A pain in the rear.

Tuberculosis is an endemic disease in Senegal. Cutaneous forms are rare and are characterized by their clinical polymorphism. They account for 2% of the extrapulmonary locations of tuberculosis [1, 2]. We report an observation of a tuberculous gumma of the buttock that led to the discovery of an active pulmonary localization in an immunocompetent adult. A 47-year-old man was admitted for a painful swelling of the right buttock that had been developing for four years. The physical examination noted an indurated, multinodular, and polyfistulized plaque, with confluent yellowish pus emission, on the inferomedial face of the right buttock, associated with bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Cutaneous tuberculosis was found in the histology, which showed TB granuloma, and the gastric tube fluid was positive for acid-fast bacilli. Thoracoabdominopelvic CT showed multiple basal acinar micronodules in both lungs. Serology was negative for both HIV and HBV. All signs of tuberculosis disappeared after six months of treatment. In endemic zones, cutaneous tuberculosis is characterized by its clinical polymorphism. It must also be looked for in any perineal abscess. Early management greatly improves the prognosis.

[Laryngeal Tuberculosis Diagnosed in a Pathological Laboratory in Senegal (2011-2015)]. / La tuberculose laryngée diagnostiquée dans un laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique du Sénégal (2011­2015).

Laryngeal tuberculosis (LT) is a rare disease. The therapy for LT is easy but the diagnosis remains a challenge for the pathologist and the laryngologist because of the absence of specific signs. The objective was to analyze the epidemiological and pathological profiles of LT cases in Dakar (Senegal) with a view to better understand this pathology. This study was a retrospective and descriptive of LT cases diagnosed in pathology laboratories in Senegal during five years (2011-2015). The LT was found in 9 cases. The mean age at diagnosis was 41.9 years (18/58) without sex predominance (sex-ratio = 0.8). Tobacco intoxication (3/9), tuberculosis contagion (1/9), HIV immunodepression (2/9), and diabetes (1/9) were the various risk factors found. Dysphonia was a constant symptom (9/9) associated with dysphagia (2/9) and cervical adenopathy (1/9). The macroscopic presentation was tumoral-like (7/9) and erythematosus and fibrinoid (2/9). The LT was of glottic seat in all the cases (9/9) with participation on top-glottic in two of the cases. The biopsy was performed in all patients. It reported tuberculous granuloma in four cases (4/9), tuberculoid granuloma in one case (1/9), and chronic lymphocytic laryngitis in four cases (4/9). CT-scan of the lungs was pathological in five patients (5/9). Evolution was favorable in all cases under "conventional tuberculosis treatment" over a period of six months. The diagnosis of LT requires a high collaboration between the laryngologist and the pathologist.

La tuberculose laryngée (TL) est une affection rare de diagnostic difficile à cause de l'absence de signes spécifiques. L'objectif de cette étude rétrospective était d'analyser les profils épidémiocliniques et anatomopathologiques des cas de TL diagnostiqués dans un laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique du Sénégal. Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective et descriptive des cas de TL sur cinq ans (2011­2015). La TL a été retrouvée dans neuf cas. L'âge moyen au diagnostic était de 41,9 ans (18/58) sans prédominance de sexe (sex-ratio = 0,8). Le tabagisme (3/9), le contage tuberculeux (1/9), l'immunodépression au VIH (2/9) et le diabète (1/9) étaient les différents facteurs de risque retrouvés. La dysphonie était un symptôme constant (9/9), accompagnée d'une dysphagie (2/9) et d'adénopathies cervicales (1/9). L'aspect macroscopique était pseudotumoral (7/9) et érythématoblanchâtre (2/9). La TL était de siège glottique dans tous les cas (9/9), avec participation sus-glottique dans deux cas. La biopsie systématique notait un granulome tuberculeux dans quatre cas (4/9), un granulome tuberculoïde dans un cas (1/9) et une laryngite chronique lymphocytaire dans quatre cas. L'évolution était favorable dans tous les cas sous traitement médical. Le diagnostic de la TL nécessite une collaboration parfaite et étroite entre l'otorhinolaryngologue et le pathologiste.

[Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx in Dakar, an Area Supposed to be Non-Endemic: about 13 Cases]. / Carcinomes indifférenciés du nasopharynx à Dakar, une zone supposée non endémique : à propos de 13 cas.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx (UCNT) has variable incidence throughout the world. Senegal is supposed to be a non-endemic zone. There is a constant connection with the Epstein-Barr virus. In this work, the authors study and discuss the pathological aspects of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx in 13 cases. They also seek to make the link between this cancer and the presence of an Epstein-Barr virus infection in these patients. This is a retrospective series of cases involving patients with UCNT, diagnosed on histological basis in Dakar and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. An EBV search was performed on these cases through in situ hybridization by the EBER probe. 15 cases diagnosed on histological basis were able to benefit from immunohistochemistry, and 13 cases were confirmed, ie 87%. The mean age was 28.37 years with extremes of 5 and 56 years. The male sex predominated, with a sex ratio of 8/3. The macroscopic lesions were of ulcerous-budding type for cases revealed by a mass of the cavum. The histological aspect resulted in a proliferation of atypical undifferentiated cells, with large, clear, strongly nucleated nuclei, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, scarcely abundant. The stroma was of the lymphoid type. In situ hybridization with the EBER probe showed moderate or intense diffuse scarring of the tumor cells for 10 cases, ie 77%. The number of cases noted in our study taking into account the period of 10 years considered, is indicative of the rare nature of this type of cancer in Dakar. While globally, Epstein-Barr Virus is consistently associated with UCNT, for some of our cases we have not been able to highlight EBV, suggesting the possible involvement of other risk factors, such as HPV.

Les auteurs étudient et discutent les aspects anatomopathologiques du carcinome indifférencié du nasopharynx (UCNT) au Sénégal à propos de 13 cas. Ils recherchent par ailleurs à faire le lien entre ce cancer et la présence d'une infection par le virus d'Epstein-Barr (EBV) chez ces patients. Il s'agit d'une série rétrospective de patients porteurs d'UCNT, diagnostiqués sur base histologique à Dakar sur 10 ans, et confirmés par l'immunohistochimie. Une recherche d'EBV a été effectuée sur ces cas en hybridation in situ par la sonde EBER. Quinze cas diagnostiqués sur base histologique ont pu bénéficier de l'immunohistochimie et 13 cas ont été confirmés, soit 87 %. L'âge moyen était de 28,37 ans avec des extrêmes de 5 et 56 ans. Le sexe masculin prédominait, avec un sex-ratio de 8/3. Les lésions macroscopiques étaient de type ulcéro-bourgeonnant pour les cas se révélant par une masse du cavum. L'aspect histologique se traduisait par une prolifération de cellules indifférenciées atypiques, aux noyaux volumineux, clairs, fortement nucléolés, aux cytoplasmes éosinophiles, peu abondants. Le stroma était de type lymphoïde. L'hybridation in situ avec la sonde EBER montrait un marquage diffus modéré ou intense des cellules tumorales pour 10 cas, soit 77 %. Le nombre de cas notés dans notre étude, tenant compte de la période de 10 ans considérée, est révélateur du caractère rare de ce type de cancer à Dakar. Si à l'échelle mondiale, le virus d'Epstein-Barr est constamment associé à l'UCNT, pour certains de nos cas nous n'avons pas pu mettre en évidence EBV, suggérant l'implication possible d'autres facteurs de risque, tel que le papillomavirus humain (HPV).

Discoveries about tubercolosis from autopsies: topographical and morphological profiles of lesions in dakar (Senegal).

