[Relationships between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease: current knowledges and therapeutic prospects]. / Rapporti tra il diabete mellito e la malattia parodontale: conoscenze attuali e prospettive terapeutiche.

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the endocrine system. An important pathology of dental interest to which the diabetic patient can go encounter, especially if not controlled from the metabolic point of view, is the periodontal disease. The aim of this review is to illustrate the relation between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease estimating the several therapeutic options on hand in the clinical daily practice. Many studies show an important association between diabetes and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Vascular changes caused by hyper-glycemia are associated to the development of periodontal pathogens species. Moreover, diabetics show an exacerbate host response with hyperproduction of inflammatory mediators and polymorphonuclear dysfunction. Diabetics with good metabolic control and patients with good oral hygiene show a reduced risk of periodontitis. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus (of type 1 and type 2) is an important risk factor for periodontitis. Diabetes mellitus determines changes in bacterial population and production of inflammatory mediators, and reduces the efficacy of the host response. Good controlled diabetes do not cause a major risk of periodontitis and improve the results of the periodontal initial therapy and of the eventual surgical therapy. Moreover, periodontal therapy may reduce the request of insulin in diabetics. It is reasonable a reciprocal relation between diabetes and periodontal disease.

Autogenous, allogenetic and xenogenetic grafts for maxillary sinus elevation: literature review, current status and prospects.

UNLABELLED: Increasing patient requests for more valid prosthetic solutions usefully and aesthetically guide today's implantology to search for more reliable techniques with predictable RESULTS: Developed in the early 1980s, maxillary sinus floor elevation is a surgical technique for restoring bone tissue loss at sites for implant insertion; a variety of methods and materials are used. This article offers a review of the literature on autogenous, allogenetic and xenogenetic grafts for bone regeneration and maxillary sinus floor elevation; the focus is on the osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogen characteristics of the various grafts and their clinical and biological aspects. Maxillary sinus elevation with filling materials (biomaterials) is a safe oral surgery technique. Bone regeneration is an ongoing complex process leading to anatomical and functional restoration. Many events take place when biomaterials come into contact with a biological environment; molecular and cellular interactions influence tissue characteristics around biomaterials. In the presence of biomaterials, growth factors are adsorbed or wet the surface of bone substitutes, promoting graft integration with the bone. The function of biomaterials is to promote rapid bone formation; when the bone substitute is fully integrated, a gradual substitution by new bone tissue takes place.