Evaluation of Serum Amylase and Lipase in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Association With Gastrointestinal Symptoms.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication during pregnancy, with potential adverse effects on maternal and fetal health. Several studies have reported that in diabetic patients, both morphological and functional pathological mechanisms lead to exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Pancreatic enzyme deficiency or dysfunction result in the inability to digest food properly, giving rise to a range of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. We hypothesized that pregnant women with GDM may also have deficiency of pancreatic enzymes, amylase and lipase, leading to persistent GI symptoms beyond the first trimester and impaired quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate serum amylase and lipase levels in pregnant women with GDM and association with GI symptoms. Understanding the relationship between GDM and exocrine pancreatic function may help identify novel therapeutic targets and improve the clinical management of GDM women with GI symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional comparative study included a total of 125 pregnant women in their third trimester, who were either diagnosed with diabetes (n = 25) or were healthy volunteers without diabetes (n = 100). A detailed history, including the presence or absence of GI symptoms and the type of symptoms, was recorded. Serum amylase and lipase levels were measured using enzyme kinetic assay. Data were coded and analysed. RESULTS: GI symptoms were significantly more in GDM women than in normal pregnant women, and GDM women with GI symptoms had significantly lower levels of serum lipase and amylase than normal pregnant women with GI symptoms. CONCLUSION: The study suggests the importance of evaluating serum amylase and lipase in GDM women with GI symptoms, as they may be indicative of underlying pancreatic enzyme deficiency.

Aza-Annulation of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-ß-carboline Derived Enaminones and Nitroenamines: Synthesis of Functionalized Indolizino[8,7-b]indoles, Pyrido[1,2-a:3,4-b']diindoles, Indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine-4-ones and Other Tetrahydro-ß-carboline Fused Heterocycles.

Aza-annulation of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-ß-carboline derived enaminones and nitroenamines with various 1,2- and 1,3-bis electrophiles, such as oxalyl chloride, maleic anhydride, 1,4-benzoquinone, 3-bromopropionyl chloride, itaconic anhydride, and imines (from formaldehyde and primary amines), has been investigated. These methodologies provide simple one-step pathways for efficient construction of highly functionalized tetrahydro-ß-carboline 1,2-fused, five- and six-membered heterocyclic frameworks, such as indolizino[8,7-b]indoles, pyrido[1,2-a:3,4-b']diindoles, indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines, and pyrimido[1',6':1,2]pyrido[3,4-b]indoles, which are core structures of many naturally occurring indole alkaloids with diverse bioactivity.

One-Pot Synthesis of 2-(Het)aryl/alkyl-3-cyanobenzofurans from 2-(2-Bromoaryl)-3-(het)aryl-3-(methylthio)acrylonitriles and Benzyl Carbamate.

A one-pot synthesis of 2-(het)aryl/alkyl-3-cyanobenzofurans has been reported. The overall sequence involves base-induced reaction of 2-(2-bromoaryl)-3-(het)aryl-3-(methylthio)acrylonitriles with benzyl carbamate, generating α-(het)aroyl-α-(2-bromoaryl)acetonitriles, which are in situ subjected to copper-catalyzed intramolecular O-arylation, furnishing the 2-(het)aryl/alkyl-3-cyanobenzofurans in high yields. A probable mechanism for the base-induced cleavage of 2-(2-bromoaryl)-3-(het)aryl-3-(methylthio)acrylonitriles to α-(het)aroyl-α-(2-bromoaryl)acetonitriles in the presence of benzyl carbamate has been proposed.

Synthesis of Thieno-Fused Five- and Six-Membered Nitrogen and Oxygen Heterocycles via Intramolecular Heteroannulation of 4,5-Substituted 3-Amino or 3-Hydroxy 2-Functionalized Thiophenes.

Diverse general high-yield routes for novel thieno-fused five- and six-membered nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles such as thieno[3,2-b]pyrroles, thieno[3,2-b]furans, thieno[3,2-b]indoles, thieno[3,2-b]benzofurans, thieno[3,2-b]pyridine-5-ones, thieno[3,2-b]pyran-5-ones, thieno[3,2-b]isoquinolin-5-ones, thieno[3,2-b]chromen-5-ones, thieno[3,2-b]quinolin-9-ones, and thieno[3,2-b]chromen-9-ones have been developed via in situ or stepwise intramolecular heteroannulation of newly synthesized 4,5-substituted 3-amino- or 3-hydroxy 2-functionalized thiophenes. These substituted 3-amino/hydroxythiophenes were readily obtained in high yields from easily accessible precursors, in a sequential one-pot process, by treatment of a range of (het)aryl/unsubstituted acetonitriles or acetates with (het)aryl dithioesters in the presence of LDA, followed by in situ alkylation-intramolecular condensation of the resulting enethiolate salts with functionalized activated methylene halides. The functionalized activated methylene halides employed in these reactions for the synthesis of various thieno-fused heterocycles were cinnamyl bromide, 2-bromobenzyl chloride, bromocrotonate, 2-(bromomethyl)benzoate, and 2-chlorophenacyl bromide. A few of the 4,5-substituted 3-amino/hydroxy-2-stryrylthiophenes (or 2-acrylates) displayed strong fluorescence, and their absorption/emission spectra have also been examined.

Synthesis of mixed glycosyl disulfides/selenenylsulfides using benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate as a sulfur transfer reagent.

An easy and mild method has been developed for the synthesis of mixed glycosyl disulfides/selenenylsulfides from glycosyl halides and diaryl/dialkyl dichalcogenides in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate [(BnEt3N)2MoS4]. The salient feature of this method is the sulfur transfer from [BnEt3N]2MoS4 to form glycosyl disulfides which with excess tetrathiomolybdate further undergo exchange reaction with other dichalcogenides in a one-pot operation.

Useful approach to the synthesis of aryl thio- and selenoglycosides in the presence of rongalite.

A simple, mild, and cost effective methodology has been developed for the synthesis of aryl thio-and selenoglycosides from glycosyl halides and diaryl dichalcogenides. Diaryl dichalcogenides undergo reductive cleavage in the presence of rongalite (HOCH2SO2Na) to generate a chalcogenide anion in situ followed by reaction with glycosyl halides to furnish the corresponding aryl thio- and selenoglycosides in excellent yields. Using this protocol, synthesis of 4-methyl-7-thioumbelliferyl-ß-D-cellobioside (MUS-CB), a fluorescent non-hydrolyzable substrate analogue for cellulases has been achieved.

Novel synthesis of carbohydrate fused α-amino γ-lactams and glycopeptides by NIS mediated ring opening of donor-acceptor substituted cyclopropanes.

α-Amino γ-lactams have been synthesized from carbohydrate derived cyclopropanecarboxylates using N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and NaN3. Cyclopropane ring opening with NIS and NaN3 in different solvents has been studied. Reductive cyclization of the intermediate di-azides leads to the carbohydrate fused α-amino γ-lactam and γ-lactams. Additionally, the methodology has been successfully extended to the synthesis of a glycopeptide.