Taming a 'fuzzy beast'? Stakeholder perspectives on Antarctic science-policy knowledge exchange practices in New Zealand.

Antarctic environmental change is accelerating with significant regional and global consequences making it critically important for Antarctic research knowledge to inform relevant policymaking forums. A key challenge is maximising the utility of evidence in decision-making, to which scholars have responded by shifting away from linear science-policy arrangements towards co-production alternatives. As an Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), New Zealand (NZ) is responsible for facilitating knowledge exchange (KE) among Antarctic science and policy actors at national and international levels. However, at present, we have few metrics for assessing the success of science-policy dialogues. Furthermore, studies on the Antarctic science-policy interface have so far primarily focused on the international perspective. This paper is the first to examine domestic stakeholder perspectives regarding Antarctic KE using NZ as a case study. We report on the findings of two workshops involving over 60 NZ Antarctic stakeholders in 2021 that aimed to explore the various elements of NZ's Antarctic science-policy interface and identify barriers or drivers for success, including future opportunities. Our results indicate that there is a desire to shift away from the current linear approach towards a more collaborative model. To achieve this, stakeholders share an understanding that KE practices need to become more equitable, inclusive and diverse, and that the policy community needs to play a more proactive and leading role. Described as a 'fuzzy beast', the NZ Antarctic science-policy interface is complex. This study contributes to our understanding of Antarctic KE practices by offering new guidance on several key elements that should be considered in any attempts to understand or improve future KE practices in NZ or within the domestic settings of other ATCPs interested in fostering science-policy success.

Marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean: Is the Antarctic Treaty System ready to co-exist with a new United Nations instrument for areas beyond national jurisdiction?

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a fundamental tool for effective marine conservation and areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) prove most challenging for their designation. Largely to blame is the currently fragmented and sector-based governance framework under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982). In the face of rapidly deteriorating biodiversity in ABNJ, negotiations are underway for a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) mandated to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction using tools including MPAs. The Southern Ocean, however, is a uniquely governed space, with two MPAs already established in ABNJ under the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). This article critically examines the status quo for designating MPAs under the ATS and uses the findings to reflect on how the system might interact with the new United Nations ILBI. Despite this critique, complementary synergies between the two instruments are still possible. I therefore hypothesise that Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) and members of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) must collectively engage with the ILBI process and across instruments within the ATS, to ensure the future interplay is one of opportunity, not conflict. The article concludes with recommendations to help ATCPs and CCAMLR members more proactively and effectively engage with progressions in the international law of the sea.

Paraumbilical vein aneurysm: case report.

A 48-year-old female patient was found to have a paraumbilical vein saccular aneurysm, which is a rare consequence of portal hypertension. She presented with right upper quadrant pain and had a known diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. This had progressed since her last admission. We discuss the multimodality images obtained, diagnosis and complications associated with this pathology.

A rare case of omental cake.

Systemic amyloidosis is normally detected on histology by deposition of amyloid into soft tissue organs. Omental and peritoneal involvement are rare manifestations of the disease. The differential diagnosis for omental and peritoneal disease does not, therefore, normally include amyloid.

The revised lung adenocarcinoma classification-an imaging guide.

Advances in our understanding of the pathology, radiology and clinical behaviour of peripheral lung adenocarcinomas facilitated a more robust terminology and classification of these lesions. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) classification introduced new terminology to better reflect this heterogeneous group of adenocarcinomas formerly known as bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma (BAC). There is now a clear distinction between pre-invasive, minimally invasive and frankly invasive lesions. The radiographic appearance of these ranges from pure ground glass nodules to solid mass lesions. Radiologists must be aware of the new classification in order to work alongside multidisciplinary colleagues to allow accurate staging and treatment. This article reviews the new classification of lung adenocarcinomas. Management options of these lesions with particular focus on radiological implications of the new classification will be reviewed.

Reference ranges for 51Cr-EDTA measurements of glomerular filtration rate in children.

BACKGROUND: 51Cr-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) is widely used to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children and adults. AIM: To produce paediatric reference data for use with the British Nuclear Medicine Society (BNMS) GFR guidelines. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of children and adolescents, aged 0-17 years, undergoing combined 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) scintigraphy and GFR examination. GFR was evaluated from Cr-EDTA plasma clearance using blood samples taken at 2, 3 and 4 h according to the methods set out in the BNMS GFR guidelines. 99mTc-DMSA images were reviewed to identify children with normal scans. RESULTS: Of the 45 children having a combined 99mTc-DMSA and GFR investigation, 27 (12 females, 15 males) had a normal scan result. The mean GFR (standard deviation) in the 24 subjects aged 2-17 years was 109.5 (16.8) ml . min(-1) . (1.73 m2)(-1). This compared with a predicted figure of 107.0 (17.0) ml . min(-1) . (1.73 m2)(-1) when the paediatric reference range published by Piepsz et al. was adjusted to be consistent with the BNMS GFR guidelines. When the GFR results in the present study were calculated according to the single-sample and two-sample methods used by Piepsz et al., there was close agreement with the results obtained in the latter study [116.7 (24.2) vs. 114.7 (25.8) ml . min(-1) . (1.73 m2)(-1)]. Children with abnormal 99mTc-DMSA scans had significantly lower GFR than those with normal scans (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: There is a consistent difference between the GFR results in children with normal 99mTc-DMSA scans obtained in the present study and the unadjusted results of Piepsz et al. that can be explained by the different methods of calculating GFR in the two studies. Given the larger number of children in the latter study, it is proposed that centres evaluating GFR according to the BNMS method should adopt the Piepsz et al. reference range adjusted for consistency with the BNMS guidelines. This gives a mean GFR (SD) in children of 2 years and over of 107 (17) ml . min(-1) . (1.73 m2)(-1).