Preoperative ketamine administration for prevention of postoperative neurocognitive disorders after major orthopedic surgery in elderly patients: A multicenter randomized blinded placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Preventive anesthetic impact on the high rates of postoperative neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients is debated. The Prevention of postOperative Cognitive dysfunction by Ketamine (POCK) study aimed to assess the effect of ketamine on this condition. METHODS: This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, interventional study. Patients ≥60 years undergoing major orthopedic surgery were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive preoperative ketamine 0.5 mg/kg as an intravenous bolus (n = 152) or placebo (n = 149) in random blocks stratified according to the study site, preoperative cognitive status and age. The primary outcome was the proportion of objective delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNR) defined as a decline of one or more neuropsychological assessment standard deviations on postoperative day 7. Secondary outcomes included a three-month incidence of objective postoperative neurocognitive disorder (POND), as well as delirium, anxiety, and symptoms of depression seven days and three months after surgery. RESULTS: Among 301 patients included, 292 (97%) completed the trial. Objective dNR occurred in 50 (38.8%) patients in the ketamine group and 54 (40.9%) patients in the placebo group (OR [95% CI] 0.92 [0.56;1.51], p = 0.73) on postoperative day 7. Incidence of objective POND three months after surgery did not differ significantly between the two groups nor did incidence of delirium, anxiety, apathy, and fatigue. Symptoms of depression were less frequent in the ketamine group three months after surgery (OR [95%CI] 0.34 [0.13-0.86]). CONCLUSIONS: A single preoperative bolus of intravenous ketamine does not prevent the occurrence of dNR or POND in elderly patients scheduled for major orthopedic surgery. (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02892916.).

Predicting Spontaneous Preterm Birth Using the Immunome.

Throughout pregnancy, the maternal peripheral circulation contains valuable information reflecting pregnancy progression, detectable as tightly regulated immune dynamics. Local immune processes at the maternal-fetal interface and other reproductive and non-reproductive tissues are likely to be the pacemakers for this peripheral immune "clock." This cellular immune status of pregnancy can be leveraged for the early risk assessment and prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Systems immunology approaches to sPTB subtypes and cross-tissue (local and peripheral) interactions, as well as integration of multiple biological data modalities promise to improve our understanding of preterm birth pathobiology and identify potential clinically actionable biomarkers.

Predicting Preterm Birth Using Proteomics.

The complexity of preterm birth (PTB), both spontaneous and medically indicated, and its various etiologies and associated risk factors pose a significant challenge for developing tools to accurately predict risk. This review focuses on the discovery of proteomics signatures that might be useful for predicting spontaneous PTB or preeclampsia, which often results in PTB. We describe methods for proteomics analyses, proteomics biomarker candidates that have so far been identified, obstacles for discovering biomarkers that are sufficiently accurate for clinical use, and the derivation of composite signatures including clinical parameters to increase predictive power.

Spatially resolved immune exhaustion within the alloreactive microenvironment predicts liver transplant rejection.

Allograft rejection is common following clinical organ transplantation, but defining specific immune subsets mediating alloimmunity has been elusive. Calcineurin inhibitor dose escalation, corticosteroids, and/or lymphocyte depleting antibodies have remained the primary options for treatment of clinical rejection episodes. Here, we developed a highly multiplexed imaging mass cytometry panel to study the immune response in archival biopsies from 79 liver transplant (LT) recipients with either no rejection (NR), acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), or chronic rejection (CR). This approach generated a spatially resolved proteomic atlas of 461,816 cells (42 phenotypes) derived from 96 pathologist-selected regions of interest. Our analysis revealed that regulatory (HLADR+ Treg) and PD1+ T cell phenotypes (CD4+ and CD8+ subsets), combined with variations in M2 macrophage polarization, were a unique signature of active TCMR. These data provide insights into the alloimmune microenvironment in clinical LT, including identification of potential targets for focused immunotherapy during rejection episodes and suggestion of a substantial role for immune exhaustion in TCMR.

Comprehensive overview of the anesthesiology research landscape: A machine Learning Analysis of 737 NIH-funded anesthesiology primary Investigator's publication trends.

