Guidelines for the management of coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis.

Coagulation management in the patient with cirrhosis has undergone a significant transformation since the beginning of this century, with the concept of a rebalancing between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors. The paradigm that patients with cirrhosis have a greater bleeding tendency has changed, as a result of this rebalancing. In addition, it has brought to light the presence of complications related to thrombotic events in this group of patients. These guidelines detail aspects related to pathophysiologic mechanisms that intervene in the maintenance of hemostasis in the patient with cirrhosis, the relevance of portal hypertension, mechanical factors for the development of bleeding, modifications in the hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors, and the changes in the reticuloendothelial system in acute hepatic decompensation and acute-on-chronic liver failure. They address new aspects related to the hemorrhagic complications in patients with cirrhosis, considering the risk for bleeding during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, as well as the usefulness of different tools for diagnosing coagulation and recommendations on the pharmacologic treatment and blood-product transfusion in the context of hemorrhage. These guidelines also update the knowledge regarding hypercoagulability in the patient with cirrhosis, as well as the efficacy and safety of treatment with the different anticoagulation regimens. Lastly, they provide recommendations on coagulation management in the context of acute-on-chronic liver failure, acute liver decompensation, and specific aspects related to the patient undergoing liver transplantation.

Untreated combined persistent fetal vasculature with "coralliform" cataract in a Hispanic 21 year-old male.

Persistent fetal vasculature is a spectrum of ocular abnormalities linked to an incomplete regression of the fetal ocular vasculature. A 21-years old male patient came to the outpatient clinic reporting low vision and strabismus in his left eye since 3 years of age. Ophtalmological examination revealed a normal right eye, while the left eye had a best corrected visual acuity of hand-motion perception, a 30 prism diopters esotropia, a "coralliform" cataract and a vitreous stalk joining the posterior face of the lens and the optic nerve. The coralliform cataract possessed spindle-shaped processes radiating out of its center in an axial direction and was located in the posterior subcapsular area. The patient elected to not undergo vitreoretinal surgery due to the poor visual prognosis. The unusual cataract present in the described patient could be related to his untreated status, as previous authors have reported that untreated cataracts in persistent fetal vasculature may undergo diverse degenerations.

Colonizing microbiota is associated with clinical outcomes in diabetic wound healing.

With the development of society and the improvement of life quality, more than 500 million people are affected by diabetes. More than 10 % of people with diabetes will suffer from diabetic wounds, and 80 % of diabetic wounds will reoccur, so the development of new diabetic wound treatments is of great importance. The development of skin microbe research technology has gradually drawn people's attention to the complex relationship between microbes and diabetic wounds. Many studies have shown that skin microbes are associated with the outcome of diabetic wounds and can even be used as one of the indicators of wound prognosis. Skin microbes have also been found to have the potential to treat diabetic wounds. The wound colonization of different bacteria can exert opposing therapeutic effects. It is necessary to fully understand the skin microbes in diabetic wounds, which can provide valuable guidance for clinical diabetic wound treatment.

The second Mexican consensus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Part II: Treatment.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more frequently manifesting as one of the main complications of cirrhosis of the liver, its principal risk factor. There have been modifications in its incidence over the past decade, related to an epidemiologic transition in the etiology of cirrhosis, with a decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis C and an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a cause, as well as the development of HCC in the non-cirrhotic liver due to NAFLD. Genetic markers associated with the disease have been identified, and surveillance and diagnosis have improved. Regarding treatment, surgical techniques, in both resection and transplantation, have advanced and radiologic techniques, at the curative stage of the disease, have enhanced survival in those patients. And finally, there have been radical changes in the systemic approach, with much more optimistic expectations, when compared with the options available a decade ago. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología decided to carry out the Second Mexican Consensus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma, which is an updated review of the available national and international evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, to offer the Mexican physician current information on the different topics regarding hepatocellular carcinoma. In this second part of the document, the topics related to the treatment of HCC are presented.

Consensus on the management of complications of cirrhosis of the liver in pediatrics.

The Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. carried out the Consensus on the Management of Complications of Cirrhosis of the Liver in Pediatrics to provide physicians with useful information for treating said complications. A group of pediatric gastroenterologists and experts in nutrition, nephrology, and infectious diseases participated and reviewed the medical literature. The Delphi method was applied to obtain the level of agreement on the statements that were formulated. The statements were sent to the participants to be analyzed and voted upon, after which they were discussed in virtual sessions, and the final versions were produced. The aim of the consensus results was to issue indications for the management of pediatric patients with liver cirrhosis, to prevent or control complications.

Comorbilidad entre hipotiroidismo y cefalea en la población mexicana / Comorbidity between hypothyroidism and headache disorders in a Mexican population

Introducción: Cefalea e hipotiroidismo son comorbilidades comunes. Éste es un estudio transversal de la prevalencia del hipotiroidismo en pacientes con cefalea en el registro de cefalea más grande de México. Pacientes y métodos: PREMECEF es una base de datos electrónica para pacientes con cefalea. La información se recolectó de julio de 2017 a abril de 2019 en tres centros médicos de Monterrey, México. Resultados: De 869 pacientes, 35 (4%) tenían hipotiroidismo y cuatro tenían diagnósticos de dos diferentes cefaleas. De los 39 diagnósticos individuales, 23 fueron primarias; una, secundaria; 13, neuralgias craneales; y dos, cefaleas no especificadas. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo fue del 8,3% en las no especificadas, del 6,5% en las neuralgias craneales, del 3,4% en las cefaleas primarias y del 1,9% en las secundarias. En la cefalea de tipo tensional fueron del 3,9%; en las migrañas, del 3,2%; en la neuralgia trigeminal, del 6,1%; y en la neuralgia occipital, del 6,3%. Conclusión: Éste es el primer informe de la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en la neuralgia occipital y la trigeminal. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en la migraña y la cefalea de tipo tensional es mayor que en la población general.(AU)

Introduction: Headache and hypothyroidism are common comorbidities. This is a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of hypothyroidism in headache patients in the largest Mexican headache registry. Patients and methods: PREMECEF is an e-database for patients with headaches. Data was recollected from July 2017-April 2019 in three centers of Monterrey, Mexico.Results: Of 869 patients, 35 (4%) had hypothyroidism. Four had two different headache diagnoses; of the 39 individual diagnoses, 23 were primary, 1 secondary, 13 cranial neuralgias, and 2 unspecified headaches. Hypothyroidism prevalence: 8.3% in unspecified, 6.5% in cranial neuralgias, 3.4% in primary, and 1.9% in secondary headaches; in tension-type headache (TTH) was 3.9%, in migraines 3.2%, in trigeminal neuralgia 6.1%, and in occipital neuralgia 6.3%. Conclusion: This is the first report on the prevalence of hypothyroidism in occipital and trigeminal neuralgia. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in migraine and TTH is higher than the general population.(AU)

Comorbidity between hypothyroidism and headache disorders in a Mexican population. / Comorbilidad entre hipotiroidismo y cefalea en la población mexicana.

INTRODUCTION: Headache and hypothyroidism are common comorbidities. This is a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of hypothyroidism in headache patients in the largest Mexican headache registry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PREMECEF is an e-database for patients with headaches. Data was recollected from July 2017-April 2019 in three centers of Monterrey, Mexico. RESULTS: Of 869 patients, 35 (4%) had hypothyroidism. Four had two different headache diagnoses; of the 39 individual diagnoses, 23 were primary, 1 secondary, 13 cranial neuralgias, and 2 unspecified headaches. Hypothyroidism prevalence: 8.3% in unspecified, 6.5% in cranial neuralgias, 3.4% in primary, and 1.9% in secondary headaches; in tension-type headache (TTH) was 3.9%, in migraines 3.2%, in trigeminal neuralgia 6.1%, and in occipital neuralgia 6.3%. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on the prevalence of hypothyroidism in occipital and trigeminal neuralgia. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in migraine and TTH is higher than the general population.

