A National Study on Psychological Violence in Brazil: Differences by Sex and Skin Color.

Violence is a global public health problem that affects especially the most vulnerable people. The aim was to analyze the prevalence of psychological violence in the Brazilian population and inequalities according to sex and skin color. This was a cross-sectional study in which the database of the National Health Survey 2019 was used. Psychological violence was considered present when an individual answered yes to at least one of the five variables investigated: In the last 12 months, has anyone (a) offended you, humiliated you, or ridiculed you in front of other people?; (b) yelled at you or called you names?; (c) used social media or cell phones to threaten, offend, curse, or expose your images without your consent?; (d) threatened to hurt you or hurt someone important to you?; and (e) destroyed something of yours on purpose? The independent variable was skin color. The crude prevalence ratio (PR) was determined by Poisson regression. All analyses were stratified by sex. Of the 88,531 respondents, 41,662 were males and 46,869 were females. The prevalence of the presence of psychological violence was 19% in women and 15.6% in men. Men and women with black/brown/yellow/indigenous skin color were 20% and 15% more likely to suffer one or more items of psychological violence, respectively, than men and women with white skin color (PR = 1.20; 95% CI [1.11, 1.30] and PR = 1.15; 95% CI [1.08, 1.23]). Psychological violence occurred predominantly against females and individuals with black/brown/yellow/indigenous skin color. There were notable inequalities in the exposure to this type of violence that need to be considered when making plans to address this problem. The findings emphasize the relevance of constantly reviewing political and social constructions to promote a reduction of inequalities.

Cobertura da vacina meningocócica C nos estados e regiões do Brasil em 2012 / Coverage of the meningococcal C vaccine in the states and regions of Brazil in 2012 / Cobertura de la vacuna contra el meningococo C en los estados y regiones de Brasil en 2012

Objetivos: Descrever a cobertura da vacina meningocócica C em crianças menores de um ano de idade, em 2012, nos estados e regiões do Brasil, e correlacionar com variáveis socioeconômicas e cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo ecológico. A cobertura vacinal foi calculada utilizando o número de doses da vacina em 2012, disponível no Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, como numerador, e população residente menor de um ano, também em 2012, como denominador. Ainda, foi realizada uma correlação de Pearson (r) entre a cobertura vacinal e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Resultados: As regiões Norte e Nordeste não atingiram a recomendação de 95% para cobertura. A cobertura vacinal apresentou correlação positiva moderada com renda média per capita (r=0,6) e negativa e moderada com o coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusão: São necessárias ações educativas e políticas para aumentar a cobertura vacinal com objetivo de reduzir a incidência da doença meningocócica, além de estudos com delineamentos mais robustos.

Objectives: To determine the coverage of the meningococcal C vaccine in children younger than one year of age in the states and regions of Brazil in 2012, and to correlate these findings with socioeconomic variables and the coverage of the Family Health Strategy. Methods: This was an ecological study. The vaccination coverage was calculated by dividing the number of vaccine doses administered in 2012 (numerator), which was determined from the data available in the Information System of the National Immunization Program, by the resident population less than one year also in 2012 (denominator). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated for the vaccination coverage and socioeconomic variables. Results: The North and Northeast regions did not reach the recommended vaccination coverage (95%). The vaccination coverage showed a positive and moderate correlation with family income (r=0.6) and a negative and moderate correlation with the Gini coefficient (r=-0.5). Conclusion: Educational programs and policies are required to increase vaccination coverage and reduce the incidence of meningococcal disease. In addition, studies with more robust designs are necessary

Objetivos: Describir la cobertura de la vacuna contra el meningococo C en niños menores de un año de edad, en 2012, en los estados y regiones de Brasil, y correlacionar con variables socioeconómicas y cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Métodos: Estudio Ecológico. La cobertura de vacunación se calculó utilizando el número de dosis de la vacuna en 2012, disponible en el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización, como numerador, y la población residente menor a un año, también en 2012, como denominador. Se realizó la correlación de Pearson (r) entre cobertura de la vacuna y las variables socioeconómicas. Resultados: En las regiones Norte y Noreste no alcanzaron la cobertura recomendada del 95%. La cobertura de vacunación mostró correlación positiva moderada con el ingreso promedio per cápita (r=0,6), y negativa moderada con el coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusión: Son necesarias acciones educativas e políticas para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación, con el fin de reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad meningocócica, así como los estudios con diseños más robustos.