Background: Anesthesiology plays a crucial role in perioperative care, critical care, and pain management, impacting patient experiences and clinical outcomes. However, our understanding of the anesthesiology research landscape is limited. Accordingly, we initiated a data-driven analysis through topic modeling to uncover research trends, enabling informed decision-making and fostering progress within the field. Methods: The easyPubMed R package was used to collect 32,300 PubMed abstracts spanning from 2000 to 2022. These abstracts were authored by 737 Anesthesiology Principal Investigators (PIs) who were recipients of National Institute of Health (NIH) funding from 2010 to 2022. Abstracts were preprocessed, vectorized, and analyzed with the state-of-the-art BERTopic algorithm to identify pillar topics and trending subtopics within anesthesiology research. Temporal trends were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test. Results: The publishing journals with most abstracts in this dataset were Anesthesia & Analgesia 1133, Anesthesiology 992, and Pain 671. Eight pillar topics were identified and categorized as basic or clinical sciences based on a hierarchical clustering analysis. Amongst the pillar topics, "Cells & Proteomics" had both the highest annual and total number of abstracts. Interestingly, there was an overall upward trend for all topics spanning the years 2000-2022. However, when focusing on the period from 2015 to 2022, topics "Cells & Proteomics" and "Pulmonology" exhibit a downward trajectory. Additionally, various subtopics were identified, with notable increasing trends in "Aneurysms", "Covid 19 Pandemic", and "Artificial intelligence & Machine Learning". Conclusion: Our work offers a comprehensive analysis of the anesthesiology research landscape by providing insights into pillar topics, and trending subtopics. These findings contribute to a better understanding of anesthesiology research and can guide future directions.

Identifying therapeutic candidates for endometriosis through a transcriptomics-based drug repositioning approach.

Existing medical treatments for endometriosis-related pain are often ineffective, underscoring the need for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we applied a computational drug repurposing pipeline to stratified and unstratified disease signatures based on endometrial gene expression data to identify potential therapeutics from existing drugs, based on expression reversal. Of 3,131 unique genes differentially expressed by at least one of six endometriosis signatures, only 308 (9.8%) were in common; however, 221 out of 299 drugs identified, (73.9%) were shared. We selected fenoprofen, an uncommonly prescribed NSAID that was the top therapeutic candidate for further investigation. When testing fenoprofen in an established rat model of endometriosis, fenoprofen successfully alleviated endometriosis-associated vaginal hyperalgesia, a surrogate marker for endometriosis-related pain. These findings validate fenoprofen as a therapeutic that could be utilized more frequently for endometriosis and suggest the utility of the aforementioned computational drug repurposing approach for endometriosis.

An immune signature of postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients.

Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) is the predominant complication affecting elderly patients following major surgery, yet its prediction and prevention remain challenging. Understanding biological processes underlying the pathogenesis of POCD is essential for identifying mechanistic biomarkers to advance diagnostics and therapeutics. This longitudinal study involving 26 elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery aimed to characterize the impact of peripheral immune cell responses to surgical trauma on POCD. Trajectory analyses of single-cell mass cytometry data highlighted early JAK/STAT signaling exacerbation and diminished MyD88 signaling post-surgery in patients who developed POCD. Further analyses integrating single-cell and plasma proteomic data collected before surgery with clinical variables yielded a sparse predictive model that accurately identified patients who would develop POCD (AUC = 0.80). The resulting POCD immune signature included one plasma protein and ten immune cell features, offering a concise list of biomarker candidates for developing point-of-care prognostic tests to personalize perioperative management of at-risk patients. The code and the data are documented and available at https://github.com/gregbellan/POCD . Teaser: Modeling immune cell responses and plasma proteomic data predicts postoperative cognitive decline.

Discovery of sparse, reliable omic biomarkers with Stabl.