TITLE: Comorbilidad entre hipotiroidismo y cefalea en la población mexicana.Introducción. Cefalea e hipotiroidismo son comorbilidades comunes. Éste es un estudio transversal de la prevalencia del hipotiroidismo en pacientes con cefalea en el registro de cefalea más grande de México. Pacientes y métodos. PREMECEF es una base de datos electrónica para pacientes con cefalea. La información se recolectó de julio de 2017 a abril de 2019 en tres centros médicos de Monterrey, México. Resultados. De 869 pacientes, 35 (4%) tenían hipotiroidismo y cuatro tenían diagnósticos de dos diferentes cefaleas. De los 39 diagnósticos individuales, 23 fueron primarias; una, secundaria; 13, neuralgias craneales; y dos, cefaleas no especificadas. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo fue del 8,3% en las no especificadas, del 6,5% en las neuralgias craneales, del 3,4% en las cefaleas primarias y del 1,9% en las secundarias. En la cefalea de tipo tensional fueron del 3,9%; en las migrañas, del 3,2%; en la neuralgia trigeminal, del 6,1%; y en la neuralgia occipital, del 6,3%. Conclusión. Éste es el primer informe de la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en la neuralgia occipital y la trigeminal. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en la migraña y la cefalea de tipo tensional es mayor que en la población general.

The second Mexican consensus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Part I: Epidemiology and diagnosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is more frequently manifesting as one of the main complications of cirrhosis of the liver, its principal risk factor. There have been modifications in its incidence over the past decade, related to an epidemiologic transition in the etiology of cirrhosis, with a decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis C and an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a cause, as well as the development of HCC in the non-cirrhotic liver due to NAFLD. Genetic markers associated with the disease have been identified, and surveillance and diagnosis have improved. Regarding treatment, surgical techniques, in both resection and transplantation, have advanced and radiologic techniques, at the curative stage of the disease, have enhanced survival in those patients. And finally, there have been radical changes in the systemic approach, with much more optimistic expectations, when compared with the options available a decade ago. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología decided to carry out the Second Mexican Consensus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma, which is an updated review of the available national and international evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease, to offer the Mexican physician current information on the different topics regarding hepatocellular carcinoma. In this first part of the document, the topics related to epidemiology and diagnosis are presented.

Approach to the patient with cholestasis and jaundice syndrome. Joint AMH, AMG, and AMEG scientific position statement.

The term cholestasis refers to bile acid retention, whether within the hepatocyte or in the bile ducts of any caliber. Biochemically, it is defined by a level of alkaline phosphatase that is 1.67-times higher than the upper limit of normal. Cholestatic diseases can be associated with an inflammatory process of the liver that destroys hepatocytes (hepatitis), withjaundice (yellowing of the skin and mucus membranes, associated with elevated serum bilirubin levels), or with both, albeit the three concepts should not be considered synonymous. Cholestatic diseases can be classified as intrahepatic or extrahepatic, depending on their etiology. Knowing the cause of the condition is important for choosing the adequate diagnostic studies and appropriate treatment in each case. A complete medical history, together with a thorough physical examination and basic initial studies, such as liver ultrasound and liver function tests, aid the clinician in deciding which path to follow, when managing the patient with cholestasis. In a joint effort, the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología (AMH), the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG) and the Asociación Mexicana de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal (AMEG) developed the first Mexican scientific position statement on said theme.

Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in Mexican patients with hepatitis C: A retrospective review.

INTRODUCTION: The sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) combination is a direct-acting antiviral therapy that is authorized and available in Mexico, making the performance of a real-world multicenter study that evaluates the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-treatment a relevant undertaking. METHODS: A retrospective review of the case records of 241 patients seen at 20 hospitals in Mexico was conducted to assess hepatitis C treatment with the SOF/VEL combination (n = 231) and the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/ribavirin (SOF/VEL/RBV) combination (n = 10). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients that achieved SVR at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Overall SVR was 98.8% (95% CI 97.35-100%). Only three patients did not achieve SVR, two of whom had cirrhosis and a history of previous treatment with peg-IFN. Of the subgroups analyzed, all the patients with HIV coinfection, three patients with genotype 3, and the patients treated with the SOF/VEL/RBV combination achieved SVR. The subgroups with the lower success rates were patients that were treatment-experienced (96.8%) and patients with F1 fibrosis (95.5%). The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, headache, and insomnia. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Treatments with SOF/VEL and SOF/VEL/RBV were highly safe and effective, results coinciding with those of other international real-world studies.

