Risk factors for hypoglycaemia in non-critical hospitalised diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes on general hospital wards based on a systematic review of the literature since 2013 and meta-analysis. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature focused on the conceptual and methodological aspects of the PRISMA Declaration. The search carried out in Pub Med, Web of Science, Medline, Scielo, Lilacs, OVID, grey literature and Google Academic focused on risk factors for hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes on general hospital wards. The CASPe (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Spanish) tool was applied for quality control. RESULTS: From 805 references, 70 potentially eligible articles were identified for review of abstracts and full text. Finally, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven studies with 554,601 patients of Asian, European and North American ethnicity were selected. A meta-analysis performed using the random effects model found an association between the presence of hypoglycaemia and: the use of insulin (OR 2.89 [95% CI: 1.8-4.5]); the use of long-acting insulin (OR 2.27 [95% CI: 1.8-2.8]) or fast-acting insulin (OR 1.4 [95% CI: 1.18-1.85]); nasogastric tube feeding (OR 1.75 [95% CI: 1.33-2.3]); chronic kidney disease (OR 1.65 [95% CI: 1.14-2.38]); congestive heart failure (OR 1.36 [95% CI: 1.10-1.68]); and elevated levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (OR 1.59 [95% CI: 1.32-1.91]). CONCLUSION: The factors associated with the risk of hypoglycaemia in non-critically ill hospitalised patients with type 2 diabetes were: use of any insulin; nasogastric tube feeding; elevated glycosylated haemoglobin levels; history of congestive heart failure; and chronic kidney disease.

Nanoscale cooperative adsorption for materials control.

Adsorption plays vital roles in many processes including catalysis, sensing, and nanomaterials design. However, quantifying molecular adsorption, especially at the nanoscale, is challenging, hindering the exploration of its utilization on nanomaterials that possess heterogeneity across different length scales. Here we map the adsorption of nonfluorescent small molecule/ion and polymer ligands on gold nanoparticles of various morphologies in situ under ambient solution conditions, in which these ligands are critical for the particles' physiochemical properties. We differentiate at nanometer resolution their adsorption affinities among different sites on the same nanoparticle and uncover positive/negative adsorption cooperativity, both essential for understanding adsorbate-surface interactions. Considering the surface density of adsorbed ligands, we further discover crossover behaviors of ligand adsorption between different particle facets, leading to a strategy and its implementation in facet-controlled synthesis of colloidal metal nanoparticles by merely tuning the concentration of a single ligand.

Perfil del comportamiento informacional de los estudiantes de pregrado de las Bibliotecas de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá - Colombia) / Informational behavior profile of undergraduate students at Pontifical Xavierian University Libraries (Bogota - Colombia)

Resumen Los estudios de usuarios de información publicados en bibliotecas universitarias han sido escasos en el ámbito colombiano. Este artículo es resultado de un estudio exploratorio de usuarios de información realizado en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Sede Bogotá) busca generar un acercamiento a los comportamientos y necesidades informacionales de ocho perfiles de usuarios internos y externos de esta comunidad académica, arrojando análisis y reflexiones para establecer una línea base de los comportamientos informacionales en la comunidad universitaria. La estrategia metodológica se basó en un enfoque cualitativo mediante observaciones, entrevistas, grupos focales y user journey maps (mapas de experiencia de usuarios), así como estrategias de análisis desde la teoría fundamentada y la triangulación cualitativa para el estudio del comportamiento informacional. En este estudio se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico con la participación de 120 personas. Los resultados de este estudio de usuarios de información permiten la transformación e innovación de servicios y programas en las Bibliotecas PUJ, a través de la investigación de usuarios, generando hallazgos clave (insights) para la toma de decisiones estratégicas y funcionales basadas en evidencia bibliotecológica. Específicamente se muestra el perfil de los estudiantes de pregrado identificando discursos, representaciones y prácticas. Esta propuesta base permitió la comprensión de los perfiles de usuarios y el fortalecimiento de habilidades para el diseño de servicios por parte de los colaboradores. Finalmente, se sugiere continuar la realización de estudios del comportamiento informacional autónomos y sistemáticos en la institución.

Abstract Library user studies published in university libraries have been scarce in Colombia. This article is the result of an exploratory research of information users carried out at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá) seeks to generate an approach to the behaviors and informational needs of eight profiles of internal and external users of this community, yielding analysis and reflections for establish a baseline of informational behaviors in the university community. The methodological strategy was based on a qualitative approach through observations, interviews, focus groups and user journey maps, as well as analysis strategies from grounded theory and qualitative triangulation for the study of informational behavior. In this study, non-probability sampling was used with the participation of 120 people. The results of this information users study allow the transformation and innovation of services and programs in PUJ Libraries, through user research, generating key findings (insights) for making strategic and functional decisions based on library-evidence. Specifically, the profile of undergraduate students is shown, identifying speeches, representations and practices. This basic proposal allowed the understanding of user profiles and the strengthening of skills for the design of services by the collaborators. Finally, it is suggested to continue conducting autonomous and systematic informational behavior studies at the institution.