Adoption of high-content omic technologies in clinical studies, coupled with computational methods, has yielded an abundance of candidate biomarkers. However, translating such findings into bona fide clinical biomarkers remains challenging. To facilitate this process, we introduce Stabl, a general machine learning method that identifies a sparse, reliable set of biomarkers by integrating noise injection and a data-driven signal-to-noise threshold into multivariable predictive modeling. Evaluation of Stabl on synthetic datasets and five independent clinical studies demonstrates improved biomarker sparsity and reliability compared to commonly used sparsity-promoting regularization methods while maintaining predictive performance; it distills datasets containing 1,400-35,000 features down to 4-34 candidate biomarkers. Stabl extends to multi-omic integration tasks, enabling biological interpretation of complex predictive models, as it hones in on a shortlist of proteomic, metabolomic and cytometric events predicting labor onset, microbial biomarkers of pre-term birth and a pre-operative immune signature of post-surgical infections. Stabl is available at https://github.com/gregbellan/Stabl .

Large-scale correlation network construction for unraveling the coordination of complex biological systems.

Advanced measurement and data storage technologies have enabled high-dimensional profiling of complex biological systems. For this, modern multiomics studies regularly produce datasets with hundreds of thousands of measurements per sample, enabling a new era of precision medicine. Correlation analysis is an important first step to gain deeper insights into the coordination and underlying processes of such complex systems. However, the construction of large correlation networks in modern high-dimensional datasets remains a major computational challenge owing to rapidly growing runtime and memory requirements. Here we address this challenge by introducing CorALS (Correlation Analysis of Large-scale (biological) Systems), an open-source framework for the construction and analysis of large-scale parametric as well as non-parametric correlation networks for high-dimensional biological data. It features off-the-shelf algorithms suitable for both personal and high-performance computers, enabling workflows and downstream analysis approaches. We illustrate the broad scope and potential of CorALS by exploring perspectives on complex biological processes in large-scale multiomics and single-cell studies.

Impact of preoperative uni- or multimodal prehabilitation on postoperative morbidity: meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications occur in up to 43% of patients after surgery, resulting in increased morbidity and economic burden. Prehabilitation has the potential to increase patients' preoperative health status and thereby improve postoperative outcomes. However, reported results of prehabilitation are contradictory. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of prehabilitation on postoperative outcomes (postoperative complications, hospital length of stay, pain at postoperative day 1) in patients undergoing elective surgery. METHODS: The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs published between January 2006 and June 2023 comparing prehabilitation programmes lasting ≥14 days to 'standard of care' (SOC) and reporting postoperative complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Database searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO. The primary outcome examined was the effect of uni- or multimodal prehabilitation on 30-day complications. Secondary outcomes were length of ICU and hospital stay (LOS) and reported pain scores. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies (including 2090 patients randomized in a 1:1 ratio) met the inclusion criteria. Average methodological study quality was moderate. There was no difference between prehabilitation and SOC groups in regard to occurrence of postoperative complications (OR = 1.02, 95% c.i. 0.93 to 1.13; P = 0.10; I2 = 34%), total hospital LOS (-0.13 days; 95% c.i. -0.56 to 0.28; P = 0.53; I2 = 21%) or reported postoperative pain. The ICU LOS was significantly shorter in the prehabilitation group (-0.57 days; 95% c.i. -1.10 to -0.04; P = 0.03; I2 = 46%). Separate comparison of uni- and multimodal prehabilitation showed no difference for either intervention. CONCLUSION: Prehabilitation reduces ICU LOS compared with SOC in elective surgery patients but has no effect on overall complication rates or total LOS, regardless of modality. Prehabilitation programs need standardization and specific targeting of those patients most likely to benefit.

Spatial subsetting enables integrative modeling of oral squamous cell carcinoma multiplex imaging data.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a prevalent and aggressive neoplasm, poses a significant challenge due to poor prognosis and limited prognostic biomarkers. Leveraging highly multiplexed imaging mass cytometry, we investigated the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in OSCC biopsies, characterizing immune cell distribution and signaling activity at the tumor-invasive front. Our spatial subsetting approach standardized cellular populations by tissue zone, improving feature reproducibility and revealing TIME patterns accompanying loss-of-differentiation. Employing a machine-learning pipeline combining reliable feature selection with multivariable modeling, we achieved accurate histological grade classification (AUC = 0.88). Three model features correlated with clinical outcomes in an independent cohort: granulocyte MAPKAPK2 signaling at the tumor front, stromal CD4+ memory T cell size, and the distance of fibroblasts from the tumor border. This study establishes a robust modeling framework for distilling complex imaging data, uncovering sentinel characteristics of the OSCC TIME to facilitate prognostic biomarkers discovery for recurrence risk stratification and immunomodulatory therapy development.