Evaluación multimodal de un «micromelanocitoma» del disco óptico: un reporte de caso / Multimodal imaging assessment of a “micro” optic disk melanocytoma: A case report

Un melanocitoma del disco óptico es una lesión neoplásica pigmentada y benigna que en promedio mide 2,00mm de diámetro. Melanocitomas del disco óptico más pequeños son raros y no han sido estudiados con múltiples técnicas de imagen. Un caso de un «micromelanocitoma» del disco óptico con un diámetro de 0,71mm fue estudiado con múltiples estudios de imagen, incluyendo autofluorescencia de fondo de ojo, ultrasonido ocular, campos visuales, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por OCT. Mientras que la exploración con biomicroscopia y la autoflourescencia de fondo de ojo revelan cambios compatibles con los casos de tamaño promedio previamente publicados, la OCT, angiografía por OCT y el ultrasonido revelan cambios que difieren de los artículos previos y que podrían ser útiles para el seguimiento (AU)

An optic disk melanocytoma is a benign pigmented neoplasm of the optic disk measuring 2.00mm of diameter in average. Smaller optic disk melanocytomas are rare and have not been studied with multiple imaging studies. A case of a “micro” optic disk melanocytoma measuring 0.71mm in diameter was studied by multiple imaging modalities, including fundus autofluorescence, ultrasound, visual fields, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. While clinical appreciation and fundus autofluorescence reveal changes compatible with previously reported cases, OCT, OCT angiography and ultrasound reveal specific changes that could be useful for follow up (AU)

Multimodal imaging assessment of a "micro" optic disk melanocytoma: A case report.

An optic disk melanocytoma is a benign pigmented neoplasm of the optic disk measuring 2.00 mm of diameter in average. Smaller optic disk melanocytomas are rare and have not been studied with multiple imaging studies. A case of a "micro" optic disk melanocytoma measuring 0.71 mm in diameter was studied by multiple imaging modalities, including fundus autofluorescence, ultrasound, visual fields, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. While clinical appreciation and fundus autofluorescence reveal changes compatible with previously reported cases, OCT, OCT angiography and ultrasound reveal specific changes that could be useful for follow up.

Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. Clinical guideline on hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem. In Mexico, at least three million adults are estimated to have acquired hepatitis B (total hepatitis B core antibody [anti-HBc]-positive), and of those, 300,000 active carriers (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-positive) could require treatment. Because HBV is preventable through vaccination, its universal application should be emphasized. HBV infection is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Semi-annual liver ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein testing favor early detection of that cancer and should be carried out in all patients with chronic HBV infection, regardless of the presence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Currently, nucleoside/nucleotide analogues that have a high barrier to resistance are the first-line therapies.

Cefalea asociada con el uso de equipo de protección personal durante la pandemia de COVID-19: una encuesta internacional / Headache associated with the use of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international survey

Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 y el uso de equipo de protección personal (EPP) en el entorno de la atención médica brindan una oportunidad única para estudiar la cefalea relacionada con el EPP (CREPP). Sujetos y métodos: Realizamos una encuesta en línea para evaluar la prevalencia y las características clínicas de la CREPP. La encuesta fue voluntaria, anónima y dirigida a personal médico y no médico. Utilizamos estadística descriptiva y análisis comparativos univariados y multivariados para identificar factores asociados con el desarrollo de CREPP y su impacto en la capacidad de trabajo. Resultados: De 886 encuestados, el 88% (780) notificó que usaba EPP. La mayoría eran médicos (81%), un 52,4% mujeres. La prevalencia de CREPP fue del 65,5% (511/780) y el 73,8% (377/511) fueron cefaleas de novo. La CREPP fue aguda, opresiva, bifrontal y de intensidad moderada, y remitía con el retiro del EPP. Los síntomas acompañantes fueron comunes, y las características migrañosas y/o disautonómicas fueron altamente prevalentes. El sexo femenino, la edad > 40 años, el uso de EPP > 6 horas/día y la combinación de mascarilla N95 y gafas se asociaron con la aparición de CREPP. Hubo factores asociados con un impacto negativo en la capacidad para trabajar debido a la CREPP. Discusión. La CREPP podría ser una forma de cefalea por compresión externa (CCE); no obstante, tiene características distintivas que se superponen con otros trastornos de cefaleas primarias y/o secundarias. Conclusiones: La CREPP es frecuente e impacta en las actividades relacionadas con el trabajo. Un subgrupo presenta características no descritas previamente en la CCE.(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the healthcare setting provide a unique opportunity to study PPE-associated headaches (PPEAH). Subjects and methods: We conducted an online survey to assess the prevalence and clinical characteristics of PPEAH. The survey was voluntary, anonymous and addressed to medical and non-medical personnel. We used descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate comparative analyses to identify factors associated with the development of PPEAH and its impact on work capacity. Results: Out of 886 respondents, 88% (780) reported wearing PPE. Most of them were physicians (81%), 52.4% of whom were women. The prevalence of PPEAH was 65.5% (511/780) and 73.8% (377/511) were de novo headaches. PPEAH was acute, oppressive, bifrontal and of moderate intensity, and subsided with the removal of the PPE. Accompanying symptoms were common, and migraine and/or dysautonomic features were highly prevalent. Female sex, age > 40 years, use of PPE > 6 hours/day and the combination of an N95 mask and goggles were associated with the occurrence of PPEAH. There were factors associated with a negative impact on the ability to work because of the PPEAH. Discussion: PPEAH may be a form of external compression headache (ECH); however, it has distinctive features that overlap with other primary and/or secondary headache disorders. Conclusions: PPEAH is prevalent and impacts on work-related activities. One subgroup presents characteristics not previously described in ECH.(AU)

Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. Clinical guideline on hepatitis B. / Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. Guía Clínica de Hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem. In Mexico, at least three million adults are estimated to have acquired hepatitis B (total hepatitis B core antibody [anti-HBc]-positive), and of those, 300,000 active carriers (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-positive) could require treatment. Because HBV is preventable through vaccination, its universal application should be emphasized. HBV infection is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Semi-annual liver ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein testing favor early detection of that cancer and should be carried out in all patients with chronic HBV infection, regardless of the presence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Currently, nucleoside/nucleotide analogues that have a high barrier to resistance are the first-line therapies.

[Headache associated with the use of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international survey]. / Cefalea asociada con el uso de equipo de protección personal durante la pandemia de COVID-19: una encuesta internacional.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the healthcare setting provide a unique opportunity to study PPE-associated headaches (PPEAH). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conducted an online survey to assess the prevalence and clinical characteristics of PPEAH. The survey was voluntary, anonymous and addressed to medical and non-medical personnel. We used descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate comparative analyses to identify factors associated with the development of PPEAH and its impact on work capacity. RESULTS: Out of 886 respondents, 88% (780) reported wearing PPE. Most of them were physicians (81%), 52.4% of whom were women. The prevalence of PPEAH was 65.5% (511/780) and 73.8% (377/511) were de novo headaches. PPEAH was acute, oppressive, bifrontal and of moderate intensity, and subsided with the removal of the PPE. Accompanying symptoms were common, and migraine and/or dysautonomic features were highly prevalent. Female sex, age > 40 years, use of PPE > 6 hours/day and the combination of an N95 mask and goggles were associated with the occurrence of PPEAH. There were factors associated with a negative impact on the ability to work because of the PPEAH. DISCUSSION: PPEAH may be a form of external compression headache (ECH); however, it has distinctive features that overlap with other primary and/or secondary headache disorders. CONCLUSIONS: PPEAH is prevalent and impacts on work-related activities. One subgroup presents characteristics not previously described in ECH.

