Extremity fractures in the patient with a traumatic brain injury.

Extremity fractures are common in patients with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). These injuries are often inadequately treated and occasionally are completely missed due to the unique problems inherent to the TBI patient. However, appropriate evaluation of the TBI patient allows prompt diagnosis and optimal treatment of extremity fractures. The increased survival rate of these patients has resulted in a greater emphasis on minimizing dysfunction and disability, especially that due to concomitant orthopaedic trauma. Advances in anesthestic technique permit earlier operative fixation of extremity fractures. Most injuries, particularly those in the lower extremity, require operative stabilization to allow early mobilization and rehabilitation. Upper extremity fractures are often associated with peripheral nerve injuries. Heterotopic ossification is common, especially about the elbow and hip. Contrary to prevalent belief, fracture healing is not necessarily accelerated in the TBI patient; hypertrophic callus, myositis ossificans, and heterotopic ossification occur frequently and are often misperceived as accelerated healing.

Studies and observations on Lewis grouping of body fluids and stains.

Leb positive individuals may phenotypically express both Lea and Leb in their secreted body fluids. Therefore, the interpretation of a Le(a + ,b-), non-secretor result is dependent on the absence of Leb. This study emphasises the importance of accurate procedure and biased selection of antisera such that Leb is preferentially detected in comparison with Lea. The relationship of the ABO group to the expression of Le is discussed in conjunction with the selection of samples for testing antisera and inclusion as control standards.