Longitudinal clinical phenotyping of post COVID condition in Mexican adults recovering from severe COVID-19: a prospective cohort study.

Introduction: Few studies have evaluated the presence of Post COVID-19 conditions (PCC) in people from Latin America, a region that has been heavily afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we describe the frequency, co-occurrence, predictors, and duration of 23 symptoms in a cohort of Mexican patients with PCC. Methods: We prospectively enrolled and followed adult patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 at a tertiary care centre in Mexico City. The incidence of PCC symptoms was determined using questionnaires. Unsupervised clustering of PCC symptom co-occurrence and Kaplan-Meier analyses of symptom persistence were performed. The effect of baseline clinical characteristics was evaluated using Cox regression models and reported with hazard ratios (HR). Results: We found that amongst 192 patients with PCC, respiratory problems were the most prevalent and commonly co-occurred with functional activity impairment. 56% had ≥5 persistent symptoms. Symptom persistence probability at 360 days 0.78. Prior SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection during the Delta variant wave were associated with a shorter duration of PCC. Male sex was associated with a shorter duration of functional activity impairment and respiratory symptoms. Hypertension and diabetes were associated with a longer duration of functional impairment. Previous vaccination accelerated PCC recovery. Discussion: In our cohort, PCC symptoms were frequent (particularly respiratory and neurocognitive ones) and persistent. Importantly, prior SARS-CoV-2 vaccination resulted in a shorter duration of PCC.

Deep representation learning identifies associations between physical activity and sleep patterns during pregnancy and prematurity.

Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of infant mortality globally. Research has focused on developing predictive models for PTB without prioritizing cost-effective interventions. Physical activity and sleep present unique opportunities for interventions in low- and middle-income populations (LMICs). However, objective measurement of physical activity and sleep remains challenging and self-reported metrics suffer from low-resolution and accuracy. In this study, we use physical activity data collected using a wearable device comprising over 181,944 h of data across N = 1083 patients. Using a new state-of-the art deep learning time-series classification architecture, we develop a 'clock' of healthy dynamics during pregnancy by using gestational age (GA) as a surrogate for progression of pregnancy. We also develop novel interpretability algorithms that integrate unsupervised clustering, model error analysis, feature attribution, and automated actigraphy analysis, allowing for model interpretation with respect to sleep, activity, and clinical variables. Our model performs significantly better than 7 other machine learning and AI methods for modeling the progression of pregnancy. We found that deviations from a normal 'clock' of physical activity and sleep changes during pregnancy are strongly associated with pregnancy outcomes. When our model underestimates GA, there are 0.52 fewer preterm births than expected (P = 1.01e - 67, permutation test) and when our model overestimates GA, there are 1.44 times (P = 2.82e - 39, permutation test) more preterm births than expected. Model error is negatively correlated with interdaily stability (P = 0.043, Spearman's), indicating that our model assigns a more advanced GA when an individual's daily rhythms are less precise. Supporting this, our model attributes higher importance to sleep periods in predicting higher-than-actual GA, relative to lower-than-actual GA (P = 1.01e - 21, Mann-Whitney U). Combining prediction and interpretability allows us to signal when activity behaviors alter the likelihood of preterm birth and advocates for the development of clinical decision support through passive monitoring and exercise habit and sleep recommendations, which can be easily implemented in LMICs.

Expanded vacuum-stable gels for multiplexed high-resolution spatial histopathology.

