[Covid-19 and adolescence: Clinical findings and psychopathological thoughts about some immediate or differed impacts]. / Covid-19 et adolescence : constats cliniques et réflexions psychopathologiques à propos de quelques incidences immédiates ou différées.

This pandemic has profoundly changed our lives for many months and its long-term consequences remain largely hypothetical. The containment measures, the threats to the health of relatives, the constraints limiting social openings have left no one indifferent, but may have particularly impeded "adolescent separation work". Most of adolescents have been able to deploy their adaptation capacities, while for others this exceptional situation has triggered stressful reactions for those around them. Some were immediately overwhelmed by the direct or indirect manifestations of their anxiety or by their intolerance of governmental instructions, others revealed their difficulties only when the schools reopened, or even in the distant "aftermath", as shown by some studies carried out at a distance revealing a clear increase in suicidal ideation. We will not be surprised by the problems of adaptation of the most fragile, of those suffering from psychopathological disorders, but it is necessary to note an increase in the needs for psychological care. Teams dealing with the suffering of adolescents are puzzled by the increase in self-vulnerable acts, anxious school refusals, eating disorders or various forms of addiction to screens. However, everyone agrees on the key role of parents and the impact of their own suffering on that of their children, even if they are young adults. Of course, it is important that caregivers do not forget the parents in the support they aim to provide to their young patients.

Sleep and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: A pilot actigraphy study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics and motor activity profile during sleep periods of children and adolescents presenting with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). METHOD: Twenty-one youths (mean age±standard deviation, 11.7±3 years) wore a wrist actigraph for 9 consecutive days (including both school days and non-school days), to measure sleep parameters: sleep latency, sleep efficiency and the number and duration of periods of wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO). We divided the night-time actigraphy recording sessions into three sections and compared the first and last thirds of the night. RESULTS: All the study participants had a psychiatric comorbidity (primarily attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorder or anxiety disorder). On non-school days, bedrest onset and activity onset were shifted later by about 1h. There was no significant difference between school days and non-school days with regard to the total sleep time. Sleep efficiency was significantly greater on non-school days. Sleep was fragmented on both school days and non-school days. The mean number of episodes of WASO was 24.9 for school days and 30.9 for non-school days. Relative to the first third of the night, we observed a significantly greater number of episodes of WASO during the last third of the night, a period associated with a larger proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. DISCUSSION: Sleep appeared to be fragmented in the study population of youths with DMDD. The greater frequency of WASO in the last third of the night points to a possible impairment of the motor inhibition normally associated with REM sleep.