well as hormonal receptors and HER2 expression/amplification. Germline mutations were detected in 12 out of 54 patients (22%) [7 in BRCA1 (13%), 4 in BRCA2 (7%) and one in TP53 (2%) gene]. A cancer familial history was present in 31.4% of the unrelated patients, from them 43.7% were carriers for germline mutation (37.5% in BRCA1 and in 6.2% in the BRCA2 genes). Fifty percent of the unrelated patients with hormone receptor-negative tumors carried BRCA1 mutations, percentage increasing to 83% in cases with familial history of cancer. Over-representation of DNA damage-, cellular and cell cycle-related processes was detected in the up-regulated genes of BRCA1/2-associated tumors, whereas cell and embryo development-related processes were over-represented in the up-regulated genes of BRCA1/2-negative tumors, suggesting distinct mechanisms driving the tumorigenesis. An initial portrait of the early-onset breast cancer patients in Brazil was generated pointing out that hormone receptor-negative tumors and positive familial history are two major risk factors for detection of a BRCA1 germline mutation. Additionally, the data revealed molecular factors that potentially trigger the tumor development in young patients.

Bupivacaine injection leads to muscle force reduction and histologic changes in a murine model.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of bupivacaine on muscle force and histology. We hypothesize that bupivacaine will worsen the muscle's physiological activity. SETTING: Controlled laboratory experiment. METHODS: Bupivacaine (0.5 mL, 0.5%) was injected into the mid belly and distal portions of the right gastrocnemius in 32 Wistar male rats (the left gastrocnemius was used as a control). After 5, 14, 21, and 28 days, in groups of 4, muscle force was evaluated and the animals were euthanized by an overdose of anesthetic for histologic evaluation. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze data from force and weight measurements. Only the values of P < .05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: Bupivacaine causes a process of degeneration-regeneration of the muscle fibers and it also causes a reduction in muscle force, which is significant at 2 and 3 weeks and does not normalize at 4 weeks. The muscle injury is obvious after 5 days, and the degenerative process is predominant at 2 and 3 weeks. We found an increase in muscle mass in the acute phase and a decrease in muscle force. CONCLUSION: Although our results do not allow a direct clinical application, we believe that caution should be warranted when intramuscular bupivacaine is used.

Hydrodynamics- and ultrasound-based transfection of heart with naked plasmid DNA.

A novel, efficient transfection method, based on ultrasound and hydrodynamics, has been developed to transfect heart tissue with plasmid DNA. An ultrasound probe was aimed at the heart of anesthetized rats for 30 sec, at an intensity of 1 MHz and 2 W/cm2. The aorta was clamped and a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution containing pSV-LacZ was quickly injected into the left ventricle. Each animal was maintained in this condition for 20 sec, and then the clamp was opened and the needle was removed. Electrocardiography, performed after 4 weeks, showed mild or no sign of ischemia in all groups. Visual evaluation of heart tissue samples from rats that received 100 microg of pSV-LacZ in 100 microl had only a few blue cells, indicating transfection, and those that received only PBS had no blue cells. However, all heart tissue samples from rats transfected with 100 to 500 microg of pSV-LacZ in 200 microl, or with 200 to 500 microg of pSV-LacZ in 100 micro had many blue cells. The base and epicardium of the heart tissue samples had many more blue cells than did the rest of the samples. Histological results, based on staining with hematoxylin and eosin, showed similar results between control and transfected groups. Therefore, we concluded that gene delivery by plasmid vector in association with ultrasound and hydrodynamics was highly effective in transfecting rat heart.