Cellular organization and functions encompass multiple scales in vivo. Emerging high-plex imaging technologies are limited in resolving subcellular biomolecular features. Expansion Microscopy (ExM) and related techniques physically expand samples for enhanced spatial resolution, but are challenging to be combined with high-plex imaging technologies to enable integrative multiscaled tissue biology insights. Here, we introduce Expand and comPRESS hydrOgels (ExPRESSO), an ExM framework that allows high-plex protein staining, physical expansion, and removal of water, while retaining the lateral tissue expansion. We demonstrate ExPRESSO imaging of archival clinical tissue samples on Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging and Imaging Mass Cytometry platforms, with detection capabilities of > 40 markers. Application of ExPRESSO on archival human lymphoid and brain tissues resolved tissue architecture at the subcellular level, particularly that of the blood-brain barrier. ExPRESSO hence provides a platform for extending the analysis compatibility of hydrogel-expanded biospecimens to mass spectrometry, with minimal modifications to protocols and instrumentation.

Comparative predictive power of serum vs plasma proteomic signatures in feto-maternal medicine.

BACKGROUND: Blood proteins are frequently measured in serum or plasma, because they provide a wealth of information. Differences in the ex vivo processing of serum and plasma raise concerns that proteomic health and disease signatures derived from serum or plasma differ in content and quality. However, little is known about their respective power to predict feto-maternal health outcomes. Predictive power is a sentinel characteristic to determine the clinical use of biosignatures. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the power of serum and plasma proteomic signatures to predict a physiological pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Paired serum and plasma samples from 73 women were obtained from biorepositories of a multinational prospective cohort study on pregnancy outcomes. Gestational age at the time of sampling was the predicted outcome, because the proteomic signatures have been validated for such a prediction. Multivariate and cross-validated models were independently derived for serum and plasma proteins. RESULTS: A total of 1116 proteins were measured in 88 paired samples from 73 women with a highly multiplexed platform using proximity extension technology (Olink Proteomics Inc, Watertown, MA). The plasma proteomic signature showed a higher predictive power (R=0.64; confidence interval, 0.42-0.79; P=3.5×10-6) than the serum signature (R=0.45; confidence interval, 0.18-0.66; P=2.2×10-3). The serum signature was validated in plasma with a similar predictive power (R=0.58; confidence interval, 0.34-0.75; P=4.8×10-5), whereas the plasma signature was validated in serum with reduced predictive power (R=0.53; confidence interval, 0.27-0.72; P=2.6×10-4). Signature proteins largely overlapped in the serum and plasma, but the strength of association with gestational age was weaker for serum proteins. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that serum proteomics are less informative than plasma proteomics. They are compatible with the view that the partial ex-vivo degradation and modification of serum proteins during sample processing are an underlying reason. The rationale for collecting and analyzing serum and plasma samples should be carefully considered when deriving proteomic biosignatures to ascertain that specimens of the highest scientific and clinical yield are processed. Findings suggest that plasma is the preferred matrix.

Spatially resolved immune exhaustion within the alloreactive microenvironment predicts liver transplant rejection.

Allograft rejection is a frequent complication following solid organ transplantation, but defining specific immune subsets mediating alloimmunity has been elusive due to the scarcity of tissue in clinical biopsy specimens. Single cell techniques have emerged as valuable tools for studying mechanisms of disease in complex tissue microenvironments. Here, we developed a highly multiplexed imaging mass cytometry panel, single cell analysis pipeline, and semi-supervised immune cell clustering algorithm to study archival biopsy specimens from 79 liver transplant (LT) recipients with histopathological diagnoses of either no rejection (NR), acute T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR), or chronic rejection (CR). This approach generated a spatially resolved proteomic atlas of 461,816 cells derived from 98 pathologist-selected regions of interest relevant to clinical diagnosis of rejection. We identified 41 distinct cell populations (32 immune and 9 parenchymal cell phenotypes) that defined key elements of the alloimmune microenvironment (AME), identified significant cell-cell interactions, and established higher order cellular neighborhoods. Our analysis revealed that both regulatory (HLA-DR+ Treg) and exhausted T-cell phenotypes (PD1+CD4+ and PD1+CD8+ T-cells), combined with variations in M2 macrophage polarization, were a unique signature of TCMR. TCMR was further characterized by alterations in cell-to-cell interactions among both exhausted immune subsets and inflammatory populations, with expansion of a CD8 enriched cellular neighborhood comprised of Treg, exhausted T-cell subsets, proliferating CD8+ T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. These data enabled creation of a predictive model of clinical outcomes using a subset of cell types to differentiate TCMR from NR (AUC = 0.96 ± 0.04) and TCMR from CR (AUC = 0.96 ± 0.06) with high sensitivity and specificity. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insights into the AME in clinical LT, including a substantial role for immune exhaustion in TCMR with identification of novel targets for more focused immunotherapy in allograft rejection. Our study also offers a conceptual framework for applying spatial proteomics to study immunological diseases in archival clinical specimens.