Tuberculosis is endemic in Senegal. It is rate of increase and high mortality rate make it a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to describe the topographic, macroscopic, and microscopic aspects of tuberculosis lesions responsible for deaths in Dakar. This is a retrospective study of 158 autopsy reports, collected over 10 years, of deaths due to tuberculosis. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was essentially macroscopic; only equivocal cases had histological analysis. The average age at death was 47 years, and nearly all patients were men (all but 5). The largest percentage of deaths were in the 56-60 year old age group (21.6%, n = 34). Cachexia (70.3%), pallor (44.3%), and hemoptysis (20.9%) were found in the external examination of these corpses. Autopsy of the viscera showed pulmonary disease in 98.7% of cases (n = 156), both bilateral and extensive. Renal and pericardial disease were rare, found in respectively 3.8% and 2.5% of cases. Macroscopic aspects of tuberculosis were various and often related. Miliary tuberculosis (81%), small nodule tuberculosis (76.6%), and tuberculomas (62%) were the lesions most commonly encountered. Histologic analysis showed these lesions were of different ages. Tubercles (Koster follicles) were found consistently. Caseous necrosis was pathognomonic. Tuberculosis remains a deadly disease in Dakar, it mainly affects men and older individuals.

[Schistosoma-induced granulomatous panniculitis. An unusual presentation of cutaneous schistosomiasis]. / Panniculite granulomateuse bilharzienne. Une présentation inhabituelle de la bilharziose cutanée.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous schistosomiasis is extremely rare, even in endemic regions. It usually leads to non-specific papulonodular lesions in the perigenital area. We report a case of cutaneous schistosomiasis presenting as panniculitis. CASE REPORT: An 8-year-old girl was admitted for a large multinodular, indurated plaque over the perineum that gradually spread over a year in a setting of hypereosinophilia. Ultrasonography showed thickening of the bladder and a significant bilateral ureteral hydronephrosis. Histological examination revealed numerous granulomas Schistosoma haematobium ova at their centre and within the hypodermis. Treatment with praziquantel 40 mg/kg resulted in regression of cutaneous lesions within 3 weeks. DISCUSSION: We report a case of Schistosoma-induced granulomatous panniculitis that is noteworthy in terms of its clinical appearance, perineal location, association with severe urinary involvement and rapid regression under treatment. The current extent of endemic schistosomiasis and its severity justify greater awareness of this unusual cutaneous presentation, which to our knowledge has never previously been reported.

[Comparative study of two anti-antiretroviral protocols used for treatment of a cohort of HIV 1-positive patients followed at the Institute of Public Health and Hygiene in Dakar, Senegal]. / Etude comparative de deux protocoles de traite- ment antirétroviral des patients VIH-1 positifs de la cohorte suivie à l'lnstitut d'hygiène sociale de Dakar, Sénégal.

In the last ten years, the discovery of several antiretroviral drugs has greatly contributed to improving the survival and quality of life of HIV-infected persons. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of two anti-retroviral combinations, i.e., Lamivudine + Zidovudine and Efavirenz versus Lamivudine + Zidovudine and Nevirapine. The files of HIV1-infected patients treated between July 2003 and December 2004 (18 months) and followed at the Institute of public health and hygiene in Dakar were reviewed. A total of 70 patients, i.e., 35 in each protocol group, were included. The following data were collected for each patient: age, sex, locality, elements to assess tolerance, and elements to assess effectiveness (CD4 count, viral load and opportunistic infection immuno-failure). Results indicated that the immunovirologic effectiveness of the two protocols was identical with regard to mean CD4 count, i.e., 327 cells/mm3 for AZT+3TC+EFV versus 334 cells/mm3 for AZT+ 3TC+NVP (p < 0.05). Immuno effectiveness was better for Lamivudine + Zidovudine + Efavirenz than Lamivudine + Zidovudine + Nevirapine. Significant therapeutic advances in recent years have improved survival and quality of life in patients under retroviral treatment. There are currently many anti-retroviral molecules available and several relatively well codified therapeutic protocols.