Effect of yeast pretreatment on the characteristics of yeast-modified electrodes as mediated amperometric biosensors for lactic acid.

Carbon paste electrode modified with baker' and wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a source of flavocytochrome b(2)) were investigated as amperometric biosensors for L-lactic acid. Before immobilization on the electrode surface, yeast cells were pretreated with various electrolytes, alcohols and weak organic acids. Electrode responses to L-lactic acid were tested in the presence of various mediators (potassium ferricyanide, phenazine methosulfate, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt hydrate, 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt). The highest (144+/-7 nA per 0.2 mM L-lactic acid) and the most stable responses were obtained after yeast pretreatment with 30% ethanol using potassium ferricyanide as a mediator. Different electrode sensitivities with mediator phenazine methosulphate probably reflected diverse changes in yeast membrane (and/or cell wall).

Mediated amperometric biosensors for lactic acid based on carbon paste electrodes modified with baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Carbon paste electrodes modified with baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a source of flavocytochrome b(2)) were investigated as amperometric biosensors for lactic acid. Phenazine methosulphate was used as a mediator. The optimal operational conditions of the electrodes were: an operating potential 0.0 V, solution pH 7.2, concentration of phenazine methosulphate in solution 0.2 mM. A linear range in the dependence of the current responses on the concentration of lactic acid was up to 1 mM. The suitability of the electrodes for determination of lactic acid in milk and dairy products such as kefir and yoghurt was tested. The yeast cells in the paste remained viable at least for 1 month.

Investigation of electrochemical properties of FMN and FAD adsorbed on titanium electrode.

The electrochemical properties (such as the values of the formal potentials, the dependence of the formal potentials on solution pH, the reversibility of the electrochemical process) of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) adsorbed on a titanium electrode were dependent on the electrolyte. The formal potentials of adsorbed FMN and FAD in phosphate, HEPES and PIPES buffers at pH 7 were similar to those for dissolved flavins (-460 to -480 mV vs. SCE) and changed linearly with a slope of about 52 mV per pH unit in the pH region 3 to 8. In TRIS buffer, the formal potentials of adsorbed FMN and FAD were also pH-dependent, however, with invariance in the pH range 4.5 to 5.5. In non-buffered solutions (KCl, LiCl, NaCl, CsCl, CaCl(2), Na(2)SO(4) at different concentrations), the electrochemical behavior of adsorbed FMN and FAD differed from that of dissolved flavins and was dependent on the electrolyte (especially at pH 4.5 and pH 5). Under certain conditions (electrolyte, concentration, pH), a two-step oxidation of FMN could be observed.

Amperometric glucose biosensors based on Prussian Blue- and polyaniline-glucose oxidase modified electrodes.

The properties of glucose sensors fabricated by immobilization of glucose oxidase in a layer of electrochemically deposited polyaniline were investigated. Selective amperometric glucose sensors were prepared by immobilization of glucose oxidase on a Prussian Blue-modified platinum electrode in a layer of polyaniline during a one-step electropolymerization procedure from phosphate buffer. The influence of ascorbic acid and acetaminophen was completely eliminated due to impermeability of polyaniline to these substances.