Reoperation Rate After Primary Augmentation With Smooth, Textured, High Fill, Cohesive, Round Breast Implants (RANBI-I Study).

BACKGROUND: Reoperation after primary breast augmentation remains an important clinical issue. OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to evaluate incidence and causes of reoperation in patients who underwent primary augmentation. METHODS: This retrospective, noninterventional study conducted at 16 Canadian sites reviewed medical records and patient-completed questionnaires of women who underwent primary breast augmentation with smooth or textured Natrelle Inspira implants containing TruForm 1 or TruForm 2 gel. Patients were aged ≥22 years, received implants via inframammary fold incision, and returned for follow-up at 2 to 4 years. RESULTS: A total of 319 women received Inspira implants (smooth TruForm 2, n = 205; textured TruForm 2, n = 99; smooth or textured TruForm 1, n = 15). At follow-up, 30 women (9.4%) had undergone reoperation, including 19 (9.3%) in the smooth TruForm 2 subgroup and 9 (9.1%) in the textured TruForm 2 subgroup. The mean time to reoperation was 1.2 years; the risk rate for reoperation was 9.9% at 3 years. The most common reasons for reoperation were implant malposition (36.7%), capsular contracture (33.3%), and the patient's request for a change in implant size or style (20.0%). Most women were very or somewhat satisfied with the initial surgery (89.3% overall; 90.7% smooth TruForm 2; 86.9% textured TruForm 2). Thirty-four women (10.7%) reported adverse events, including 20 (9.8%) in the smooth TruForm 2 subgroup and 14 (14.1%) in the textured TruForm 2 subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that Natrelle Inspira TruForm 2 implants are safe when used in primary breast augmentation, resulting in low reoperation rates that are consistent with those for other breast implants.

Altered balance of proteolytic isoforms of pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor in autism.

Defects in synaptic development and plasticity may lead to autism. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. BDNF is synthesized as a precursor, pro-BDNF, which can be processed into either a truncated form or into mature BDNF. Previous studies reported increased BDNF-immunoreactive protein in autism, but the mechanism of this increase has not been investigated. We examined BDNF mRNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and BDNF protein by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in postmortem fusiform gyrus tissue from 11 patients with autism and 14 controls. BDNF mRNA levels were not different in the autism versus control samples, but total BDNF-like immunoreactive protein, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was greater in autism than in controls. Western blotting revealed greater pro-BDNF and less truncated BDNF in autism compared with controls. These data demonstrate that increased levels of BDNF-immunoreactive protein in autism are not transcriptionally driven. Increased pro-BDNF and reduced truncated BDNF are consistent with defective processing of pro-BDNF to its truncated form. Distortion of the balance among the 3 BDNF isoforms, each of which may exhibit different biological activities, could lead to changes in connectivity and synaptic plasticity and, hence, behavior. Thus, imbalance in proteolytic isoforms is a possible new mechanism for altered synaptic plasticity leading to autism.

Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor depends on amyloid aggregation state in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

Downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cortex occurs early in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since BDNF plays a critical role in neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and memory, BDNF reduction may contribute to synaptic and cellular loss and memory deficits characteristic of AD. In vitro evidence suggests that amyloid-beta (A beta) contributes to BDNF downregulation in AD, but the specific A beta aggregation state responsible for this downregulation in vivo is unknown. In the present study, we examined cortical levels of BDNF mRNA in three different transgenic AD mouse models harboring mutations in APP resulting in A beta overproduction, and in a genetic mouse model of Down syndrome. Two of the three A beta transgenic strains (APP(NLh) and TgCRND8) exhibited significantly decreased cortical BDNF mRNA levels compared with wild-type mice, whereas neither the other strain (APP(swe)/PS-1) nor the Down syndrome mouse model (Ts65Dn) was affected. Only APP(NLh) and TgCRND8 mice expressed high A beta(42)/A beta(40) ratios and larger SDS-stable A beta oligomers (approximately 115 kDa). TgCRND8 mice exhibited downregulation of BDNF transcripts III and IV; transcript IV is also downregulated in AD. Furthermore, in all transgenic mouse strains, there was a correlation between levels of large oligomers, A beta(42)/A beta(40), and severity of BDNF decrease. These data show that the amount and species of A beta vary among transgenic mouse models of AD and are negatively correlated with BDNF levels. These findings also suggest that the effect of A beta on decreased BDNF expression is specific to the aggregation state of A beta and is dependent on large oligomers.

Caracterización de la comunidad científica de Psicología que publica en la revista Universitas Psychologica (2002-2008) / The Psychological Scientific Community that Publishes in the Journal Universitas Psychologica (2002-2008)

Se presenta el análisis bibliométrico de la revista Universitas Psychologica durante el periodo 2002-2008, para identificar a la comunidad científica en el área de Psicología que colabora en la publicación y conocer las redes de comunicación utilizadas por dicha comunidad. Se trabaja con métodos bibliométricos para caracterizar al grupo estudiado, para lo cual se estructuró la información así: la información citante, a fin de identificar las relaciones intrínsecas de la comunidad científica de psicología; y la información citada, relativa a los tipos o canales de comunicación a los que sehace referencia en los artículos identificados en la información citante; es decir, la comunidad que publica en la revista con respecto a la comunidad científica internacional.