TITLE: Cefalea asociada con el uso de equipo de protección personal durante la pandemia de COVID-19: una encuesta internacional.Introducción. La pandemia de COVID-19 y el uso de equipo de protección personal (EPP) en el entorno de la atención médica brindan una oportunidad única para estudiar la cefalea relacionada con el EPP (CREPP). Sujetos y métodos. Realizamos una encuesta en línea para evaluar la prevalencia y las características clínicas de la CREPP. La encuesta fue voluntaria, anónima y dirigida a personal médico y no médico. Utilizamos estadística descriptiva y análisis comparativos univariados y multivariados para identificar factores asociados con el desarrollo de CREPP y su impacto en la capacidad de trabajo. Resultados. De 886 encuestados, el 88% (780) notificó que usaba EPP. La mayoría eran médicos (81%), un 52,4% mujeres. La prevalencia de CREPP fue del 65,5% (511/780) y el 73,8% (377/511) fueron cefaleas de novo. La CREPP fue aguda, opresiva, bifrontal y de intensidad moderada, y remitía con el retiro del EPP. Los síntomas acompañantes fueron comunes, y las características migrañosas y/o disautonómicas fueron altamente prevalentes. El sexo femenino, la edad > 40 años, el uso de EPP > 6 horas/día y la combinación de mascarilla N95 y gafas se asociaron con la aparición de CREPP. Hubo factores asociados con un impacto negativo en la capacidad para trabajar debido a la CREPP. Discusión. La CREPP podría ser una forma de cefalea por compresión externa (CCE); no obstante, tiene características distintivas que se superponen con otros trastornos de cefaleas primarias y/o secundarias. Conclusiones. La CREPP es frecuente e impacta en las actividades relacionadas con el trabajo. Un subgrupo presenta características no descritas previamente en la CCE.

Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir in Mexican patients with hepatitis C: A retrospective review. / Sofosbuvir-velpatasvir en pacientes mexicanos con hepatitis C: una revisión retrospectiva.

INTRODUCTION: The sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) combination is a direct-acting antiviral therapy that is authorized and available in Mexico, making the performance of a real-world multicenter study that evaluates the sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-treatment a relevant undertaking. METHODS: A retrospective review of the case records of 241 patients seen at 20 hospitals in Mexico was conducted to assess hepatitis C treatment with the SOF/VEL combination (n = 231) and the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/ribavirin (SOF/VEL/RBV) combination (n = 10). The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients that achieved SVR at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. RESULTS: Overall SVR was 98.8% (95% CI 97.35-100%). Only three patients did not achieve SVR, two of whom had cirrhosis and a history of previous treatment with peg-IFN. Of the subgroups analyzed, all the patients with HIV coinfection, three patients with genotype 3, and the patients treated with the SOF/VEL/RBV combination achieved SVR. The subgroups with the lower success rates were patients that were treatment-experienced (96.8%) and patients with F1 fibrosis (95.5%). The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, headache, and insomnia. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Treatments with SOF/VEL and SOF/VEL/RBV were highly safe and effective, results coinciding with those of other international real-world studies.

Multimodal imaging assessment of a "micro" optic disk melanocytoma: A case report. / Evaluación multimodal de un «micromelanocitoma¼ del disco óptico: un reporte de caso.

An optic disk melanocytoma is a benign pigmented neoplasm of the optic disk measuring 2.00mm of diameter in average. Smaller optic disk melanocytomas are rare and have not been studied with multiple imaging studies. A case of a "micro" optic disk melanocytoma measuring 0.71mm in diameter was studied by multiple imaging modalities, including fundus autofluorescence, ultrasound, visual fields, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography. While clinical appreciation and fundus autofluorescence reveal changes compatible with previously reported cases, OCT, OCT angiography and ultrasound reveal specific changes that could be useful for follow up.

The Mexican consensus on alcoholic hepatitis. / Consenso Mexicano de hepatitis alcohólica.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a frequent condition in the Mexican population. It is characterized by acute-on-chronic liver failure, important systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ failure. The severe variant of the disease implies elevated mortality. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología and the Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología brought together a multidisciplinary team of health professionals to formulate the first Mexican consensus on alcoholic hepatitis, carried out utilizing the Delphi method and resulting in 37 recommendations. Alcohol-related liver disease covers a broad spectrum of pathologies that includes steatosis, steatohepatitis, different grades of fibrosis, and cirrhosis and its complications. Severe alcoholic hepatitis is defined by a modified Maddrey's discriminant function score ≥ 32 or by a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score equal to or above 21. There is currently no specific biomarker for its diagnosis. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperbilirubinemia (> 3 mg/dL), AST > 50 U/l (< 400 U/l), and an AST/ALT ratio > 1.5-2 can guide the diagnosis. Abstinence from alcohol, together with nutritional support, is the cornerstone of treatment. Steroids are indicated for severe disease and have been effective in reducing the 28-day mortality rate. At present, liver transplantation is the only life-saving option for patients that are nonresponders to steroids. Certain drugs, such as N-acetylcysteine, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and metadoxine, can be adjuvant therapies with a positive impact on patient survival.