Role of Brain Imaging in the Prediction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Following Endovascular Therapy for Acute Stroke.

Currently most acute ischemic stroke patients presenting with a large vessel occlusion are treated with endovascular therapy (EVT), which results in high rates of successful recanalization. Despite this success, more than half of EVT-treated patients are significantly disabled 3 months later partly due to the occurrence of post-EVT intracerebral hemorrhage. Predicting post-EVT intracerebral hemorrhage is important for individualizing treatment strategies in clinical practice (eg, safe initiation of early antithrombotic therapies), as well as in selecting the optimal candidates for clinical trials that aim to reduce this deleterious outcome. Emerging data suggest that brain and vascular imaging biomarkers may be particularly relevant since they provide insights into the ongoing acute stroke pathophysiology. In this review/perspective, we summarize the accumulating literature on the role of cerebrovascular imaging biomarkers in predicting post-EVT-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. We focus on imaging acquired before EVT, during the EVT procedure, and in the early post-EVT time frames when new therapeutic therapies could be tested. Accounting for the complex pathophysiology of post-EVT-associated intracerebral hemorrhage, this review may provide some guidance for future prospective observational or therapeutic studies.

Multiomic signals associated with maternal epidemiological factors contributing to preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries.

Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of death in children under five, yet comprehensive studies are hindered by its multiple complex etiologies. Epidemiological associations between PTB and maternal characteristics have been previously described. This work used multiomic profiling and multivariate modeling to investigate the biological signatures of these characteristics. Maternal covariates were collected during pregnancy from 13,841 pregnant women across five sites. Plasma samples from 231 participants were analyzed to generate proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic datasets. Machine learning models showed robust performance for the prediction of PTB (AUROC = 0.70), time-to-delivery (r = 0.65), maternal age (r = 0.59), gravidity (r = 0.56), and BMI (r = 0.81). Time-to-delivery biological correlates included fetal-associated proteins (e.g., ALPP, AFP, and PGF) and immune proteins (e.g., PD-L1, CCL28, and LIFR). Maternal age negatively correlated with collagen COL9A1, gravidity with endothelial NOS and inflammatory chemokine CXCL13, and BMI with leptin and structural protein FABP4. These results provide an integrated view of epidemiological factors associated with PTB and identify biological signatures of clinical covariates affecting this disease.

Stabl: sparse and reliable biomarker discovery in predictive modeling of high-dimensional omic data.

High-content omic technologies coupled with sparsity-promoting regularization methods (SRM) have transformed the biomarker discovery process. However, the translation of computational results into a clinical use-case scenario remains challenging. A rate-limiting step is the rigorous selection of reliable biomarker candidates among a host of biological features included in multivariate models. We propose Stabl, a machine learning framework that unifies the biomarker discovery process with multivariate predictive modeling of clinical outcomes by selecting a sparse and reliable set of biomarkers. Evaluation of Stabl on synthetic datasets and four independent clinical studies demonstrates improved biomarker sparsity and reliability compared to commonly used SRMs at similar predictive performance. Stabl readily extends to double- and triple-omics integration tasks and identifies a sparser and more reliable set of biomarkers than those selected by state-of-the-art early- and late-fusion SRMs, thereby facilitating the biological interpretation and clinical translation of complex multi-omic predictive models. The complete package for Stabl is available online at https://github.com/gregbellan/Stabl.