The bibliometric analysis is presented in the journal Universitas Psychologica of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana during the period 2002-2008, to identify the scientific community in the area of Psychology that published in the journal and to know the communication networks used by the commu nity. It works with bibliometric methods to characterize the scientific community that publishes a journal, for which information was structured as follows: citante information to identify the relationships inherent in the scientific community psychology, and the information cited, which refers tothe identification of the types or communication channels, which are cited in articles identified in the information citante, namely the community that publishes a journal with respect to the international scientific community.

Oligomeric amyloid decreases basal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA via specific downregulation of BDNF transcripts IV and V in differentiated human neuroblastoma cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a senile dementia characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic and cell loss. The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis suggests that amyloid-beta (Abeta), the peptide deposited as amyloid plaques, is the primary insult in AD. However, debate continues over the mechanism of Abeta toxicity and whether fibrillar or oligomeric Abeta is the active species of the peptide that ultimately causes the synaptic loss and dementia associated with AD. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for survival and function of cells compromised in AD. Decreased BDNF causes defects in long-term potentiation and memory and correlates with cognitive decline. We previously demonstrated that BDNF reduction occurs early in the course of AD, suggesting that decreased BDNF may promote neuronal dysfunction in AD. We also demonstrated that three of seven human BDNF transcripts are specifically downregulated in AD. What pathological feature(s) of AD leads to the decreased BDNF is unknown. In this study, we administered both fibrillar and oligomeric conformations of Abeta(1-42) to differentiated SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line, and measured both phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a regulator of BDNF transcription, and BDNF total mRNA. We found that oligomeric but not fibrillar preparations of Abeta(1-42) significantly decrease both phosphorylated CREB and total BDNF mRNA. Furthermore, oligomeric Abeta(1-42) decreases BDNF transcripts IV and V in these cells, demonstrating that Abeta(1-42) downregulates the major BDNF transcript decreased in vivo in the AD brain. Thus, oligomeric Abeta(1-42) could compromise neuronal function, causing memory loss and cognitive dysfunction by downregulation of BDNF in AD.

A new brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcript and decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts 1, 2 and 3 in Alzheimer's disease parietal cortex.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports hippocampal, cortical and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, which lose function in Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's tissues such as hippocampus and parietal cortex, brain- derived neurotrophic factor mRNA is decreased three- to four-fold compared with controls. However, the molecular mechanism of the down-regulation of BDNF in Alzheimer's disease is unknown. The human brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene has multiple promoters governing six non-coding upstream exons that are spliced to one downstream coding exon, leading to six different transcripts. Here we report an alternate human splice variant within exon 4I for a total of seven transcripts. Previous brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA measurements in Alzheimer's disease tissue were done using the downstream coding exon present in all transcripts. Using RT-PCR primers specific for each upstream exon, we observe a significant decrease in three human brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA transcripts in Alzheimer's disease samples compared with controls. Transcripts 1 and 3 each exhibit a two-fold decrease, and transcript 2 shows a five-fold decrease. There are no significant differences between control and Alzheimer's disease samples for the other transcripts, including the new splice variant. In rat, both transcripts 1 and 3 are regulated through the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein, whose phosphorylation is decreased in the Alzheimer's disease brain. This could lead to specific down-regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcripts shown here.

Estudio comparativo de la retensión de coronas completas y la amplitud marginal antes y después de la cementación con dos diferentes tipos de cementos (fosfato de zinc Lee Smithd / ionómero de vidrio Vitremerd) / Comparative study of the retention of full crowns and marginal width before and after cementation of Lee Smith zinc phosphate and Vitremer glass ionomer cements

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar dos materiales de cementación para coronas completas en dos aspectos: La retención y la amplitud marginal. Para este estudio se utilizó una muestra de 30 dientes con sus respectivas coronas coladas, de la cuales 15 se cementaron con Fosfato de Zinc Lee Smithd y 15 con lonómero de Vidrio Vitremerd. Se realizó la medición de la retención en la máquina universal, la cual reportó el promedio de retención de las coronas al aplicar fuerzas tensiles. Posteriormente se midió la amplitud marginal y las coronas se cementaron nuevamente para comparar, los valores de amplitud marginal obtenidos antes y después de la cementación, y después de un corte Como resultados se encontró que la retención de las coronas cementadas con Fosfato de Zinc Lee Smithd fue significativamente mayor que el valor de aquellas cementadas con lonómero de Vidrio Vitremer. Además, la amplitud marginal de las coronas cementadas con Fosfato de Zinc Lee Smithd significativamente menor que la amplitud de aquellas cementad as con lonómero de Vidrio Vitremerd...